Special Electric Machines

Switched reluctance motors - principle of operation - torque equation

– characteristics -power converter circuits - control of SRM - rotor
Permanent Magnet DC Motors – construction – principle position sensors- torque pulsations –sources of noise- noise mitigation
of operation.PM Brushless DC motor- Brushless DC techniques - applications.
motor-construction - permanent magnets –different
types- demagnetization characteristics – arrangement of Module 4 (6 hours)
permanent magnets –magnetization of permanent DC Servo motors – DC servo motors – construction– principle of
magnets – axial and parallel magnetizations- principle of operation - transfer function of field and armature controlled dc servo
operation – Control of BLDC motor - applications. motors -permanent magnet armature controlled dc servo motor-
series split field dc servo motor- applications.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors- construction -
principle of operation –Control of PMSM - Self control - AC Servo motors -Construction – principle of operation- performance
Sensor less Control– applications - Comparison with characteristics -damped ac servo motors - Drag cup servo motors-
BLDC motors.
Module 2 (7 hours) TRACE KTU
Stepper motors - Basic principle - different types -
applications.
Module 5 (8 hours)
Single Phase Special Electrical Machines- AC series Motor, Repulsion
Motor, Hysteresis Motor, Universal Motor- Construction - principle of
variable reluctance, permanent magnet,hybrid type -
principle of operation – comparison. Monofilar and operation - applications.
bifilar windings - modes of excitation- static and Linear Electric Machines: Linear motors – different types – linear
dynamic characteristics- open loop and closed loop reluctance motorlinear synchronous motors – construction –
control of Stepper Motor-applications. comparison.
Module 3 (7 hours) Linear Induction Motor – Construction- Thrust Equation, Transverse
edge and end effects- Equivalent Circuit, Thrust-Speed characteristics,
Synchronous Reluctance Motor - Construction, Applications.
principle of operation- phasor diagram - torque
Permanent Magnet DC Motor
• Improved Permanent Magnets available
• Higher efficiency
• Less space requirement
• Better cooling
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• Avoid run away due to loss of excitation
• Large effective air gap- avoid distortion- improved commuataion - less
aramature reaction
• Increased overload capacity
• Faster response to changes in current (due to reduction in
inductance)
Permanent Magnet DC Motor
• A traditional commutator motor
in which the electromagnetic
field system is replaced by
permanent magnet is called a
PMDC motor.
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Types of magnets used in BLDC/ PMSM motors
• 1) Ferrite Or Ceramic magnet
• It is the most common magnet used in most types of DC electric motors.
• Although they offer low energy compared to rare earth magnets, ferrite
magnets have won wide acceptance due to their strong resistance to

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demagnetization, exceptional corrosion resistance, and low price.
• Ferrite magnets have low intrinsic coercivity levels. Basically, they are cheap
and stable. However, ferrite magnets have the lowest remanence and energy
product levels.
• linear characteristics in the second quadrant of magnetisation curve
• In order to produce high levels of torque, these magnets have to be large.
Your entire motor design will have to accommodate this size and weight.
• 2) Aluminum Nickel Cobalt (AlNiCo5)
• AlNiCo magnets can withstand temperatures of a maximum of 500 to 550 ° C
without losing their magnetic properties.
• They are stronger than Ferrite magnets, but remanence and energy product
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values are still low, requiring size and weight alterations in the motor.
• The AlNiCo5 magnet is very hard and brittle, which makes processing difficult.
In addition, the magnet has a weak coercive force, which makes it sensitive to
opposing magnetic fields. In contrast, however, it has a high remanence value.
• They provide high corrosion resistance.
• AlNiCo5, AlNiCo7, AlNiCo9
• 3) Neodymium Magnet
• Neodymium is a rare-earth element, so these magnets are expensive
and become unstable at high temperatures. However, they have high
remanence and energy product levels. Neodymium magnets produce
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strong magnetic fields in a small package.
• 4) Samarium Cobalt Magnet
• Samarium is also a rare-earth element. These magnets will be the
most expensive. But, they have the highest remanence and energy
product levels, and they’re stable at high temperatures. Samarium
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magnets are used in small, powerful motors that operate in high
temperatures.
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Torque
• Force experienced by one conductor � = ���
• Torque due to one conductor = ����
• Circumferential area = 2���
• �� = �2���
• ��� =
• �� = ��
��
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����
• Torque due to one conductor =
2��
���� ���
• Torque � = � = � = � � ��
2�� 2�� �
�� � ���
• �� = 2� �= 2�� � = �� �
�
Applications
• Automobiles - to operate wind-
shield wipers and washers, to
raise and lower the windows, to
drive the blowers for heaters &
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air conditioners.
• computer drives.
• toy industries.
• electric tooth brushes.
 BLDC
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• Axial: Axially magnetized means the material is magnetized through the
length of the magnet. In disc and block magnets, for example, this provides
the largest surface area for holding

