Hindawi

Security and Communication Networks

Volume 2023, Article ID 9875807, 1 page
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9875807

Retraction
Retracted: IoT-Based Health Monitoring System Development
and Analysis

Security and Communication Networks

Received 3 October 2023; Accepted 3 October 2023; Published 4 October 2023

Copyright © 2023 Security and Communication Networks. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an Te corresponding author, as the representative of all
investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis in- authors, has been given the opportunity to register their
vestigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept
following indicators of systematic manipulation of the a record of any response received.
publication process:
(1) Discrepancies in scope
References
(2) Discrepancies in the description of the research [1] M. M. Khan, T. M. Alanazi, A. A. Albraikan, and F. A. Almalki,
reported “IoT-Based Health Monitoring System Development and
Analysis,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2022,
(3) Discrepancies between the availability of data and Article ID 9639195, 11 pages, 2022.
the research described
(4) Inappropriate citations
(5) Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content
included in the article
(6) Peer-review manipulation
Te presence of these indicators undermines our con-
fdence in the integrity of the article’s content and we cannot,
therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice
is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this
article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether au-
thors were aware of or involved in the systematic manip-
ulation of the publication process.
Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks
did not identify these issues before publication and have
since put additional measures in place to safeguard research
integrity.
We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Re-
search Publishing teams and anonymous and named ex-
ternal researchers and research integrity experts for
contributing to this investigation.
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Hindawi
Security and Communication Networks
Volume 2022, Article ID 9639195, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9639195

Research Article
IoT-Based Health Monitoring System Development and Analysis

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1 2
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan , Turki M. Alanazi ,
Amani Abdulrahman Albraikan ,3 and Faris A. Almalki4
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

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3
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences,
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan; [email protected]

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Received 19 February 2022; Accepted 2 April 2022; Published 21 April 2022

Academic Editor: Muhammad Arif

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Copyright © 2022 Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

(is paper presents the design and implementation of a health monitoring system using the Internet of (ings (IoT). In present

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days, with the expansion of innovations, specialists are always looking for innovative electronic devices for easier identification of
irregularities within the body. IoT-enabled technologies enable the possibility of developing novel and noninvasive clinical
support systems. (is paper presents a health care monitoring system. In particular, COVID-19 patients, high blood pressure
patients, diabetic patients, etc., in a rural area in a developing country, such as Bangladesh, do not have instant access to health or
emergency clinics for testing. Buying individual instruments or continuous visitation to hospitals is also expensive for the regular

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population. (e system we developed will measure a patient’s body temperature, heartbeat, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels in
the blood and send the data to a mobile application using Bluetooth. (e mobile application was created via the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) inventor app and will receive the data from the device over Bluetooth. (e physical, logical, and
application layers are the three layers that make up the system. (e logical layer processes the data collected by the sensors in the
physical layer. Media access management and intersensor communications are handled by the logical layer. Depending on the

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logical layer’s processed data, the application layer makes decisions. (e main objective is to increase affordability for regular
people. Besides sustainability in the context of finance, patients will have easy access to personal healthcare. (is paper presents an
IoT-based system that will simplify the utilization of an otherwise complicated medical device at a minimum cost while sitting at
home. A 95 percent confidence interval with a 5 percent maximum relative error is applied to all measurements related to
determining the patient’s health parameters. (e use of these devices as support tools by the general public in a certain situation
could have a big impact on their own lives.

1. Introduction doctors is not exactly the same as in urban areas. Medical

equipment is not readily available in rural areas, except for
(ese days, the expansion of innovations by wellbeing government medical centers. (e percentage of patients in
specialists is exploiting these electronic devices [1]. IoT these clinics is greater than that in government medical
devices are profoundly utilized in the clinical area. In this facilities. Similarly, the equipment has, for the most part,
paper, the research is about an IoT-based health monitoring ended. As a result, if an emergency situation arises, this
system. In particular, for COVID-19 patients, high blood hardware component will send a report to the physicians or
pressure patients, hypertension patients, diabetic patients, medical professionals as soon as possible. (e remaining
etc., in a country territory, in rural areas, the number of work will be done by doctors based on their reports. (e IoT
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2 Security and Communication Networks

health-monitoring platform has provided us with a signif- which can be done with the help of an IoT-based real-time
icant benefit in the advancement of contemporary medicine. patient monitoring system.
IoT devices are widely used in the medical sector. And the While individuals with coronavirus illness feel ill, their

