COMPONENT OF SENTENCE

Word adalah kumpulan beberapa huruf yang mempunyai makna, kecuali “A” dan “I”.
e.g.: marker, go, doctor, etc.
Phrase adalah susunan beberapa kata yang sudah bermakna, tetapi belum sempurna karena tidak
mempunyai kata kerja.
e.g.: blue book smart boy
Sentence adalah susunan beberapa kata yang sempurna karena mempunyai kata kerja, minimal terdiri
dari Subject + Verb.
e.g.: I run I am beautiful
Sentence dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu:
1. Berdasarkan Verb
a. Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang membutuhkan kata kerja asli (ordinary selain to be)
e.g.: She studies English
Ciri-ciri kalimat verbal:
● Menyatakan aktivitas
● Object menerangkan kata kerja
● Object berupa noun atau pronoun jika transitive verb
b. Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang kata kerjanya berupa to be dan objeknya berupa ANA
(adjective, noun, adverb)
e.g.: He is smart (adjective)
I am a pilot (noun)
Dea is here (adverb)
Ciri-ciri kalimat nominal:
● Kata kerja tidak menunjukkan aktivitas yang kata kerjanya berupa to be dan
objectnya berupa ANA.
2. Berdasarkan Bentuk
a. Positive (+) : Raka buys pen
b. Negative (-) : Raka does not buy pen
c. Introgative (?) : Does Raka buy pen?
d. Negative introgative (-?) : Doesn’t Raka buy pen?
e. Imperative (!) : Come in, please!
 PART OF SPEECH
1. Pronoun (kata ganti) Ex: I, you, they, we, he, etc.
2. Adjective (kata sifat) Ex: Smart, small, slow, etc.
3. Noun (Kata benda) Ex: Boy, cat, pen, etc.
4. Conjunction (kata sambung) Ex: and, but, or, etc.
5. Adverb (kata keterangan) Ex: here, in the class, in Bali, etc.
6. Verb (kata kerja) Ex: run, eat, borrow, etc.
7. Interjection (kata seru) Ex: ah!, Oh God!, What!, etc.
8. Preposition (kata depan) Ex: in, on, at, under, etc.

1. PRONOUN
Kata yang berfungsi menggantikan noun.
a. Definite: kata ganti yang sudah jelas.

Personal Pronoun Possessive

Reflexive Pronoun
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun

I Me Me………N Mine Myself

You You Your……N Yours Yourself/yourselves

We Us Our……N Ours Ourselves

They Them Their……N Theirs Themselves

She Her Her……N Hers Herself

He Him His……N His Himself

It It Its……N - itself

e.g.: I bring my book for me by myself, because this book is mine.

He hits me with his friend.

b. Indefinite Pronoun: kata ganti yang menunjukkan sesuatu yang belum jelas.

Body One Thing

Every Everybody Everyone Everything

Some Somebody Someone Something

Any ? Anybody Anyone Anything

No - Nobody None Nothing

Indefinite Pronoun dianggap tunggal (she, he, it)

e.g.: Someone loves me.
None invites me to go to the jungle.

c. Demonstrative Pronoun: kata tunjuk yang digunakan sebagai kata ganti.

Singular Plural

This These
 That Those

e.g.: This car is expensive.

d. Introgative Pronoun: kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai kata ganti.

Who, What, How, etc.
e.g.: Who will visit you?

2. ADJECTIVE
Kata yang hanya mensifati noun
a. Limiting Adjective (membatasi noun)
1. Article : kata snadang (a, an, the)
2. Demonstrative: kata tuntuk (this, that, these, those)
3. Distributive : untuk pembagian benda (every, each, either, neither)
4. Quantitative : menunjukkan jumlah benda (some, any, three, etc.)
5. Possessive : kata sifat sebagai kepemilikan.
▪ Menunjukkan kepemilikan pronoun
e.g. my book, your, motorcycle, you are mine, etc.
▪ Menunjukkan kepemilikan benda
e.g. Ega’s doll, Dimas’ plane.

b. Descriptive Adjective (menjelaskan noun)

Meliputi: qu cha si age tem pa sha co na
1. Quality : smart, handsome, expensive, rich, etc.
2. Character : honest, kind, patient, etc.
3. Size : big, small, tall, etc.
4. Age : old, young, trace, new, ancient, etc.
5. Temperature : hot, warm, cool, etc.
6. Participle (kata kerja yang dijadikan kata sifat.
▪ Present participle (verb1 + ing) : boring, interesting, etc.
▪ Past participle (Verb 3) : bored, interested, etc.
7. Shape : square, oval, rectangle, circle, etc.
8. Color : red, yellow, pink, etc.
9. Nationality : Indonesian, Arabian, Javanese, etc.