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• Radial: radial magnetization is characterized as the magnetization of rings,
discs, and cylinders. In addition, the representation of the magnetic field
lines is found across the radius. This type of magnetization is found in the
manufacture of motors, sensors, and actuators. Its orientation is multi-
directional, i.e. it is found across the radius.
• Diametrical: material that has been diametrically magnetized has a
magnetization that lies across the width of the magnet, i.e. across the
diameter (from right to left). As we can see all poles have a vertical
magnetization.
• The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motors
is the replacement of mechanical commutator with an electric switch
circuit.
• Keeping that in mind, a BLDC Motor is a type of synchronous motor in
the sense that the magnetic field generated by the stator and the
rotor revolve at the same frequency.

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• Stator
• The structure of the stator of a BLDC Motor is similar to that of an
induction motor. It is made up of stacked steel laminations with
axially cut slots for winding. The winding in BLDC are slightly different
than that of the traditional induction motor.

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• Rotor
• The rotor part of the BLDC Motor is made up of permanent magnets
(usually, rare earth alloy magnets like Neodymium (Nd), Samarium
Cobalt (SmCo) and alloy of Neodymium, Ferrite and Boron (NdFeB)).
• Based on the application, the number of poles can vary between two
and eight with North (N) and South (S) poles placed alternately.
• Magnets are placed on the outer periphery of the rotor - magnetic-
embedded rotor - magnets are inserted into the iron core of the rotor
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• In runner - The stator is a fixed drum in which the field magnet
rotates. This motor is known for producing less torque than the out
runner style, but is capable of spinning at very high rpm

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• Out-runner -The field magnet is a drum rotor which rotates around
the stator. This style is preferred for applications that require high
torque and where high rpm isn’t a requirement.

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120° current profile

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180° current profile

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Control of BLDC motor

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Microprocessor

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EMF equation

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� = 4���� �� = ���

� = 4���� �� = ���
Applications , advantages
• Computer hard drives and
DVD/CD players.
• Robotics
• Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles,
and electric bicycles.
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• Industrial robots, CNC machine
tools, and simple belt driven
systems. • higher cost
• Washing machines, compressors • resonance issue
and dryers.
• Fans, pumps and blowers • complex wiring setup
 PMSM
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Objectives
• At the end of the class you should be able to explain
• The working of PMSM
• Difference between BLDC and PMSM

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Identify the back emf

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Look at this
• Emf
• Winding
• Type of current

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• Stator Flux (60° commutation/continuous)
• Number of windings active
Types of PMSM

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Types of PMSM

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Types of PMSM

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Types of PMSM
• The PMSM are classified based on the direction of field flux are as
follows,
• Radial field
• In radial field, the flux direction is along the radius of the machine. The radial
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field permanent magnet motors are the most commonly used
• Axial field
• In axial field, the flux direction is parallel to the rotor shaft. The axial field
permanent magnet motors are presently used in a variety of numerous
applications because of their higher power density and quick acceleration.
Principle of operation

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Applications
• Air conditioners
• Refrigerators
• AC compressors
• Washing machines, which are direct-drive
•
•
•
Machine tools TRACE KTU
Automotive electrical power steering

Large power systems to improve leading, and lagging power factor

• Control of traction
• Data storage units.
• Servo drives
• Industrial applications like robotics, aerospace, and many more.
• Direct drive traction
• Compressors and blowers
• Steel rolling mills

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• Ship propulsion
• Fans and pumps
Do we get this
• Close relative of the brushless DC motor.
• Permanent magnet rotor and windings on the stator.
• Sinusoidal back electromagnetic field (EMF) waveforms of the
windings.
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• Controlled with sinusoid waveforms: matches the back EMF
waveform of each winding.
Vector Control

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Self Control

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Self Control

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Sensorless Control

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