INDEX

NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 5
INTRODUCTION
2 WORKING PRINCIPAL 6-7

3 CONSTRUCTION 8-12

4 WORKING 13

5 ADVANTAGES 14
&DISADVANTAGES
6 APPLICATIONS 15

7 TYPES OF AUTOMATION 16-17

8 CONCLUSION 18

9 REFERENCE 19
 INTRODUCTION

Laser Beam Machining (LBM) is a non-traditional machining process. It

utilizes a high-intensity laser beam to remove materials. LBM offers
precision, accuracy, and flexibility. This process is ideal for complex
geometries and hard-to-machine materials. LBM suits various industries:
aerospace, automotive, medical, and electronics. Laser types used are
CO2, Nd YAG, and excimer lasers. Processes include cutting, drilling,
engraving, and surface treatment. Material removal mechanisms are
vaporization, melting, and thermal cracking. LBM is suitable for metals,
ceramics, glass, and polymers. No mechanical forces or tool wear occur
during processing. High aspect ratios and small feature sizes are
achievable. LBM enables flexible manufacturing and rapid prototyping.
Advantages include reduced material waste and energy consumption.
LBM integrates with CAD/CAM systems for precision control. Research
focuses on improving efficiency, precision, and expanding material
applications.
 AUTOMATION & ITS TYPE

WORKING PRINCIPAL : -

Automation works on the principle of using technology to perform tasks

with minimal human intervention. This often involves the following
components and concepts:

1. Sensing and Data Collection: Sensors or inputs collect data from the
environment (like temperature, motion, or pressure), which is essential
for the system to understand conditions and make decisions.

2. Data Processing and Analysis: Data is processed, often by a computer

or microcontroller, to interpret the information and determine the
necessary actions. In more complex systems, algorithms or artificial
intelligence (AI) might analyze the data for more dynamic decision-
making.

3. Decision-Making Logic: Pre-programmed instructions (software or

algorithms) allow the system to decide on a course of action. For
instance, if a sensor detects that a room is too warm, the automation
system might trigger a cooling process.
4. Actuation: Once a decision is made, actuators (like motors, valves, or
switches) carry out physical actions, like moving parts, controlling a
process, or adjusting equipment.

5. Feedback and Control: Many automation systems use feedback loops,

allowing them to continuously monitor and adjust their actions to
achieve the desired result or maintain stability.In essence, automation
integrates these steps to achieve tasks efficiently and consistently,
reducing human error, saving time, and often improving productivity.
The system's sophistication can range from simple, rule-based operations
to complex, AI-driven processes in areas like manufacturing, robotics,
and smart home technologies.
DIAGRAM: -

CONSTRUCTION : -

The construction of an automation system involves integrating several

key components and subsystems to perform tasks with minimal human
intervention. Below is an overview of the main elements involved:

1. Sensors and Transducers Purpose: Sensors detect and measure

physical variables like temperature, pressure, position, and motion, and
convert them into signals that the system can interpret.
Types: Temperature sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors,
motion sensors, light sensors, etc.
2. Controllers Purpose: The controller acts as the "brain" of the
automation system, processing inputs from sensors and making
decisions based on programmed instructions.
Types:Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Widely used in
industrial automation for process control and real-time decision-making.
Microcontrollers: Small, low-cost controllers for simpler automation
tasks.Industrial Computers: Used in complex automation systems for
data processing and analysis.

3. Actuators Purpose: Actuators carry out actions based on the

controller's decisions. They perform physical tasks like moving objects,
opening or closing valves, or adjusting positions.Types: Motors,
solenoids, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, relays, and servos.

4. Communication Systems Purpose: Allows components to

communicate within the system or with external devices. It’s essential
for data transfer and coordination between system parts.
Examples:

Wired Protocols: Ethernet, Modbus, Profibus

Wireless Protocols: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, 5G

5. Software and Programming Purpose: Software defines the logic

that the controller follows, allowing customization of tasks, actions, and
responses.

Types: Programming Languages: Ladder logic, Structured Text, C/C++,

Python (depending on the controller) Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Software: Interfaces that operators use to monitor and control the
automation system. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA): A system for remote monitoring and controlling industrial
processes.

6. Power Supply Purpose: Provides the necessary power to sensors,

controllers, actuators, and other electronic components in the automation
system.Types: Batteries, AC/DC converters, and dedicated power
supplies, depending on the application.
7. User Interface (UI) Purpose: Allows human operators to interact
with the automation system, monitor processes, and make adjustments
when necessary.
Examples:
HMI Panels: Touchscreens and displays for operators.Remote Access
Software: Allows users to control and monitor the system from a
different location.