3. NOUN
Kata yang digunakan untuk menamai benda.
a. Wujud
● Abstract: kata benda yang tidak bisa dipanca indrakan.
e.g. happiness, sadness, togetherness, etc.
● Concret: Kata benda yang bisa dipanca indrakan, ada 4 yaitu:
● Common noun : kata benda yang masih umum.
e.g. flower, country, animal, etc.
● Proper noun : kata benda yang berhubungan dengan nama benda, tempat,
jalan, etc. (lebih spesifik dari pada common noun).
e.g. Indonesia, jasmine, cat, etc.
● Collective noun : kata benda yang menunjukkan kelompok.
e.g. girl band, football club, etc.
● Material noun : kata benda yang menunjukkan bahan dasar atau materi.
e.g. sugar, water, stone, etc.

b. Jumlah
 ● Countable noun: kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
● Regular (s/es)
e.g. pens, cats, etc.
● Irregular
e.g. foot 🡪 feet
mouse 🡪 mice
● Uncountable noun: kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.
e.g. water, rice, money, etc.

4. CONJUNCTION
Kata ganti yang difungsikan sebagai kata penghubung.
a. Coordinating
FANBOYS
● FOR : karena (e.g. I drink, for I am thirsty)
● AND : dan (e.g. she likes banana and apple)
● NOR : tidak juga, dan tidak (e.g. you don’t write poem nor novel)
● BUT : tetapi (e.g. your enemy is smart but he is naughty)
● OR : atau (e.g. do you like coffee or tea?)
● YET : tetapi (e.g. the pen is cheap, yet so good)
● SO : jadi (e.g. she lives in Jakarta, so she often meets actors.
●
b. Subordinating
Adalah conjunction yang menghubungkan kalimat yang tidak setara/bertingkat.
After although as long as
Before even though as soon as
Since so that as if
Until when because
Till whenever

c. Correlative
Adalah conjunction yang menghubungkan kalimat yang setara secara grammatical
1. Both ………. and …….. (keduanya tercapai) 🡪 subject berbentuk jamak.
e.g. both Rere and Rara play kite.
2. Not only …….. but also ……. (keduanya tercapai) 🡪 Verb ikut subject terakhir.
e.g. not only my father but also my brother likes fishing.
3. Either ……. or ……… (salah satu tercapai) 🡪 Verb ikut subject terakhir.
e.g. either Hamka or Hanif reads magazine.
4. Neither …….. nor …….. (keduanya tidak tercapai) 🡪 Verb ikut subject terakhir.
Neither Dana nor Dani goes to Kediri.

5. ADVERB
Kata keterangan yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan selain kata benda.
a. Adverb of place e.g. here, there, in office, etc.
b. Adverb of time e.g. now, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, lately, next, etc.
c. Adverb of frequency e.g. Always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never,
etc.
d. Adverb of manner e.g. Quickly, slowly, fast, well, etc.
e. Intensifying adverb e.g. very, so, too, only, rather, enough.
f. Distinguishing adverb e.g. really, do/does/did, totally, not, etc.

6. VERB
Kata yang menunjukkan aktifitas, keadaan atau kondisi.
 a. Fungsi
● Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu)

Present Past Perfect Future Passive

Is, am, Was,

To be Been Be Being
are were

Have,
Primary Do, does Did, had - -
has

● Ordinary (kata kerja asli)

e.g. run, write, cry, read, sleep, etc.

b. Object
● Transitive : kata kerja yang membutuhkan object.
e.g. I take pencil, you drink juice
● Intransitive : kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan object.
e.g. I run, they sleep

c. Perubahan
● Regular (beraturan) 🡪 ed

V bare / V1 Past / V2 Past Present

participle participle
/ V3 / V ing

study studied studied studying

walk walked walked walking

show showed showed showing

● Irregular (tidak beraturan)

V bare / V1 Past / V2 Past Present

participle participle
/ V3 / V ing

go Went gone going

do Did done doing

cut Cut cut cutting

7. INTERJECTION
Kata yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan atau emosi seseorang.
o Ouch! o Hurry up!
o Look out! o Good willing!
o Fire! o No problem!
o Dear! o Look!
o Oh God! o Hallo!