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technology we are talking about is a patient health oxygen levels are often insufficient [3]. Low oxygen levels
monitoring system that uses the IoT. A sensor in this could be a precursor to the need for medical intervention.
health monitoring system will collect information about Pulse oximetry is a technology for determining the amount
the patient’s health condition. It is smaller in size, faster, of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood. Most people
and more affordable. (is system can be used to measure consider it to be a vital indicator, analogous to blood

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the oxygen saturation level, heart rate, and temperature pressure. With the help of a pulse oximeter, a light emission
of the human body and display the results on a web- passes through the fingertip. By measuring how much light
based platform. (e physical, logical, and application is taken in as it passes through the fingertip, the oxygen level,
layers are the three layers of the system. It is a multi- or saturation (SpO2), is managed. In any case, normal SpO2

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parameter monitoring system that will monitor oxygen levels for humans are often greater than 95%. A small
saturation level, heart rate, and temperature simulta- number of patients with chronic lung disease or sleep apnea
neously. (e term “IoT” was first referenced by Kevin may have normal values of approximately 90%. A clinical
Ashtor in 1998. expert should be counseled for SpO2 perusing underneath
To begin with, as an apparatus layer that enables con- pattern or per office convention if the patient is a drawn-out

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nections through the use of sensors and improvements, consideration office occupant or has been recently assessed
heart rate, oxygen saturation level, respiratory flow rate, by a doctor for coronavirus-related concerns. Supplemental
temperature, and other parameters are all measured using oxygen or different medicines may be required. Others in the
sensors. (e primary goal of this IoT is to enhance a cos- network should contact a medical care supplier in the event
mology-based response with the ability to track the state of that they experience wind or when the estimated SpO2 is less

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health. One of the “important indicators,” or important than 95%. (e CDC identifies serious sickness from coro-
measures of wellbeing in the human body, is heart rate. It navirus in individuals who have a respiratory recurrence of
counts how many times the heart contracts or beats per more than 30 breaths every moment, SpO2, and a lower than
minute [2]. Because of continuous work, security threats, 94% at room air adrift level (or, for patients with ongoing
and passionate responses, the heartbeat speed changes. (e hypoxemia, an abatement from the pattern of more than3%).

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resting pulse refers to a person’s pulse while he or she is (ere are many patients with chronic diseases like asthma,
relaxed. While relaxing, a person’s pulse rate should be COPD, and heart-related problems in the world. In COVID-
between 60 and 100 beats per minute after the age of ten. 19-affected people, the SpO2 level changes very rapidly and,
During exercise, the heart beats faster. (ere is a recom- without continuous monitoring, can cause death as well. It is

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mended maximum heart rate that varies based on the essential to keep continuous real-time monitoring of the
person’s age. It is not just the rate at which your heart beats SpO2 level of the above-mentioned patients. Body tem-
that matters. (e heartbeat state is also important, and an perature is another vital physiological parameter of humans.
irregular beating can indicate a serious medical problem. People with illnesses find it very essential to monitor their
(e heart is a powerful organ located in the center of the body temperature. High fever is one of the main symptoms

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chest. When the heart thumps, it transports oxygen- and of COVID-19 patients. It is very important to monitor the
nutrient-rich blood around the body while also returning body temperature of such patients continuously. An IoT-
waste products. A healthy heart supplies the body with just based real-time SpO2 level, heart rate, and temperature
the appropriate amount of blood at precisely the right time monitoring system is very helpful now in the modern age.

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for whatever it is doing at the time. (e pulse is frequently (is motivates the development of an IoT-based health
confused with the heartbeat, which refers to how often the monitoring system.
supply pathways expand and contract as a result of the Due to IoT-based health monitoring systems, it has
heart’s siphoning activity. Because the compressions of the become possible for users to get the necessary physiological
heart create the expansion of pulse rate in the channels that information while sitting at home. (is system has made life
lead to a noticeable pulse, the beat rate is probably the same easier for elderly patients, as for them, the long way to the
as the pulse. Measuring the pulse is an instantaneous per- hospital can be both difficult and tiring. In this paper, we
centage of the heart in this method. (e typical pulse rate for have chosen some specific sensors to detect certain prob-
adults over the age of ten, especially elderly people, is lems. (e system will collect data on the patient’s heartbeat,
somewhere between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). oxygen saturation level, temperature, and other parameters.
Competitors who have been thoroughly prepared may have IoT-based patient monitoring systems using sensors to
a resting pulse of less than 60 beats per minute, with some detect, evaluate, and monitor two basic vital signs are dis-
reaching 40 beats per minute. It is noticed that the heartbeats cussed in a paper [4]. (ey used the Arduino Mega 2560 and
of the patients change continuously. (e heart rate is not ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module and two sensors modules to design
stable for patients with chronic diseases like asthma, hy- an IoT-based patient monitoring system that can detect
pertension, heart disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary two primary vital signs of body temperature and respira-
Disease (COPD), etc. In addition, for the COVID-19-af- tory rate, analyze the level of vital signs according to the
fected people, the heart rate also varies very quickly. It is patient’s age, provide alerts for abnormal conditions, and
critical to keep track of these patients’ heartbeats in real time, display the results wirelessly through Android apps.
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Security and Communication Networks 3