8. Feedback Mechanism Purpose: Provides real-time data on system

performance, allowing the system to adjust actions and maintain
accuracy. This is essential for closed-loop systems.
Examples: Sensors that detect if an actuator has reached the desired
position and provide feedback to the controller.Putting It All Together
In a typical automation setup, sensors first collect data from the
environment. This data goes to a controller, which processes it based on
pre-set instructions. The controller then sends signals to actuators to
perform necessary actions. Communication systems ensure that data
flows smoothly between components, while the feedback mechanism
verifies actions to ensure accuracy. Finally, the user interface and
software allow operators to monitor and control the system effectively.
+ + + + + +
Input | | | | | |
(Sensors) -->| Controller |-------> | Communication |-------->| Actuators
|
| | | Interface | | |
+ + + + + +
|
|
v
+ +
| Feedback |
| Mechanism |
+ +
|
v
+ +
| |
| User |
| Interface |
+ +
WORKING : -

Automation uses technology to perform tasks with minimal human

involvement, improving efficiency, accuracy, and speed. It typically
involves sensors collecting data, processed by control units like PLCs,
which then make decisions to activate actuators (e.g., motors) for
specific actions. Different types of automation include fixed automation
for repetitive tasks, programmable automation for batch changes, and
flexible automation for adaptable processes. Industrial automation uses
systems like SCADA for real-time control, while Robotic Process
Automation (RPA) automates office tasks, and AI automation handles
complex tasks. Each type serves unique needs across industries,
enhancing productivity and precision.
ADVANTAGES: -

1. Increased productivity
2. Improved quality and consistency
3. Cast saving
4. Enhanced safety
5. Better resource
management 6.Flexibility and
scalability
7.Real time data and insights

DISADVANTAGES: -

1. High initial costs

2. Dependence on technology
3. Job displacement
4. complexity and maintenance
APPLICATION: -

1. Manufacturing automation

2. Process automation

3.Industrial automation

4.Building automation

5.Home automation

6.Transportation automation

7.Healthcare automation

8.Retail automation
TYPES OF AUTOMATION: -

The main types of automation, typically classified by complexity and

level of human involvement, are:

1. Fixed Automation (Hard Automation): Pre-programmed for

specific tasks; suitable for high-volume production. Examples
include assembly lines and bottling systems.

2. Programmable Automation: Allows reprogramming for different

tasks, useful for batch production. Examples include CNC machines
and industrial robots.

3. Flexible Automation: Adapts quickly to changes, ideal for

varying products on the same production line. Examples include
advanced robotic cells and automated guided vehicles (AGVs).
4. Integrated Automation: Combines multiple systems and
processes into one, enabling full automation of a factory or process.
Examples include smart factories and autonomous manufacturing.

5. Industrial Automation: Utilizes advanced technologies like

PLCs, SCADA, and DCS to control manufacturing processes.
Common in industries such as power generation and chemical
processing.

6. Cognitive Automation: Employs AI and machine learning to

enhance decision-making and adapt to unstructured tasks. Examples
include autonomous vehicles and customer service chatbots.Each
type offers different levels of flexibility, complexity, and
customization depending on production needs and system goals.
 CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, automation plays a pivotal role across industries by
enhancing productivity, improving efficiency, reducing human error,
and enabling tasks that were previously challenging or unsafe for
humans. Different types of automation, including Fixed Automation,
Programmable Automation, Flexible Automation, and Intelligent
Automation, cater to varying operational needs, offering solutions
ranging from repetitive, high-volume production to complex, adaptive
systems capable of responding to dynamic environments.

Each type serves a unique purpose:

1. Fixed Automation is ideal for high-volume, repetitive tasks.

2. Programmable Automation offers flexibility for small batch

production.

3. Flexible Automation allows quick adjustments for changing product

lines.

4. Intelligent Automation integrates AI and machine learning for real-

time decision-making in complex scenarios.
 REFERENCE:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/automation-and-its-types/

https://southshorecontrols.com/the-different-types-of-
automation-systems-and-how-they-can-benefit-you/

https://www.conger.com/types-of-automation/

https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/artificial-
intelligence/articles/what-is-automation/

https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-four-automation-types-
you-need-to-know