8. PREPOSITION
Kata depan yang berfungsi menghubungkan naun atau pronoun dengan sebuah kalimat.
a. Free preposition (preposisi yang tidak terikat dengan kata sebelumnya).
- In - on - at
- Of - from - for, etc.
Perbedaan IN, ON, AT

TIME PLACE
Abad, tahun, bulan, bagian-bagian
hari. Negara, ibu koca, kota-kota terkenal
IN
e.g. in 1999, in December, in the e.g. in America, In Jakarta, In Bandung
morning
Bulan + tahun / Tanggal + bulan / Hari
Alamat jalan
e.g. On December 1999 / ON
e.g. On Dahlia street
On 14th December / On Saturday
Area / alamat lengkap / Tempat umum
Jam, tanggal
AT e.g. At Dahlia street No 19 Tulungrejo
e.g. At 07.00 o’clock, At 14th
Pare

b. Bound preposition (kata depan yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri (terikat dengan kata
sebelumnya).
1. Adjective bound preposition
e.g. interested in : tertarik pada
responsible for : bertanggung jawab pada
2. Verb bound preposition
▪ Tidak merubah makna
e.g. live 🡪 live in : tinggal
believe 🡪 believe in : percaya
▪ Merubah makna
e.g. look for + object : mencari
look after + object : merawat
▪ Separable (dapat dipisah dengan object)
e.g. take sister up : mengantar saudara
pick brother up : menjemput saudara
wake me up : membangunkan ku
3. Noun bound preposition
e.g. responsibility for : pertanggungjawaban untuk
Thanks to : terima kasih untuk
 TENSES
Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan waktu dan kejadian.

1. Waktu / time
o Present : waktu sekarang
o Past : waktu lampau
o Future : waktu yang akan datang
o Past future : rencana masa lalu yang gagal

2. Kejadian / event
o Simple : sederhana / aktivitas umum
o Continuous : sedang dilakukan / waktu tertentu
o Perfect : selesai dilakukan / hasil suatu aktivitas
o Perfect continuous : masih dilakukan / lama jarak suatu aktivitas
Dalam tenses terdapat 2 pola kalimat, yaitu:
1. Verbal sentence : membutuhkan verb asli (ordinary)
2. Nominal sentence : verb berupa to be

Penggunaan auxiliary

simple Continuous perfect future

subject presen pas presen presen pas
past present past
t t t t t
I Am Was Should
Shall/
/
We will
would
Do Have
You Are Were
Noun
plural Did Had
He
Will Would
She
It Does Is Was Has
Noun
singular

Verbal Sentence

S + V1 (+s/es) + O
Simple
I sing a song
S + to be (is, am, are) + Ving + O
Continuous
I am singing a song
PRESENT
S + have/has + V3 + O
Perfect
I have sung a song
S + have/has + been + Ving + O
Perfect Continuous
I have been singing a song

S + V2 + O
Simple
I sang a song
PAST
S + to be (was/were) + Ving + O
Continuous
I was singing a song
 S + had + V3 + O
Perfect
I had sung a song
S + had + been + Ving + O
Perfect Continuous
I had been singing a song

S + will/shall + V1 + O
Simple
I will sing a song
S + will/shall + be + Ving + O
Continuous
I will be singing a song
FUTURE
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O
Perfect
I will have sung a song
S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O
Perfect Continuous
I will have been singing a song

S + would/should + V1 + O
Simple
I would sing a song
S + would/should + be + Ving + O
Continuous
I would be singing a song
PAST
S + would/should + have + V3 + O
FUTURE Perfect
I would have sung a song
S + would/should + have + been + Ving
Perfect Continuous +O
I would have been singing a song

