Computer Networks

Course Objectives
 Introduction to Computer Networks
 OSI Model
 TCP/IP Model
 Network Devices
 Network media
 Wireless Networks
 Virtualization
 Security Fundamentals
Introduction
What is the Computer Network (CN) ?
Computer Network: a collection of computers, and
other devices, or peripherals connected together
through connecting media to perform certain task
such as share resources.
Benefits of Computer Networks.
◦ Resources Sharing
◦ File Sharing
◦ Devices Sharing
◦ Software Sharing with multi-user licenses.
◦ Voice and Video calls
◦ Shared Internet Access
Networks Classifications
According to Covered Area
◦ How large is the network?

According to network topology

◦ How the computer are connected?

According to network model

◦ What type of model?
According to Covered Area
PAN (Personal Area Networks): A computer network for interconnecting devices centered on
an individual person's workspace.
LAN (Local Area Networks): a group of computers connected in small geographical area,
limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory High speed of communications, Under your
administrative Control.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks): A MAN connects an area larger than a LAN but smaller
than a WAN such as a city.
WAN (Wide Area Networks):A WAN is a group of computers connected in Large geographical
area such as country. Under your A WAN often connects two LANs (WAN Link) ISP Administrative
control
According to Network Topology
refers to the shape of a network, or the network's
layout.
Two types of Network topologies:
◦ The physical topology: physical way (how computers
connected to each other physically :_wired or wireless)
◦ The logical topology: the way the he message are sent.
(how to send message from device to other)
The choice of topology is dependent upon :
◦ Type and number of equipment being used
◦ Cost
Each topology has its own advantages and
disadvantages
According to Network Model
Peer to Peer Networks:
• No dedicated resources to present specific service.
• Easy to work with.
• All nodes are the same (equal to use the resources.

Client/Server Networks:
• Some nodes (SERVER) are dedicated to present
services to other nodes (CLIENTS).
• Server is more powerful.
Peer to peer vs client/server model
Basic Network Elements
Hardware
 Computers / Peripherals
 NICs
 Connecting Media
 Networking Device(s)
◦ Routers
◦ Switches
◦ Hubs

Software
 Protocols
◦ Communication rules that all entity must agree on
Open Systems
Interconnection Reference
Model OSI RM
OSI Reference Model
 OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
 OSI/RM was defined by ISO in 1983
International Organization for Standardization

 OSI Three practical functions

o Give developers universal conceptsso they can develop protocols
o Explain the framework used to connect heterogeneous systems (Client/server can communicate even if
they have different OS)
o Describes the process of packet creation

The OSI reference model breaks this approach into layers.

Benefits of using a layered model
• easier to troubleshooting
• It allows multiple vendor development through standardization of
network components.
• It allows various types of network hardware and software to
communicate.
• Changes in one layer do not affect other layers because of layer
separation.
• Layers interact with each other.
OSI (7-Seven Layers)
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical
Application Layer
 Interface to end users
 File transfer
 Network management
 Email
 Many other services
 Protocols
◦ HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
◦ FTP (File transfer Protocol)
◦ SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol)
◦ POP3 (Post office transfers Protocol)
◦ Telnet/SSH (secure Shell)
Presentation Layer
 Finding common presentation
between source and Destination
 Provide transformation of data to
support standardized application
interface
 Coding or Translation of data (ex:
EBCDIC to ASCII).
Session Layer
 Establishes, manages and terminates
sessions (connections) between
cooperating applications
 Synchronization (add checkpoints into
a stream of data).
Controls the sessions between the
local and remote applications
Transport Layer