Wearable IoT-enabled real-time health monitoring system Bangladesh, where most people from rural areas do not get
[5–9] is another work, in which the authors developed a enough medical facilities or cannot do regular testing of
wearable IoT-cloud-based health monitoring system for various types of health parameters such as pulse rate, oxygen

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real-time individual health monitoring. (e researchers level, body temperature, blood test, ECG, and diabetes. Since
used a variety of wearable sensors, including heartbeat, regular testing is quite costly, people from rural areas cannot
body temperature, and blood pressure monitors. Another go to hospitals or medical centers daily. In Bangladesh,
example is a review of IoT-based health monitoring sys- especially in remote areas, healthcare facilities are not
tems using Raspberry Pi, LPC2129, and wearable bio- available. People need to travel a very long distance to get

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medical devices [10], in which researchers discussed IoT- medical testing and treatment services. (is system will help
based health monitoring systems utilizing Raspberry Pi, people who can not afford regular checkups such as pulse
LPC2129, and wearable biomedical devices. An Android- rate, oxygen level, and body temperature. (is system is not
based pulse monitoring system is presented in [11]. In [12], only cost-friendly, but also easy to use. Our system will

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the author uses both MAX30100 and Lm35, so the author is be helpful to all ages of people, particularly the elderly or
measuring, but they show the value on the website, not on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. It will measure the
the mobile applications that are more widely available to heartbeat, oxygen saturation level, and body tempera-
people nowadays. (e papers [1, 13] and [14] measure ture of the patient and transfer the outcome to the web
heartbeat and body temperature but not the oxygen level server and mobile applications. Subsequently, in the

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and also do not show the data in the mobile app or on the future, we can also create a website just like a mobile
LCD display. (e author of the paper [13] also measured application to which individuals can get access and see
the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters alongside body the output by looking through the date and time. Be-
temperature and pulse rate and showed the data on a web- sides, if there should be an occurrence of a crisis, the
based platform. Finally, in [14], the author measures ev- medical attendant or patient’s relative looks at the pa-

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erything except SpO2 and does not display the results on a tient’s conditions. Our objective is to develop a system
mobile application. In the paper [14], the authors made this with high precision at the lowest possible cost, so
system using a different microcontroller called the ESP32, anybody can utilize and manage the cost of this. (is
and the health parameters they discussed were body system will be very helpful now during the COVID-19
temperature and heart rate. All of them measure the heart pandemic situation as well.

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rate and body temperature, but we also need to measure the (e first section contains an introduction. (e materials
oxygen level in our body. In the paper [15], the author used and techniques are discussed in part two, and the findings
the ESP32 to connect the sensors, not the Arduino Uno. In and analysis are presented in section three. Finally, the
the paper [16], the author measured body temperature and conclusion is presented in section four.

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heart rate and showed the data on a website platform. In the
paper [17], the author measured respiration rate alongside 2. Materials and Method
body temperature and heart rate and showed the value on
an LCD display. In the paper [18], the author developed a 2.1. Introduction. (e system’s goal is to build a health
system to calculate the heart rate, body temperature, and

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monitoring system that can quickly measure a variety of
respiration rate, and the measurements will be shown in the health factors. In this part, the techniques and materials used
mobile application. (e author of the paper [19] introduced in the system are detailed. (e system’s block diagram is
a solution that uses a Raspberry Pi microprocessor to re- presented in the first subsection. In this part, the techniques
cord the patient’s pulse rate and blood pressure and is and materials used in the system are detailed. (e system’s

