Understanding Self and Individual Dynamics

Animation : Plato’s Republic – Allegory of men in cave and shadows on the

wall.

1. Different schools of Psychology:

1.1. Structuralism
1.2. Functionalism
1.3. Behaviourism – Pavlov,Watson, Skinner
1.4. Gestalt Psychology – “whole is different/ more than the parts.” Brain does not
acknowledge individual parts. It tries to link and form a whole.
1.5. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud
1.6. Subjectivists
1.7. Neurobiological psychology – neuro plasticity
1.8. Positive Psychology – Fred Luthans

2. Intelligence:

2.1. Howard Gardner – theory of Multiple Intelligence

2.1.1. Linguistic
2.1.2. Logical
2.1.3. Spatial
2.1.4. Kinesthetic
2.1.5. Interpersonal
2.1.6. Interapersonal
2.1.7. Musical

2.2. Stenberg’s Triachel Theory

2.2.1. Analytical a.k.a Componential
2.2.2. Experiential / Creative
2.2.3. Practical – ability to think on their feet

2.3. Ceci Biological Theory

2.3.1. Biological Component
2.3.2. Social Component

2.4. The Nature vs. Nurture Debate –

2.4.1. Evidence toward Hereditary/Nature/Biological/Genetic component
2.4.1.1. Identical Twin Studies – Minnesota twin study – 0.9 correlation b/w
genes and
intelligence
2.4.1.2. Adopted Children – Biologically different – high correlation with parents

2.4.2. Studies pinpoint genes responsible for high I.Qs – genes + something
else

2.4.3. Evidence towards Nurture/Environment/Ecology component

 2.4.3.1. Flynn Effect
2.4.3.2. Adaptation
2.4.3.3. Formal Education – more cognitive tasks
2.4.3.4. Skeel’s Experiment
2.4.3.5. Impact of environment on childhood = strong during childhood
2.4.3.6. Nutritional factor – during childhood especially

2.4.4. Genetic Differences in Intelligence – evolutionary/ biologically/ different roles

2.4.5. Scientists conclude: Nature – 60% Nurture – 40%

2.5. Emotional Intelligence – Daniel Goldman

2.5.1. Five Skills of Emotional Intelligence
2.5.1.1. Self Awareness
2.5.1.2. Managing your Emotions
2.5.1.3. Motivation
2.5.1.4. Empathy
2.5.1.5. Social Skills
2.6. Neural Basis of Emotions : Consider emotion = Fear
2.6.1. External circumstances ---signal amygdale -----signals hypothalamus--
 heart rate+, respiration rate + --- fight or flight response
2.7. William James:
Fact Mental perception----excites- mental affection (emotion) - bodily
expression

Personal Competence Social Competence

Self Social
Awareness
E.I.
Actions Self Management Relationship Management
3. Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior.
3.1. Conditioning:

Portions from BBC documentary – Brain a secret history.

3.1.1. Classical Conditioning of Ivan Pavlov

3.1.2. Operant Conditioning of B.F. Skinner – Skinner Box.
3.1.3. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiment : Shock Box.
3.1.4. Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
3.1.5. Conclusion: Willingness to avoid responsibility and obey authority.

3.2. Delayed Gratification – Walter Michel’s Marshmallow Experiment in 1960-70 at

Stanford
3.3. Social Learning:
3.3.1. Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

4. Attitude: our judgments – evaluative statements about people, things, places etc.
4.1. Components of Attitude:
4.1.1. Cognitive (thinking)
4.1.2. Affective (feeling)
4.1.3. Behavioural (doing)
4.2. Confirmation Bias:

5. Personality: Sum total of your attitudes; predictable part of our behavior.

5.1. Locus of Control:
5.1.1. Internal --acceptance
5.1.2. External--justification
5.1.3. Attribution Error

5.2. Personality Types and Theories:

5.2.1. MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator Test)

5.2.1.1. Introversion (I)Vs. Extraversion (E)
5.2.1.2. Intuition(N) Vs. Sensing (S)
5.2.1.3. Feeling (F)Vs. thinking (T)
5.2.1.4. Judging (J) Vs. Perceiving (P)