Nominal Sentence

Simple/continuous Perfect/perfect continuous

Present S + is/am/are + 3 comp S + have/has + been + 3 comp
She is cute She has been cute
Past S + was/were + 3 comp S + had + been + 3 comp
She was cute She had been cute
Future S + will/shall + be + 3 comp S + will/shall + have + been + 3 comp
She will be cute She will have been cute
Past Future S + would/should + be + 3 comp S + would/should + have + been + 3 comp
She would be cute She would have been cute
 FUNGSI TENSES
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
♣ Verbal : (+) S + V1(s/es)
(-) S + do/does + not + Vbi
(?) Do/does + S + Vbi?
(?-) Do/does + S + not + Vbi?
♣ Nominal : S + is/am/are + 3 comp
♣ Time signal :

Every + time Adv of frequency On + Time

Everyday Always On Sundays

Every Sunday Usually On Mondays

Every week Often On weeks

Every month Sometime On months

Every year Seldom On years

Every time Hardly ever On days

Every summer Never On winters

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan habitual action. E.g. I always go to school.
b. Menyatakan general truth. E.g. The sun rises in the east.
c. Menyatakan penulisan head line news. E.g. Jokowi visits Malaysia
d. Menyatakan penulisan jadwal yang sudah paten. E.g. Lion Air takes off at 07.00.
e. Menyatakan kemampuan. E.g. she runs fast.
f. Menyatakan series of event. E.g. I take sugar and and water, I put it in to the glass then
I mix them.
g. Menyatakan larangan. E.g. Don’t disturb me!

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
♣ Verbal : (+) S + is/am/are + Ving
(-) S + is/am/are + not + Ving
(?) Is/am/are + S + Ving?
(?-) Is/am/are + S + not + Ving?
♣ Nominal : S + is/am/are + 3 comp
♣ Time signal:

This + time A Specific B Imperative

This morning Now Look!

This week Right now Hear!

This month Today Don’t disturb me!

This year Tonight Don’t make noise!

This…..

♣ Fungsi :
 a. Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung
e.g. She is eating now
b. Imperative
e.g. look! My sister is coming.
c. Bermakna “annoyance” (jengkel) dan menggunakan adverb of frequency “always”
e.g. She always borrows my pen.

3. PRESENT PERFECT
♣ Verbal : (+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + Vb3
(?) Have has + S + V3?
(?-) Have/has + S + not + V3?
♣ Nominal : S + have/has + been + 3 comp
♣ Time signal :

Specific Time duration (TD)

Always Since

Lately For

Not …. Yet Up to now

Just Until now

So far All my life

Never

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan di waktu lampau tetapi menekankan pada
effect atau hasilnya. E.g. I have just taken a bath.
b. Menyatakan aktivitas yang berulang-ulang dilakukan atau belum pernah sama sekali
dilakukan. E.g. You have gone to traditional market for several times.

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

♣ Verbal : (+) S + have/has + been + Ving
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving
(?) have/has + S + been + Ving?
(?-) have/has + been + S + not + Ving?
♣ Nominal : S + have/has + been + 3 comp
♣ Time signal :

Time Duration (TD)

Since All my life

For All day

Up to now All week

Until now

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan di waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung
di dunia present. E.g. I have taken course in English Center for 3 months.
5. SIMPLE PAST
♣ Verbal : (+) S + V2 + O + adverb
(-) S + did + not + Vbi + O + adverb
(?) Did + S + Vbi + O + adverb?
(?-) Did + S + not + Vbi + O + adverb?
♣ Nominal : S + was/were + 3 comp
♣ Time signal :

Cardinal + Time +
Last + time Specific
Ago

Last time Yesterday 2 days ago

Last week The day before 2 months ago

Last month Before 1 week ago

Last year 1 year ago

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan kegiatan / aktivitas yang sudah dilakukan pada waktu lampau
e.g. My grandmother visits me yesterday.
b. Menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah terjadi tetapi tidak jelas waktunya
e.g. He bought new car.
c. Menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau
e.g. You often play with her.
d. General truth in the past
e.g. Thomas A. Edison invented telephone.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS
♣ Verbal : (+) S + was/were + Ving
(-) S + was/were + not + Ving
(?) Was/were + S + Ving?
(?-) Was/were + S + not + Ving?
♣ Nominal : S + was/were + 3 comp
♣ Time signal:

Last + time Specific Cardinal + Time

Last time at 07.00 Yesterday morning 2 days ago at 07.00

2 weeks ago on
Last week in the morning The day before night
Sundays

2 months ago on
Last month at this year Yesterday at 07.00
January

Last year on Sundays

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.
e.g. He was crying yesterday morning.

