TEACHING ICT AS AN EXPLORATORY COURSE

OPERATING
SYSTEM
Prepared by : Group 2
Lets have a
game first!

THIS GAME IS CALLED

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WORD
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What is Operating
System?
An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being
initially loaded into the computer by a boot program,
manages all of the other application programs in a
computer. The application programs make use of the
operating system by making requests for services through
a defined application program interface (API). In addition,
users can interact directly with the operating system
through a user interface, such as a command-line
interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI)..
 Why to use
Operating System?
An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer
software and software development. Without an operating
system, every application would need to include its own UI,
as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all
low-level functionality of the underlying computer, such as
disk storage, network interfaces and so on. Considering
the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would
vastly bloat the size of every application and make
software development impractical.
 Components of
Operating System
Shell
Kernel
What is Shell?
Shell handles user interactions. It is the outermost layer of the OS and
manages the interaction between user and operating system by:

Prompting the user to give input

Interpreting the input for the operating system
Handling the output from the operating system.
Shell provides a way to communicate with the OS by either taking
input from the user or the shell script. A shell script is a sequence
of system commands that are stored in a file.
For an in-depth understanding of this topic, check out this free
operating system course.
What is Kernel?
The kernel is the core component of an
operating system for a computer (OS). All
other components of the OS rely on the core to
supply them with essential services. It serves as
the primary interface between the OS and the
hardware and aids in the control of devices,
networking, file systems, and process and
memory management.
Functions of kernel

The kernel is the core component of an operating system which

acts as an interface between applications, and the data is
processed at the hardware level.

When an OS is loaded into memory, the kernel is loaded first and

remains in memory until the OS is shut down. After that, the kernel
provides and manages the computer resources and allows other
programs to run and use these resources. The kernel also sets up
the memory address space for applications, loads the files with
application code into memory, and sets up the execution stack for
programs.
The kernel is responsible for performing the
following tasks:
Input-Output management
Memory Management
Process Management for application execution.
Device Management
System calls control
TYPES OF KERNEL
Linus Torvalds introduced the concept of a monolithic kernel in 1991 as a part
of the Linux kernel. A monolithic kernel is a single large program that contains
all operating system components. However, the Linux kernel evolved over the
years and now consists of different types of kernels, as listed below.

1. Monolithic Kernel As the name suggests, a

monolithic kernel is a single large program that
contains all operating system components. The
entire kernel executes in the processor’s privileged
mode and provides full access to the system’s
hardware. Monolithic kernels are faster than
microkernels because they don’t have the overhead
of message passing. This type of kernel is generally
used in embedded systems and real-time operating
systems.
2. Microkernel A microkernel is a kernel
that contains only the essential
components required for the basic
functioning of the operating system. All
other components are removed from the
kernel and implemented as user-space
processes. The microkernel approach
provides better modularity, flexibility, and
extensibility. It is also more stable and
secure than monolithic kernels.
3. Hybrid Kernel A hybrid kernel is a kernel that combines the best features
of both monolithic kernels and microkernels. It contains a small microkernel
that provides the essential components for the basic functioning of the OS.
The remaining components are implemented as user-space processes or
as loadable kernel modules. This approach provides the best of both
worlds, namely, the performance of monolithic kernels and the modularity
of microkernels.
4. Exokernel An exokernel is a kernel that provides the bare minimum
components required for the basic functioning of the operating system.
All other components are removed from the kernel and implemented as
user-space processes. The exokernel approach provides the best
possible performance because there is no kernel overhead. However, it is
also the most difficult to implement and is not widely used.

Now let’s look at the different types of operating systems.

 GENERATION OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating systems have evolved over time through different
generations, each marked by distinct characteristics and
advancements. Let’s explore these generations along with
real-time examples:

1. First Generation:
Time Period: 1940s to early 1950s
Characteristics: Vacuum tubes and machine language
programming.
Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) – One of the earliest computers that used
vacuum tubes for calculations.
Second Generation:
Time Period: Late 1950s to mid-1960s
Characteristics: Transistors and assembly language programming.
Example: IBM 1401 – Used transistors, enabling faster and more
reliable processing than vacuum tube.

Third Generation:
Time Period: Mid-1960s to mid-1970s
Characteristics: Integrated circuits (ICs) and high-level programming
languages.
Example: IBM System/360 – Introduced a family of computers using
compatible software and peripheral devices.
Fourth Generation:
Time Period: Late 1970s to 1990s
Characteristics: Microprocessors, personal computers, and graphical user
interfaces (GUI).
Example: Apple Macintosh – Introduced GUI and mouse-driven interface,
making computers more user-friendly.

