CONCEPT SUMMMARY HANDOUT

ENGLISH 9
QUARTER I
S.Y. 2023-2024

I. MODALS/MODAL VERBS

 Modals/Modal verbs are used to express PERMISSION, OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION.

 PERMISSION- to give an authority or consent and ALLOWS someone to do something

• Example:
 You are allowed to graduate this year.
 You can be who you want to be.
 You may claim your business proposal.

WORDS: can, could, may, might, permitted, allowed

 OBLIGATION- act of requiring or compelling someone to do something and something that you
NEED to do
• Example:
 Roque must report the response of the president.
 You are required to love her.
 You have to take care of your family.

WORDS: must, need to, have to, required, shall, should

 PROHIBITION- act of disallowing or forbidding something or something that you are deprived or
NOT allowed to do

• Example:

 You are not allowed to enter a mall without a facemask.

 The Myanmar government did not permit its citizen of democracy.

 The reporters can’t access the investigation of the police.

WORDS: mustn’t/must not, can’t/cannot, don’t/do not, shouldn’t/should not, words with NOT

A. Usage of Words

Can Could

1. Ability or lack of ability in the present/future 1. Ability or lack of ability in the past
Examples:
Examples:  I could read without eye glasses last
year.
 I can see you at 3:00 PM tomorrow.
 I could not sleep last night.
 They cannot dance.
2. Making a request (always in a
question form)
Examples:
 Could you repeat that please?
 Could we have a break please?
May Might
1. Asking for permission 1. A possibility in the present/future.
Examples: Examples:
 May I use your pen?  It might happen again.
 May we have a look?  She might not accept the offer.

2. A strong possibility in the present/future 2. A possibility in the past (followed by

Examples: have done/past participle)
 It may happen again. Examples:
 She may not accept the offer.  He might have missed his train.
 I might not have managed to
convince her.

Have to, Required, Need to vs. Must

'Have to', ‘Required’, ‘Need to’ and 'must' are used to express obligation. There is a slight difference in the way
that they are used.

'Have to', ‘Required’, ‘Need to’ shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker. This
is usually referring to a rule or law.

Example:

 We have to be at the airport at least two hours before the flight.

 They have to wear their uniforms at school.

'Must' shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker.

Example:

 I must hand in my thesis by tomorrow.

 I really must call my parents.

Summary Note/TIPS:

 MEMORIZE the words under each type of modal verbs to easily identify types of modals/modal verbs
 In order to identify PROHIBTION, just spot or find n’t or not
 Practice creating sentences.
 Must is the highest form of obligation which is non-negotiable
 Practice using quizzes in Google.
II. CONDITIONALS/CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Conditionals/Conditional statements express conditions with results which can be based on general
truth/facts (usually scientific facts) or real thing; things which might happen in the present or future,
things which are unreal or impossible to happen and things which did not happen.

A. HOW TO IDENTIFY TYPES OF CONDITIONALS?

STEP 1.

 Identify/determine the two types of clauses in the sentence: if clause (IC) and main clause (MC)

 If clause- the condition and starts with the word ‘IF’

 Main clause- the result of the action (complete sentence)
Examples:

a. If you study hard, you will pass.

IC MC
b. You will pass if you study hard.
MC IC
STEP 2.

 Find the keywords under each type: Type 0-3.

1. Type 0 or Zero Conditional

 FACTS (Scientific) or REAL THINGS

 NO will and would (There’s no WILL, WOULD or WOULD HAVE in its MAIN CLAUSE)

2. Type 1 or First Conditional

 Things which MIGHT HAPPEN IN THE PRESENT or FUTURE

 With will (Find the word WILL in its MAIN CLAUSE or in a sentence)

3. Type 2 or 2nd Conditional

 UNREAL THINGS or things which are IMPOSSIBLE TO HAPPEN

 With would (Find the word WOULD in its MAIN CLAUSE or in a sentence)

4. Type 3 or 3rd Conditional

 Things that DID NOT HAPPEN

 With would have (Find the word WOULD HAVE in its MAIN CLAUSE or in a sentence)

 Type 0- NO WILL, WOULD and WOULD HAVE

 Type I- WILL
 Type II- WOULD
 Type III- WOULD HAVE
B. HOW TO CONSTRUCT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES?

Definition of Terms:

 VERB- actions words (example: run, pass, walk, study, etc.)

 PLURAL-two or more persons, things, events, etc. (You and I are considered plural)
 SINGULAR- single/one person, thing, animal, event, etc.
 SUBJECT- person, thing, etc. being described by the verb or the words that come before the verb

1. TYPE 0 or ZERO CONDITIONAL

 Present Simple Verb

 add –s or –es to the verb (e.g. boils because It is singular) if the subject is singular
 DO NOT ADD –s or –es on the verb if the subject is plural

if clause main clause

If + Present Simple Verb Present Simple Verb

If you heat the water to 100 degrees, It boils.

