CHEMISTRY (State of Matter Liquid, Solid, Gas)

STATE OF MATTER
CHEMISTRY IGCSE
Melting
Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid
Requires heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the
particles to move
Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting point (m.p.)
Boiling
Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas
Requires heat which causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface of
a liquid, allowing for liquid particles to escape from the surface and
within the liquid
Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.)
Freezing
Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid
This is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly the same
temperature as melting, hence the melting point and freezing point of a
pure substance are the same. Water, for example, freezes and melts at 0
ºC
Requires a significant decrease in temperature (or loss of thermal
energy) and occurs at a specific temperature
Evaporation
Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes into a gas and occurs over a
range of temperatures
Evaporation occurs only at the surface of liquids where high energy
particles can escape from the liquid's surface at low temperatures,
below the b.p. of the liquid
The larger the surface area and the warmer the liquid surface, the more
quickly a liquid can evaporate
Condensation
Condensation occurs when a gas changes into a liquid on cooling and it
takes place over a range of temperatures
When a gas is cooled its particles lose energy and when they bump into
each other they lack the energy to bounce away again, instead they
group together to form a liquid
Sublimation
Sublimation occurs when a solid changes directly into a gas
This only happens to a few solids, such as iodine or solid carbon dioxide
The reverse reaction also happens and is called desublimation or
deposition
Macroscopics
Microscopics
State Changes &
Kinetic Theory
When substances are heated, the particles absorb thermal energy which is converted
into kinetic energy. This is the basis of the kinetic theory of matter
Heating a solid causes its particles to vibrate more and as the temperature increases,
they vibrate so much that the solid expands until the structure breaks and the solid
melts
On further heating, the now liquid substance expands more and some particles at the
surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate
When the b.p. temperature is reached, all the particles gain enough energy to escape
and the liquids boils
These changes in state can be shown on a graph called a heating curve
Cooling down a gas has the reverse effect and this would be called a cooling curve
These curves are used to show how changes in temperature affect changes of state
The horizontal sections occur when there is a change of state but there is no change in
temperature
Gases & Kinetic
Theory
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion
The pressure that gas creates inside a closed container is produced by the
gaseous particles hitting the inside walls of the container
An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of each particle, as the heat
energy is transformed to kinetic energy, so they move faster
As the temperature increases, the particles in the gas move faster, impacting the
container's walls more frequently
Gases & Kinetic
Theory
If the container walls are flexible and stretchy then the container will get
bigger and bigger, just like the hot air balloon!
If the container is made smaller, then the gas particles hit the wall more
frequently
So when there is a decrease in volume this causes an increase in gas pressure
Diffusion
This is the process by which different gases or different liquids mix and is due to
the random motion of their particles
Diffusing particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they spread out to occupy all
of the available space
Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is required although it occurs
faster at higher temperatures
DIFFUSION & MOLECULAR MASS
Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous

particles move much quicker than liquid particles
At the same temperature, different gases do not diffuse at the same
rate.
This is due to the difference in their relative molecular masses
Lighter gas particles can travel faster and hence further, therefore
the lower its relative mass the faster a gas will diffuse
This can be demonstrated in the reaction between ammonia, NH3,

and hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, inside a long glass tube
Where the two gases meet a white smoke of ammonium chloride,
NH4Cl, is formed
This does not occur in the middle of the tube as you might expect,
but much closer to the end with the hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5)
and the ammonia (Mr = 17) molecules are smaller and lighter

CHEMISTRY (State of Matter Liquid, Solid, Gas)

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CHEMISTRY (State of Matter Liquid, Solid, Gas)

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STATE OF MATTER

Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous

This can be demonstrated in the reaction between ammonia, NH3,

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