데이터통신과 네트워크

Ch. 5 Analog Transmission

2024 Fall
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Digital-to-analog conversion
 The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based
on the information in digital data

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Digital-to-analog conversion
 A sine wave is defined by three characteristics: amplitude, frequency, and phase
• By changing one characteristic of a simple electric signal, we can use it to
represent digital data
• At least three mechanisms for modulating digital data into an analog signal
① Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
② Frequency shift keying (FSK)
③ Phase shift keying (PSK)

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Digital-to-analog conversion
 Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
• Carrier Signal
– The sending device produces a high-frequency signal that acts as a base for the
information signal
– This base signal is called the carrier signal or carrier frequency. The receiving device is
tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal that it expects from the sender

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

• The amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements
• Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude changes

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Binary ASK (BASK)
• ASK is normally implemented using only two levels
• This is referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or on-off keying (OOK)
• The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other is the same as the amplitude
of the carrier frequency

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Bandwidth for ASK
• Although the carrier signal is only one simple sine wave, the process of
modulation produces a nonperiodic composite signal
• The bandwidth is proportional to the signal rate (baud rate)
– However, there is normally another factor involved, called , which depends on the
modulation and filtering process ( )

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Bandwidth for ASK

• The formula shows that the required bandwidth has a minimum value of S and a
maximum value of
• The middle of the bandwidth is where , the carrier frequency, is located
• We can shift the resulting bandwidth to match what is available

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Implementation

• If digital data are presented as a unipolar NRZ (see Chapter 4) digital signal with a
high voltage of 1 V and a low voltage of 0 V, the implementation can achieved by
multiplying the NRZ digital signal by the carrier signal coming from an oscillator
• When the amplitude of the NRZ signal is 1, the amplitude of the carrier
frequency is held; when the amplitude of the NRZ signal is 0, the amplitude of the
carrier frequency is zero 8/24
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 The frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data
• The frequency of the modulated signal is constant for the duration of one signal
element, but changes for the next signal element if the data element changes
• Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant for all signal elements
 Binary FSK (BFSK)
• Uses two carrier frequencies to represent data

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Multilevel FSK
• Multilevel modulation (MFSK) is not uncommon with the FSK method
– Uses more than two frequencies
– We can use four different frequencies , , , and to send 2 bits at a time
– To send 3 bits at a time, we can use eight frequencies

<Spectrum of Bluetooth Communications> 10/24

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 The phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal
elements
• Peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the phase changes
• We will see shortly that QAM, which combines ASK and PSK, is the dominant
method of digital-to-analog modulation
 Binary PSK (BPSK)
• The simplest PSK is binary PSK, in which we have only two signal elements, one
with a phase of 0°, and the other with a phase of 180°

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Implementation
• Uses the same idea we used for ASK but with a polar NRZ signal instead of a
unipolar NRZ signal
• The polar NRZ signal is multiplied by the carrier frequency; the 1 bit (positive
voltage) is represented by a phase starting at 0°; the 0 bit (negative voltage) is
represented by a phase starting at 180°

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
 Uses two separate BPSK modulations; one is in-phase, the other quadrature
• The incoming bits are first passed through a serial-to-parallel conversion that
sends one bit to one modulator and the next bit to the other modulator

cos 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 ⋅ cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 ⋅ sin 𝛽

sin 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 ⋅ cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 ⋅ sin 𝛽

11 01 00 10

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Constellation Diagram (continue)
 A constellation diagram can help us define the amplitude and phase of a
signal element, particularly when we are using two carriers (one in-phase and
one quadrature)
 In a constellation diagram, a signal element type is represented as a dot
 The diagram is useful when we are dealing with multilevel ASK, PSK, or QAM

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Constellation Diagram
 The diagram has two axes
• The horizontal X axis is related to the in-phase carrier; the vertical Y axis is
related to the quadrature carrier
• The length of the line (vector) that connects the point to the origin is the peak
amplitude of the signal element (combination of the X and Y components)
• The angle the line makes with the X axis is the phase of the signal element

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Constellation Diagram
 Three constellation diagrams
① For ASK, we are using only an in-phase carrier
– Therefore, the two points should be on the X axis
– Binary 0 has an amplitude of 0 V; binary 1 has an amplitude of 1 V (for example). The
points are located at the origin and at 1 unit.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Constellation Diagram
 Three constellation diagrams
② BPSK also uses only an in-phase carrier
– However, we use a polar NRZ signal for modulation
– It creates two types of signal elements, one with amplitude 1 and the other with
amplitude −1
– This can be stated in other words: BPSK creates two different signal elements, one with
amplitude 1 V and in phase and the other with amplitude 1 V and 180° out of phase.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Constellation Diagram
 Three constellation diagrams
③ QPSK uses two carriers, one in-phase and the other quadrature
– The point representing 11 is made of two combined signal elements, both with an
amplitude of 1 V. One element is represented by an in-phase carrier, the other element
by a quadrature carrier
– All signal elements have an amplitude of , but their phases are different (45°, 135°,
−135°, and −45°)

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 The idea of using two carriers, one in-phase and the other quadrature, with
different amplitude levels for each carrier is the concept behind quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM)
 The possible variations of QAM are numerous
• a: simplest 4-QAM scheme using a unipolar NRZ signal to modulate each carrier
• b: another 4-QAM using polar NRZ, but this is exactly the same as QPSK
• c: another QAM-4 in which we used a signal with two positive levels
• d: shows a 16-QAM constellation of a signal with eight levels

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

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Analog-to-Analog conversion
 Analog-to-analog conversion (analog modulation)
 Representation of analog information by an analog signal
 Analog-to-analog conversion can be accomplished in three ways: amplitude
modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM)
• FM and PM are usually categorized together

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Analog-to-Analog conversion
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 In AM transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude
varies with the changing amplitudes of the modulating signal
• The frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same; only the amplitude
changes to follow variations in the information
• The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier

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Analog-to-Analog conversion
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is modulated to follow
the changing voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal
• The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant, but as the
amplitude of the information signal changes, the frequency of the carrier changes
correspondingly

FM has better noise rejection than AM

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Analog-to-Analog conversion
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the
changing voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal
• The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain constant, but as
the amplitude of the information signal changes, the phase of the carrier changes
correspondingly

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Thank You