 Organize data into Segments

 Provide reliable transport between
end systems (source and destination
hosts)
 End-to-end error recovery.
 End-to-end flow control.
Network Layer
 Organize data into datagram (packets)
 It is responsible for the Internet
Protocol Addressing (IP) (Addressing)
 It know the best path for the
destination (Routing)
 End-to-end Addressing.
Data link Layer
 Reliable data transfer across a physical
link (Error Control).
 Organize the data into Frames, to be
put on the physical medium.
 Check the Frame For errors.
 Hop to hop addressing.
Physical Layer
 Transmission of unstructured bit
stream over the physical link
 Deals with the mechanical and
electrical specifications of the
interface and transmission media
(cables and connectors)
 Representation of bits.
Data Encapsulation &
Data De-Encapsulation
OSI Exercise
OSI Exercise (Cont.)
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP is open standard protocol
o Not tied to one vendor
TCP/IP is the internet protocol
Now internet use TCP/IP v4
Next version TCP/IP v6
It is the default protocol for all modern operating systems
◦ Microsoft Operating Systems
◦ UNIX Operating Systems
◦ LINUX Operating Systems
Major Networking Protocols
TCP/IP _ free / standard
IPX/SPX _ by Novel/ not free/not standard
NetBEUI –not routable
Apple Talk
Data Link Control (DLC)
Defines four layers

 Uses different names for Layers 1

through 3.

 Combines Layers 5 through 7 into

single application layer.
Data Encapsulation
Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer
◦ Transmission medium
◦ Signal rate

Datalink Layer
◦ Logical interface between end system and network
◦ Hop to Hop addressing
◦ Error detection Mechanism
Physical (Mac) Addresses
 Physical Address burned on the card
 Unique address over the world called Mac
address.
 48-bit(6-byte) written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a
colon :
Physical addresses can be either
◦ unicast
◦ multicast
◦ broadcast
Communicating Within the LAN
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Internet Layer (IP Layer)
 Packet in the IP layer is called Datagram
Datagram consist of TWO parts
o Header
o Data

 Routing of data
 Logical addressing IPV4 , IPV6
Internet Protocol (IP V4)
 Uniquely identify each device on an IP
network layer.
 Some times we called it the logical
address
 Every host (computer, networking
device, peripheral) must have a unique
addressat the same network
 The IP address 32 bitdivided into 4
octets each octet 8 bit
IP ADDRESS Classes
How to assign IP address to device

 Manually
 Automatic
 APIPA
DHCP Server
 usedto assign dynamically the IP
Configuration including (Host IP,
Subnet mask, Default Gateway, DNS
server IP and the Lease Time)
Dora(discover –offer-request-
acknowledgment)
APIPA
 If no DHCP server is available the APIPA is used
 Auto configuration IP address
 used to let LAN users talk to Each other if the DHCP fails
 Can not be Routed
 Rang : 169.254.X.X
RESERVED ADDRESS
 Network address:
◦ reserved
◦ can not be assigned to any device
◦ used for routing by the router
◦ Class A:10.0.0.0
◦ Class B: 172.16.0.0
◦ Class C:192. 168.1.0
Broadcast Address
◦ Used by a router to send a message to every
host in the internal (LAN)
◦ Used to let the host search for Network
Resources Example: DHCP
 Loop back Address
◦ address: It is used just for testing.
◦ TCP/IP Protocol Suit 127.0.0.1 example test
NIC
ARP(ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL) OPERATION
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Transport Layer.
 TCP Characteristics
 Transmission Control Protocol

 Transport layer protocol

 Use port numbers
 Reliable (Acknowledgement of receipt)
 Connection oriented(synchronization)
 Full duplex
 Error control(Error checking(checksum)
 Flow control
 Data-recovery features
 Sequencing of data packets
ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION
THREE-WAY HANDSHAKE
Flow Control
TCP Acknowledgment
UDP Characteristics
User Datagram Protocol / Transport layer protocol
Process to process communication
Use port numbers
Connectionless(no notification)
Unreliable
Perform very limited error checking
Very simple using a minimum of overhead
Provides best-effort delivery
 The data may be dropped due to:
 Routing Error,
 Duplicate data due to redundancy
 Data loss in its way due to TTL.