2. TYPE 1 or FIRST CONDITIONAL

 Present Simple Verb

 add –s or –es to the verb (e.g. boils because It is singular) if the subject is singular
 DO NOT ADD –s or –es on the verb if the subject is plural

if clause main clause

If + Present Simple Verb Will + base form of verb (no change)

If you study hard, You will pass the test.

 Add will to the main clause and combine it with the verb (e.g. will pass)

3. TYPE 2 or SECOND CONDITIONAL

 Past Simple Verb

 Change the verb in the if clause into pass tense
 Add would to the main clause and combine it with the verb (e.g. would pass)

if clause main clause

If + Past Simple Verb Would + base form of verb (no change)

If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house.

If I studied hard, I would pass the test.
 4. TYPE 3 or THIRD CONDITIONAL

 Past Perfect Verb for If Clause

 Combine HAD plus PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
 PAST PARTICIPLE- change it to past tense (e.g. studied) or add –n or –en to the verb (e.g.
given, taken, known, etc.)
 Add would have and change the verb into past participle (e.g. would have taken)

Note:

 Between knew and known, use KNOWN

 Between gave and give, use GIVEN

if clause main clause

If + Past Perfect Verb (had + past participle) Would + have + past participle

If I had given my heart, He would have taken me to his family.

He would have taken me to his family if I had given my heart.
 There’s no such word as ‘studien’ so you use ‘studied’ for past participle

Summary Note/TIPS:

 MEMORIZE the keywords in identifying conditionals (NO, WILL, WOULD and WOULD HAVE)
 Follow the steps in constructing a conditional sentence
 Search or Google more examples on present, past, future and past participle tenses
 Familiarize definition of terms above
III. COMMUNICATIVE STYLES

 Patterns, habits or manner on how we communicate

 Considers situation, type of relationship and usage of jargons

Jargon/s

 Words, terms (vocabulary) or sentences uniquely and specifically used in a certain profession or group
 Examples include “CPR”, being used in the field of medicine, “Your honor”, “Order in the court”, in law,
etc.

1. FROZEN OR STATIC

 Statements used in respectful situations or events such as a religious ceremony or prayer, marriage
ceremonies, pledges, anthems and law speeches
 Jargons or terms do not change nor being used in everyday situations

Conversation No. 1:

Priest: Psalm 20:7- Some trust in the chariots and some in horses; but will remember the name of the Lord our
God.

Devotees: Amen.

Imam: Quran Surah At-Takathur 102:1- The piling of wordly things, diverts you.

Devotees: Ameen.

Conversation No. 2:

Priest: Do you take Anne as your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse,
for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death parts you?

Anne: I do.

2. CASUAL

 Statements used with friends or family in personal conversations

 Uses casual jargon or slang to indicate relationship or closeness such as “Bro”, “Besty”, “Amiga”, “My
Friend”, etc.

Conversation No. 1:

James: Bro, so glad that you are always G for travel.

Philip: Basic bro. Since COVID restrictions are now low, Papa, gave permission for us to chill.

3. AGGRESSIVE

 Statements expressed in a forceful aggressive or hostile manner

 Examples include releasing anger, blaming, complaining and pleading

Conversation No. 1:

Anne: Hello. It’s over. We’re breaking up.

John: So you mean to say you called me up again just to break me like a promise? How could you?
Anne: Please it’s over John.
John: Stop! Please don’t leave me.

4. INTIMATE

 Uses endearing and unique love jargons or terms (e.g. honey, babe, honey bunch, wavby, langga, etc.)
 Appears to be highly private with loved ones or special someone

Conversation No. 1:

John: Babe, let’s have a toast for our first anniversary as a couple.
Anne: Sure babe. To more years together. I love you.

5. FORMAL

 Follows a formal and accepted format and rules

 Being used to give information like in formal events or academic scenarios
 Examples include State of the Nation Address (SONA), seminar, class lecture, etc.

Conversation No. 1:

President: For this year’s State of the Nation Address (SONA), I will highlight how we helped our frontliners by
distributing masks and personal protective equipment.

Conversation No. 2:

Teacher: Class, always remember, if the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.

6. CONSULTATIVE

 Being used in transactions, group discussions, company meetings, trade, legal counseling, doctor
consultation, etc.
 Requires an exchange of feedback
 Examples include doctor-patient, lawyer-client, boss-employee relationships or conversations, etc.

Conversation No. 1:

Boss: It is stated in our company profit report that our sales on couples shirts are down. Why?
Employee: Maybe a lot of people are staying single. Can we just make exclusive shirts for single people who
are moving on?

Conversation No. 2:

Patient: Hi Doc. Doc I am experiencing chest pain for two weeks now. What seems to be the problem?
Doctor: We’ll first run chest x-ray and some laboratory tests for proper diagnosis.