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wearable. In the paper [20], the author has made a system block diagram is presented in the first subsection.
that can measure body temperature, heart rate, diabetes,
BP, and cough detection and send the data to a mobile
application as well as a wearable device. In [21], the authors 2.2. Block Diagram. (e system’s structure is depicted in
have not used mobile applications in their design. In the Figure 1. Here, patients will measure their pulse rate and
paper [22], the author measures heart rate, body temper- SpO2 using the max30100 sensor and body temperature
ature, and blood pressure using an Arduino Mega. T. Y. using the Lm35 sensor, and patients can see measurement
Hoe et al. introduced a patient-centered IoT-based ECG data in the mobile app and LCD display. (e data will be
monitoring system. In this case, the researchers only shown in the mobile app with the help of a Bluetooth
employed an ECG sensor to measure the ECG of patients module that will receive data from the Arduino and save it
[23]. In this study, the sensor is limited. in the cloud. From there, the data will be transferred into
(e development of an IoT-based health monitoring the mobile application, and the patients can view the
system is described in this study. (e paper’s main con- measurement of the health parameters. After measuring
tribution is to create an IoT-based real-time health moni- the physiological vital data of the human body, it will be
toring system. Various sensors have been used to measure sent to the Arduino UNO, which will process the analog
the data of patients in real-time. A mobile application has data into digital. After that, the data via Bluetooth module
also been developed. It was tested after the entire system had will appear on the mobile application. Measured data
been developed. In this investigation, three separate real-life from the human body can be seen on the LCD display as
human test volunteers were used. In a country like well.
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4 Security and Communication Networks

Bluetooth
Module

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Pulse/SpO2 Sensor Patient

Mobile Application
Temperature Sensor Ardunio Uno

Components
Power Supply LCD Display

Figure 1: Block diagram of the system.

Table 1: Description of the components.

Description

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An open-source microcontroller based on the 8 bit ATmega238p microchip. It will work as an interface between
the sensor and the mobile application described in this paper. (is consists of additional components that help the
Arduino Uno microcontroller, such as a crystal oscillator, serial contact, voltage controller, etc. (e Arduino Uno has 14 pins,
including 6 pins for analog input, a link to the universal serial bus (USB), an ICSP header, and a reset button. (e
Arduino Uno provides an ICSP case.
(e MAX30100 is a pulse oximetry and heart rate monitor sensor that can be powered by 1.8 V or 3.3 V power

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supply. A host microcontroller uses the I2C interface to communicate. (e MAX30100 pulse oximetry subsystem
Max 30100
consists of the ALC, a 16 bit sigma-delta ADC, and a patented disconnected time filter. It is ultra-low-powered,
making it suitable for systems operating on batteries.
(e LM35 is an integrated circuit temperature sensor with a temperature-dependent output voltage. It’s a
LM35 compact, low-cost IC that can determine temperature anywhere between -55 and 150 degrees Celsius. It can easily

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be interfaced with any ADC or development platform, like an Arduino microcontroller. It can be linked.
(e HC-05 is a module that can provide wireless functionality. We are using this module to set up communication
Bluetooth module HC- between the Arduino and the mobile application. (e HC-05 module can easily be coupled with microcontrollers
05 because it uses the serial port protocol (SPP). Power the module simply by using +5V and connecting the module’s
rx pin to the tx and the tx module pin to the MCU rx, as shown below.

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A 16 × 2 LCD display with I2C can show 16 characters in 2 lines. (is means that you will only have four pins for
LCD display
the LCD display: VCC, GND, and SDA, as well as SCL.
Without the requirement for soldering, flexible wire with connections on each end can be connected to other
Jumper wires
jumper wires or a pin header.
Bread board It’s a construction base.

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2.3. Hardware Design. (is health monitoring system
consists of sensors and a microcontroller. We used the
Arduino Uno as the microcontroller, and the sensors are
MAX30100 (pulse rate and SPo2 measurement sensor) and
LM35 (body temperature measurement sensor). And there
are more components we are using, such as an HC-05
(Bluetooth module), to connect the Arduino with the mobile
application and LCD display. All the needed components for
the health monitoring system are described in Table 1.
Figure 2 is the circuit diagram for the system. An
Arduino Uno microcontroller, two sensors (MAX30100
connection between the microcontroller and a device using a
USB. Also, the data is received in the mobile application, and
the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE is shown in Figure 3.
(e circuit is mainly made with an Arduino Uno and two
sensors that can measure three human body parameters. A
5 V power supply powers the sensors, LCD display, and
microcontroller. (e microcontroller is connected to a
laptop using a USB that sends commands to the sensors.
(ere is also a Bluetooth module that helps mobile appli-
cations read data from the system.