Fifth Generation:
Time Period: 1990s to present (continuing)
Characteristics: Artificial Intelligence (AI), natural language processing, and
parallel processing.
Example: IBM’s Deep Blue – Defeated world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997, showcasing the power of AI in complex decision-making.
Sixth Generation (Speculative):
Characteristics: Advanced AI, quantum computing, brain-computer
interfaces.
Example: Quantum computers being developed by companies like
IBM and Google, potentially revolutionizing complex calculations.

7. Future Generations (Hypothetical):

Characteristics: Even more advanced AI, integration with human
cognition, new computing paradigms.
Example: A future generation could involve computers that seamlessly
interface with the human brain, enabling direct thought-based
interactions.
 WHAT ARE THE
FUNCTIONS OF AN
OPERATING SYSTEM?
An operating system provides three essential capabilities: It
offers a UI through a CLI or GUI; it launches and manages the
application execution; and it identifies and exposes system
hardware resources to those applications typically, through a
standardized API.

UI. Every operating system requires a UI, enabling users and

administrators to interact with the OS in order to set up,
configure and even troubleshoot the operating system and
its underlying hardware. There are two primary types of UI
available: CLI and GUI.
The CLI, or terminal mode window, provides a text-based
interface where users rely on the traditional keyboard to enter
specific commands, parameters and arguments related to
specific tasks. The GUI, or desktop, provides a visual interface
based on icons and symbols where users rely on gestures
delivered by human interface devices, such as touchpads,
touchscreens and mouse devices. An operating system provides
three essential capabilities: It offers a UI through a CLI or GUI; it
launches and manages the application execution; and it
identifies and exposes system hardware resources to those
applications typically, through a standardized API.
The GUI is most frequently used by casual or end
users that are primarily interested in manipulating
files and applications, such as double-clicking a file
icon to open the file in its default application. The CLI
remains popular among advanced users and system
administrators that must handle a series of highly
granular and repetitive commands on a regular basis,
such as creating and running scripts to set up new
personal computers (PCs) for employees.
 OTHER FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT – ALLOCATING VARIOUS TASKS TO A

PROCESSOR AND GIVING IT ENOUGH TIME TO FUNCTION
MEMORY MANAGEMENT – ALLOCATING AND DEALLOCATING
MEMORY ACROSS DIFFERENT PROCESSES
DEVICE MANAGEMENT – CONTROLLING THE WORKINGS OF
INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES, INCLUDING RECEIVING AND
COMMUNICATING REQUESTS, PERFORMING TASKS AND
INTERACTING WITH PERIPHERAL DEVICES SUCH AS PRINTERS AND
CAMERAS
FILE MANAGEMENT – TRACKING INFORMATION THAT SUPPORTS
FILE SYSTEM STORAGE AND MAINTAINING INTEGRITY OF DATA
 OTHER FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

SECURITY – ENSURING THE CONFIDENTIALITY AND

INTEGRITY OF DATA, INCLUDING PROTECTING AGAINST
UNAUTHORISED OR MALICIOUS ACCESS AND RELAYING
VULNERABILITIES
ERROR DETECTION – CHECKING FOR EXTERNAL THREATS,
MALICIOUS SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE CHANGES
JOB SCHEDULING – DETERMINING WHICH APPLICATIONS
NEED TO RUN IN WHICH ORDER.
OTHER FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
OPERATING SYSTEM?
While there exist many similarities between operating
systems – such as critical shell and kernel components –
there is also plenty of variety. Where some OS utilise a
graphical user interface (GUI), others will have a text-based,
command-line interface (CLI).

Different operating systems serve different purposes and

have different applications. Some OS are suited for everyday
tasks and functions, such as using a smartphone or personal
laptop, whereas others are required for more specialized work
or tasks, such as gaming.
The main types of operating system are:

Multi-tasking operating system

Multi-processing operating system
Time-sharing operating system
Real-time operating system
Multi-programming batch operating system
Distributed operating system
Network operating system
Simple batch operating system
Mobile operating system.
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
The main types of operating system are:
 WHAT ARE SOME
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT
OPERATING SYSTEMS?
Here is a selection of some of the most commonly used OS around
the world:

Microsoft Windows. The most widely used global operating

system, Windows has been the market leader of desktop OS since
the early 1990s. Recent statistics report that Windows 10 is the
most popular operating system, accounting for a huge 71.29% of
the market, with Windows 11 coming in second at 15.44%. Windows
is characterised by its easy-to-use graphical user interface,
versatility, compatibility and practicability. It also has the most
extensive software selection of any OS. There are numerous
different versions, including Windows 7, Windows Vista, MSDOS,
Windows Server and Windows XP.
Here is a selection of some of the most commonly used OS around
the world:

MacOS (Mac Operating System). Apple macOS is the system

software that powers iMacs and MacBooks, featuring highly
aesthetic design, solid security, high performance and
usability. It’s also regarded as one of the quickest, most
reliable OS.