5.2.2. Psychoanalytical Personality Theory: Sigmund Freud

5.2.2.1. Id:
5.2.2.1.1. primitive/instinctive/ pleasure principle – Hedonic orientation
5.2.2.1.2. Scientific Evidence supporting Id – Intrinsic/procedural Memory
5.2.2.1.3. Experiment on one race about memory of prejudice against
5.2.2.1.4. another race
5.2.2.1.5. Subliminal Stimuli

5.2.2.2. Ego: Our behavior ( in general)

5.2.2.3. Super Ego: morality/ social setting/religion/culture
5.2.3. Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory:
5.2.3.1. Cardinal Traits: Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life,
often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for
these traits. People with such personalities often become so known
for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these
qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following
descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissism, Don Juan,
Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and
tend to develop later in life. Generally just one or two in number.
5.2.3.2. Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that form
the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not
as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you
might use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent,
honest, shy and anxious are considered central traits. Five to ten in
number.
5.2.3.3. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes
related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain
situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would
be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while
waiting in line.

5.2.4. The Big Five Personality Traits:

5.2.4.1. Openness to experience – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious).
Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and
variety of experience. Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity,
creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has. It is also
described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent,
and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict
routine. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret the openness
factor, which is sometimes called "intellect" rather than openness to
experience.
5.2.4.2. Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A
tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement;
planned rather than spontaneous behavior; organized, and dependable.
5.2.4.3. Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy,
positive emotions, surgency, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to
seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.
5.2.4.4. Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency
to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and
antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of ones' trusting and
helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well tempered or not.
5.2.4.5. Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). The tendency
to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety,
depression, or vulnerability. Neuroticism also refers to the degree of
 emotional stability and impulse control, and is sometimes referred by its
low pole – "emotional stability"

TED talk by Susane Caine : The power of introverts

5.2.5. Strength Focus

5.2.5.1. FIRO-B Test Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation

6. Perception and Decision Making

6.1. Attribution Error
6.2. Self Serving Bias: Opposite of fundamental attribution error.
6.3. Kelly’s covariation model: for both internal and external attributions (given as
Exhibit 6-2 on page 163 of our O.B textbook )
6.4. Jones & Davis’ correspondent Inference Theory: focuses only on how we make
internal attributions

TED talk by Chimamanda Adichie – The Danger of a single story

6.5. Self fulfilling Prophecy

6.5.1. Pygmalion Effect
6.5.2. Rosenthal Effect
6.5.3. Golem Effect: opposite of Pygmalion effect
6.5.4. Basis of Self fulfilling prophecy:
6.5.4.1. micro-inequity (May Roe – 1970) –micro affirmations
6.5.4.2. Malcolm Gladwel’s Blink – Thin Slicing (Nalini Ambani)

7. Motivation:
7.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
7.2. Theory X and Theory Y

7.3. Two factor Theory : Frederick Hersberg

7.4. Intrinsic Factors Vs. Extrinsic Factors : TED talk by Daniel Pink
7.5. Ta; Ben Sahar: “Happier” : Hamburger Model
Happiness

+ Future

Happiness
Rat Race

Present

- +

Nihilistic Hedonic

7.6. Hedonic Vs Eudemonic

Extrinsic Intrinsic

Hygiene Motivator

Pleasure Driven Meaning Driven

Enjoyment / Fun Delaying Gratification

Immediate Relaxation Achieving Goal doing what we believe in

Consumption Driven Feelings Working on improving a skill

7.7. Genes related to immunity: Eudamonic / hedonic orientation

7.8. Arousal Theory – Yerkis Dodson Law

7.9. Expectancy Theory

7.10. Cognitive Evaluation Theory:

TED talk by Dan Ariely :

1) Reward Substitution
2) Self Control Contracts

7.11. Edward Deming’s contribution to HR

7.12. Goal Setting and its relation with motivation

Really Really Want to do

really
Want to do

Want to do

Can Do