•Has no data-recovery features

TCP (Reliable) vs. UDP (Best-Effort
Comparison)
Mapping Layer 4 to Applications
Port Numbers
 Well Known ports
Range from 0 to 1,023 are assigned and controlled by ICANN
 Registered ports
Range from 1,024 to 49,151 not assigned or controlled by ICANN but can be registered at ICANN
to avoid duplication
 Dynamic ports
Range from 49,152 to 65,535 are neither controlled nor registered
Socket Address
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Application Layer

Communication between processes or

applications
Internet Services (Client/Web Server)
 The World Wide Web: HTTP
 Naming Service: DNS
 File Transfer: FTP
 Telnet Service
 Electronic Mail service: IMAP, POP3, SMTP
HTTP Protocol
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 Supports the delivery of web
pages to the client
DNS
URL
o URL is Universal Resource Locator
o Protocol : HTTP or FTP
DNS
o Domain Name Servers
o Application specified in the TCP/IP suite
o A way to translate human-readable
names into IP addresses
How DNS works?
 At the beginning they use Hosts file
 It maps the IP addresses to host names
 It is found at
“C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc”
 Then they make DNS Server to centralize
the Domain Name Servers.
 Servers are used to convert the
addresses we see and read into IP
addresses and vice-versa.
DNS Query
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTP Client
Browser as a FTP client
◦ Use Internet Browser as FTP client.

Using MS Windows built-in FTP client

Third party programs “cute FTP”
Mail Server and Clients
Mail Clients
Web based
◦ Hotmail
◦ gmail

Non web based

◦ Outlook express
◦ Microsoft Outlook
Mail Protocols
 SMTP
◦ It is the common language used by the majority of Mail Servers to send messages back and forth to
other Mail Servers or Email Clients

 POP3 “Post Office Protocol version 3”

◦ In order to collect email messages from the Mail Server, the Email Client contacts the Mail Server.
◦ Download messages on the hard disk
◦ You can work Offline
◦ Keep the user’s quota on the server

•IMAP4 “Internet Message Access Protocol version 4”

◦ Retrieve only message header
Telnet
Telnet is a user command and an underlying
TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote
computers.
Through Telnet, an administrator can access
someone else's computer remotely

Telnet client
◦ Built in MS-Windows Telnet client
◦ Third party programs
Network Hardware
DEVICES & MEDIUM
Computers / Peripherals
Any device that can connect to network with NIC
Ex: Computer
◦ Mobile
◦ Laptop-
◦ Printers-
◦ Cameras
◦ smart TV
◦ -…..etc
NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Called network interface controller, network adapter
or LAN adapter.
 Operate at the physical layer of OSI/RM
 hardware component without a computer cannot be
connected over a network cable (interface between the
PC and the network )
 Resides in the motherboard of the PC
o Internal NIC (plugs into the motherboard directly )
o External NIC)Wireless and USB based )
 Have A physical Address burned on the card called
Mac.
Network Transmission Media
 To transmit data, a medium must exist
 The medium can be in the form of cables
or wireless medium
 Most common used media for data
networks
oWired Media
oWireless media
Network Transmission Media
 Cable Media
◦ Twisted Pair Cables
◦ UTP
◦ STP
◦ Coaxial Cables
◦ Fiber Optic Cables

Wireless Media
◦ WIFI
◦ Infra red
◦ Microwave
◦ Bluetooth
Most widely used (Ethernet networks)
Two basic types
◦ STP
◦ Shielded twisted pair
◦ Protected
◦ Hard to install
◦ UTP
◦ Unshielded twisted pair
◦ Most common
◦ Easy to install
◦ Less expensive
◦ Effected By electromagnetic interference

Use RJ-45 connectors

Crimper tool attach the twisted pair cable to RJ-45
UTP Categories
Coaxial Cable
High capacity cable
Used for video transfer
Has two types
oThick coaxial cable (Thicknet)
o ½ inch diameter
oThin coaxial cable (Thinnet)
o ¼ inch diameter

Use BNC connector

Fiberoptic
 Fiber optic cabling is composted of the
following components:
 The core that carries the signals. It is made
of plastic or glass
 The cladding maintains the signal in the
center of the core as the cable bends.
 The sheathing protects the cladding and the
core
FiberOptic Types
FiberOptic advantages
Advantages
◦ Faster than twisted pair and coaxial
◦ Send data as light pulses over glass medium
◦ Free of electromagnetic interference
◦ Highly resistance to Eavesdropping
◦ Support extremely high data transfer rate
◦ Allow grater cable distances without repeater
Disadvantages
◦ Expensive
◦ Hard to install
Thanks
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