Linux. A free, open-source, UNIX-based software, used widely

by computer science professionals as a development
environment, Linux is ideal for data centres, cloud-based
offerings, and high-volume critical applications and websites
that rely on large servers.
Here is a selection of some of the most commonly used OS around
the world:

ChromeOS. Google’s ChromeOS was developed for use with

tablets and netbooks, and is an intuitive, secure and
straightforward OS.

Android. Google’s Android OS is the world’s leading mobile

operating system. A modification of the Linux kernel and other
types of open-source software, its primary use is for
touchscreen devices such as mobile devices, smartwatches,
smart TVS and any smart display. Many users choose Android
due to its high level of customisation and visual appeal.
Here is a selection of some of the most commonly used OS around
the world:

iOS. The second most widely used mobile OS, iOS

was developed solely for use with Apple hardware
devices such as the iPhone, iPad, iPod and other
handheld devices.
DIFFERENT MOBILE
OPERATING SYSTEM
A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps to run other application
software on mobile devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer
operating systems like Linux and Windows, but now they are light and simple to some
extent.

The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's
BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android, WebOS, and
Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP,
which are related to Unix.

It combines the beauty of computer and hand use devices. It typically contains a
cellular built-in modem and SIM tray for telephony and internet connections. If you buy
a mobile, the manufacturer company chooses the OS for that specific device.
Popular platforms of the Mobile OS

1. Android OS: The Android operating system is the most popular

operating system today. It is a mobile OS based on the Linux
Kernel and open-source software. The android operating system
was developed by Google. The first Android device was launched
in 2008.

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics): Bada is a Samsung mobile

operating system that was launched in 2010. The Samsung wave
was the first mobile to use the bada operating system. The bada
operating system offers many mobile features, such as 3-D
graphics, application installation, and multipoint-touch.
Popular platforms of the Mobile OS
3. BlackBerry OS: The BlackBerry operating system is a mobile operating
system developed by Research In Motion (RIM). This operating system
was designed specifically for BlackBerry handheld devices. This operating
system is beneficial for the corporate users because it provides
synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise email, Lotus
Domino, and other business software when used with the BlackBerry
Enterprise Server.

4. iPhone OS / iOS: The iOS was developed by the Apple inc for the
use on its device. The iOS operating system is the most popular
operating system today. It is a very secure operating system. The iOS
operating system is not available for any other mobiles.
Popular platforms of the Mobile OS

5. Symbian OS: Symbian operating system is a mobile operating system

that provides a high-level of integration with communication. The Symbian
operating system is based on the java language. It combines middleware
of wireless communications and personal information management (PIM)
functionality. The Symbian operating system was developed by Symbian
Ltd in 1998 for the use of mobile phones. Nokia was the first company to
release Symbian OS on its mobile phone at that time.

6. Windows Mobile OS: The window mobile OS is a mobile operating

system that was developed by Microsoft. It was designed for the
pocket PCs and smart mobiles.
Popular platforms of the Mobile OS

7. Harmony OS: The harmony operating system is the latest mobile

operating system that was developed by Huawei for the use of its
devices. It is designed primarily for IoT devices.
8. Palm OS: The palm operating system is a mobile operating system
that was developed by Palm Ltd for use on personal digital assistants
(PADs). It was introduced in 1996. Palm OS is also known as the Garnet
OS.

9. WebOS (Palm/HP): The WebOS is a mobile operating system

that was developed by Palm. It based on the Linux Kernel. The HP
uses this operating system in its mobile and touchpads.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
FOR MOBILE DEVICES
The operating systems we've been talking about so far were
designed to run on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile
devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players
are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they
run operating systems that are designed specifically for
mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems
include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot
below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.
Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't
as fully featured as those made for desktop and
laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of
the same software. However, you can still do a lot of
things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web,
manage your calendar, and play games.
 WHAT ARE THE
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
WHEN CHOOSING AN
OPERATING SYSTEM?
Cost is likely to be a factor when deciding which OS
to use. While some are free to use, like Linux, others,
like macOS and Windows, others will carry a fee.

Compatibility is another significant consideration. It’s

important to investigate whether certain hardware
and software is restricted to certain OS, such as with
Apple ioS and Apple products.
There are OS that are known for their user-
friendliness and intuitiveness – such as iOS and
macOS – but there are plenty that aren’t. Factoring
ease of use into any decision is an important step.

Finally, consider any security requirements. Certain

OS may be at increased risk of security threats and
breaches, whereas others feature robust, in-built
security features and measures.
THANKKYOUUUUU!!!