and LM35), a 16 × 2 I2C LCD display, and a Bluetooth

module make up the circuit. (e whole system is 2.4. Cost of Materials. (e device is developed and prod-
powered by 5V. (e microcontroller (Arduino Uno) is uced at a cheap and affordable price, as shown in Table 2.
connected to the computer using a USB (Universal Serial Because of the system’s design innovations, the overall cost
Bus) that sends commands to the device. (e circuit of the system is Taka (Tk.) 1443, making its deployment
was designed on an online circuit designing app called relatively economical. (e price of the parts required for the
circuito.io. gadget to be produced is broken out in Table 2. (e device
Figure 3 is the prototype of the whole health monitoring was designed to sell cheaply at Bangladeshi Taka 1443, which
system. In Figure 3, the connections between the sensors, works out to less than 17 US dollars when converted. In
Bluetooth module, and microcontroller are shown, as is the Table 2, the overall cost has been shown.
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Security and Communication Networks 5

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Figure 2: Circuit diagram for the system. (e system displays the Arduino microcontroller, which controls the sensor to measure the health-
related parameter.

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Figure 3: Prototype of the health monitoring system.

2.5. Software Materials. (e mobile application was devel- results on the screen. Users will use the visual block language
oped by the MIT inventor App. After developing the appli- to build applications by dragging and dropping components
cation, we simply load it onto the mobile device, and a link will into the design view. (is tool enables individuals worldwide
be provided to download the application. After connecting the to create digital solutions to pressing problems. With the help
Bluetooth device to the application through scanning with the of the Bluetooth module HC-05, the microcontroller will now
mobile, a connected message will be viewed. (en, after be connected to the mobile application. Figure 4 showcases the
performing the required process, we can show our collected system from the MIT inventor’s view.
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
6 Security and Communication Networks

Table 2: Cost of the components.

Component Model Quantity Price/Unit (BDTK) Price (BDTK)
Pulse oximeter and pulse rate sensor MAX30100 1 300 300

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Body temperature sensor LM35 1 70 70
LCD display 16 × 2 I2C 1 273 273
Microcontroller Arduino uno 1 430 430
Bluetooth module HC-05 1 30 90
Jumper wires 20 × 3 280 280

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Bread board 1 85 85
Total cost 1443

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R A Figure 4: MIT inventor app view.

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Figure 5: Diagram showing full system consisting of the mobile application and microcontroller.

3. Result and Analysis completed system consists of the pulse rate and SpO2
sensors and the body temperature sensor connected to an
(e system created for this research study is shown in this Arduino Uno. (e Arduino is connected to a device with the
section, along with the results obtained by the system. (e help of a USB, which will help power up the system. When
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2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
7

Figure 8: Diagram showing measurements in the mobile appli-

E T Figure 6: Diagram showing the measurement in the serial monitor of Arduino IDE.

cation after Bluetooth is ‘On’.

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Figure 7: Diagram showing the mobile application we are using

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Security and Communication Networks

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before the Bluetooth is ‘On’.
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
8 Security and Communication Networks

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Figure 9: Diagram of “Patient 1” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

we upload data to the Arduino, the system starts working, In Figure 10, we examined an individual whom we will
and the measurement data will be shown in the serial refer to as “Patient 2.” A similar process to “Patient 1″ has

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monitor of the Arduino Integrated Development Environ- been followed, and thus, their health data was determined.
ment (IDE) and the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display, However, we could see that their body temperatures were
and the data will also be shown in a mobile application with unusually high. It might mean that this individual has a high
the help of a Bluetooth module. fever. (us, this individual could monitor their health in-

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(e full system diagram is shown in Figure 5, including stantly and get medical assistance over the following days. If
the measurements of the pulse rate, SpO2, and body tem- their heartbeat rate goes high or low, they could contact
perature, shown in the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE doctors with their data over the course of testing.
and in the mobile application. Figure 6 shows the data of the In Figure 11, we examined ‘‘Patient 3’’ to measure their
measurements of all the parameters in the serial monitor of health data in the same pattern. ‘‘Patient 3’’ has a higher

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the Arduino IDE. (e data value is taken from the sensors heartbeat rate. Over the next few days, they would be able to
MAX30100 and LM35. measure their health data and figure out their own health
In Figure 7, the Bluetooth in the system is turned on or through medical help again and again.
off via the options in Part “LED Bluetooth” in the mobile (e test results and analysis of all the patients’ mea-