7. SIMPLE FUTURE
♣ Verbal : (+) S + will/shall + Vbi
(-) S + will/shall + not + Vbi
(?) Will/shall + S + Vbi?
(?-) Will/shall + S + not + Vbi?
♣ Nominal : S + will/shall + be + 3 comp
♣ Time signal :

Next + time Specific future

Next time Tomorrow

Next week Soon

Next month Later

Next year Tonight

♣ Fungsi :
a. Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang
e.g. I will study in Canada.
b. Menyatakan general truth pada waktu yang akan datang
e.g. Everybody will pass a way.
 QUESTION
1. Yes / No Question
♣ Pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban Yes / No
♣ Aux + S + V + O ?
e.g. Do you love me? Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
2. WH Question
♣ Pertanyaan yang membutuhkan kawaban informasi
♣ Menggunakan question word (WH Question)

Question word Fungsi

What (apa) Menanyakan verb / subject / object non person

Who (siapa) Menanyakan subject person

Whom (siapa) Menanyakan object person

Whose (milik siapa) Menanyakan kepemilikan

Why (kenapa) Menanyakan alasan

When (kapan) Menanyakan Adv of time

Where (dimana) Menanyakan Adv of place

Which ( yang mana) Menanyakan Adjective /pilihan

How (bagaimana) Menanyakan Adv of manner

How many (berapa banyak) Menanyakan noun countable

How much (berapa banyak) Menanyakan noun uncountable

How long (berapa lama) Menanyakan durasi waktu

How often (berapa sering) Menanyakan Adv of frequency

♣ Aturan-aturan
a. Menanyakan Subject
Form: WH Q + Verb + O?
● Bentuk statement ditulis ulang
● Subject dihilangkan, diganti what (non-person) atau who (person)
● Menggunakan subject orang ketiga tunggal (she/he/it)
e.g. We are ugly
S

Who is ugly? We
b. Menanyakan Selain Subject
Form: WH Q + Aux + S + Verb?
 ACTIVE - PASSIVE VOICE
A. Active Voice
Adalah kalimat yang subject nya melakukan pekerjaan
Form: S + V + O
e.g. They eat meatball
B. Passive Voice
Adalah kalimat yang subject nya dikenai pekerjaan
Form: S + Aux + V3 + by + O
e.g. AV : Rana eats meatball
PV : Meatball is eaten by Rana

● Syarat merubah Active menjadi Passive

1. Kalimatnya verbal (predikatnya berupa Verb)
2. Verb harus transitive (memiliki object)

● Aturan – aturan merubah Active menjadi Passive

1. Subject menduduki posisi object dengan ditambah “by” sebelumnya
2. Object menduduki posisi subject
3. Datangkan “Aux” berdasarkan tenses pada Active nya
4. Jadikan verb ke dalam past participle (V3)

● Form Passive Voice

S. Present S + is/am/are + V3 + by object

Pr. Cont S + is/am/are + being + V3 + by object
Pr. Perfect S + have/has + been + V3 + by object

S. Past S + was/were + V3 + by object

Ps. Cont S + was/were + being + V3 + by object
Ps. Perfect S + had + been + V3 + by object

S. Future S + will/shall + be + V3 + by object

F. Perfect S + will/shall + have + been + V3 + by object

Ps. Future S + would/should + be + V3 + by object

Ps. F. Perfect S + would/should + have + been + V3 + by object

e.g.
AV : She takes my book.
PV : Book is taken by her.

AV : I took book.
PV : Book was taken by me.

AV : They will take book.

PV : Book will be taken by them

AV : He would take book.

PV : Book would be taken by Him.
eight
eggs

six sick
Aksa
Rozi
AUfa
Ichsan
Arif
Rocky