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application. Before turning the Bluetooth “On,” a default surements for each health parameter are provided below. To
sign “--” representing nil will show on the screen for test the system, three real human test subjects were used for
heartbeat, SpO2, and temperature measurement. Figure 8 this study. Measurement results were obtained using our
shows the diagram showing measurements in the mobile developed system in this study. Real-life measurement and
application after Bluetooth is “on.” When we turn the implementation of the system were carried out. (e real-life
Bluetooth “on” in Figure 8, the data will be sent into the IoT test results obtained using the systems are shown in the
system we built via the Bluetooth device. After collecting the following tables, consecutively. Table 3 shows body tem-
data, the collected results will be visible in the mobile ap- perature measurement analysis on three different people.
plication. It might take a moment of time, depending on the During the measurement, the temperature data was taken
available data connection. In Figure 8, the measured three times for each patient case. (e temperature values are
heartbeat, Spo2, and temperature are displayed on the very close for each measurement setting of a test subject.
mobile application. However, due to different human bodies, the data varies
In Figure 9, we examined an individual to measure their slightly for each test subject.
heartbeat, Spo2, and body temperature. We addressed this Table 4 shows the pulse rate measurement analysis on
individual as “Patient 1.” In the figure, their immediate data three different people. (e same people were used in this
is collected and shown in the mobile application. (e data case as were used for the temperature measurement case. In
shows that “Patient 1″ has normal health and nothing to be Table 4, it is noted that the heart rates of three different
concerned about. And thus, they do not need to contact people are comparable. (e results obtained using the
medical assistance. proposed system show standard values for heart rate. We
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Security and Communication Networks 9

E D
C T
Figure 10: Diagram of “Patient 2” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

R A
E T
Body temperature
Take-1
Take-2
Take-3
Average
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Figure 11: Diagram of “Patient 3” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

Table 3: Body temperature test results on three different people of

the proposed system.
Patient-1
39.20
39.43
39.80
39.48
Patient-2
37.10
36.95
37.33
37.13
Patient-3
36.95
36.80
37.20
36.98
Table 4: Pulse rate test results on three different people of the
proposed system.
Pulse rate
Take-1
Take-2
Take-3
Average
Patient-1
95.26
95.22
95.38
95.29
Patient-2
95.69
95.78
95.42
95.63
Patient-3
93.25
93.56
93.10
93.31

know that the heart rates of different people can vary. other two cases. From Table 5, it is observed that the
However, the proposed system shows good results. SpO2 levels for three people are quite close. For dif-
Table 5 shows the SpO2 measurement analysis on ferent test subjects, the measured SpO2 values changed
three different people. In this SpO2 measurement set- slightly. (e proposed system shows standard values for
ting, the same people were used as were used in the SpO2.
 2037, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9639195, Wiley Online Library on [27/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
10 Security and Communication Networks

Table 5: SpO2 test results on three different people of the proposed system.
SpO2 Patient-1 (%) Patient-2 (%) Patient-3 (%)
Take-1 97 97 98

D
Take-2 97 97 98
Take-3 97 97 98
Average 97 97 98

E
Table 6: Hardware comparison with other articles.
No Name Heart rate measurement SpO2 measurement Body Temp measurement Data in mobile app Data In LCD display
1 (is paper Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

T
2 Ref [12] Yes Yes Yes No Yes
3 Ref [1] Yes No Yes No No
4 Ref [13] Yes No Yes No No
5 Ref [14] Yes No Yes No No
6 Ref [15] Yes No Yes No No

C
7 Ref [16] Yes No Yes No Yes
8 Ref [17] Yes No Yes No Yes
9 Ref [18] Yes No No Yes No
10 Ref [19] Yes No No No No
11 Ref [20] No No Yes Yes No
12 Ref [21] Yes Yes Yes Yes No

A
13 Ref [22] Yes No Yes No No

Table 6 shows the hardware comparison between this Data Availability

health monitoring system and other existing similar-type

R
health monitoring systems. No data were used to support the findings of this study.

4. Conclusion and Future Work Conflicts of Interest

T
(e design and implementation of a health monitoring (e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to
system using IoT are presented in this study. (is IoT-based report regarding the present study.
device allows users to determine their health parameters,
which could help regulate their health over time. Eventually, Acknowledgments
the patients could seek medical assistance if the need arises.

E
(ey could easily share their health parameter data instantly (is research was funded by Princess Nourah Bint Abdul-
within one application with the doctor. As we know, the IoT rahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number
is now considered one of the most desirable solutions in (PNURSP2022R190), Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman
health monitoring. It makes sure that the parameter data is University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

R
secured inside the cloud, and the most important thing is
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