Paksa: Places and Landscapes 1.

Cultural and Historical Value:

● The Study of Places and Landscapes - Landscapes and places are repositories of
● Place cultural and historical memory.
Place is a unique and special location in space
notable for the fact that the regular activities 2. Social and Psychological Value:
of human beings occur there. In short, places are a deep emotional connection to a specific
special sites in space where people live and location—can foster feelings of belonging and
work and where, therefore, they are likely to form well-being.
intimate and enduring connections.
● Concept of Place 3. Environmental and Ecological Value:
Location simply describes where a place is on a - Landscapes are fundamental to environmental
map whereas meaning is more complex. sustainability.
Each place has a different meaning to different
people and is therefore highly personal, 4. Economic Value:
● Landscape - Landscapes and places also hold significant
These are visible features found in an area which economic value. Tourism, for instance,
encompasses all the types of landforms - Agricultural landscapes, too, are economically
and the way they are integrated with the available valuable
man-made and natural features
● Concept of Landscape 5. Aesthetic and Inspirational Value:
The term comes from the Dutch word landschap, - The aesthetic value of landscapes is another
the name given to paintings of the crucial aspect, often celebrated in art,
countryside. Geographers have borrowed the literature, and photography.
word from artists. Although landscape
paintings have existed since ancient Roman ● The Famous Places and Landscapes
times, they were reborn during the 1. Cappadocia, Turkey
● Two Types of Landscape Cappadocia, “fairy chimneys,” tall, cone-shaped
A natural landscape is made up of a collection of rock formations
landforms, such as mountains, hills, 2. The Grand Canyon, Arizona
plains, and plateaus. Lakes, streams, soils (such Grand Canyon, an immense canyon cut by the
as sand or clay), and natural vegetation are Colorado River in the high plateau
other features of natural landscapes. region of northwestern Arizona, US,.
A cultural landscape that people have modified 3. Pyramids of Giza, Cairo, Egypt
is called a cultural landscape. People and The oldest and largest of the three pyramids at
the plants they grow, the animals they care for, Giza
and the structures they build make up 4. Oshino Hakkai, Japan
cultural landscapes. Such landscapes can vary Oshino Hakkai, or the Eight Seas of Oshino, are a
greatly. set of eight ponds
● Three Categories of Landscape by UNESCO 5. Sydney Opera House, Sydney Australia
Clearly defined landscape designed and The Sydney Opera House is an opera house
created intentionally by man, Organically 6. Angkor Wat, Cambodia
evolved landscape, this results from an initial Angkor Wat is an architectural masterpiece and
social, economic, administrative, and/or religious the largest religious monument in
imperative the world –
Associative cultural landscape. The inclusion of 7. Basílica De La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona,
such landscapes on the World Heritage List Spain Sagrada Família, is a church under
construction
● The Value of Landscapes and Places 8. Great Wall of China, China
- Landscapes and places hold significant value, protection against various nomadic groups from
both tangible and intangible, within the Eurasian Steppe.
the context of human experience, cultural 9. Taj Mahal, Agra, India
identity, and environmental An immense mausoleum of white marble,
sustainability. 10. Eiffel Tower, Paris, France
Eiffel Tower, wrought-iron structure in Paris that is
among the most famous
landmarks in the world. for learning about our natural and cultural
11. Colosseum, Rome, Italy heritage.
The Colosseum is an amphitheatre built in Rome
under the Flavian emperors of the Roman Empire. Types of Landscapes
It is also called the Flavian Amphitheatre. ➢ Desert Landscape- Desert landscapes may
12. Santorini, Greece seem barren and lifeless, but they offer unique
Santorini is one of the Cyclades islands in the beauty. These environments are characterized by
Aegean Sea. It was devastated by a their harsh climate and lack of vegetation, which
volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC, forever makes them all the more intriguing for visitors.
shaping its rugged landscape.
13. Sanssouci Palace, Germany ➢ Coastal Landscape- Coastal landscapes are
The palace's name is a French phrase meaning a feast for the
"without worries" or "carefree", senses, featuring a combination of rugged cliffs,
14. Gyeongbokgung Palace, South Korea sandy beaches,
Gyeongbokgung Palace was the main royal and rocky shorelines. The refreshing ocean
palace of the Joseon dynasty breeze and salt water spray invigorate visitors,
15. Rice Terraces, Philippines while the flora and fauna adapted to these
16. Guilin, China (Asia) environments offer unique photo opportunities.
17. Reynisfjara, Iceland (Europe) ➢ Forest Landscape - Forests are not only one of
18. Banff, Canada (North America) the most beautiful places in the world, but they
19. Wulingyuan Scenic Ares, China (Asia) also play a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth.
20. The Azores, Portugal (Europe) A single hectare of forest can contain thousands
21. Cliffs of Etretat, France (Europe) of species, from towering trees to delicate ferns
22. Na Pali Coast, Hawaii (North America) and fungi.
23. The Valley of Moon, Brazil (South America)
➢ Mountain Landscape - Mountain landscapes
24. Hornocal Mountains, Argentina (South
are some of the world's most breathtaking and
America)
awe-inspiring natural wonders. Towering peaks,
25. Isle of Skye, Scotland (Europe)
rugged terrain, and sweeping vistas make for an
unforgettable experience.
● The Reasons for Knowing the Different
➢ Tropical Landscape - The lush and vibrant
Places and Landscapes in the World
tropical landscapes are truly a feast for the eyes.
• Cultural Awareness:
Warm, humid climates near the equator provide
• Broadened Horizons:
the perfect environment for various plant species
• Environmental Awareness:
to thrive in bold colors.
• Education and Learning
➢ Urban Landscape - Urban landscapes are
• Travel and Exploration:
complex environments that often pose unique
• Economic Opportunities:
challenges for designers and architects.
• Interconnectedness: However, they also offer opportunities for creative
• Empathy and Tolerance: solutions that integrate green spaces and natural
• Disaster Preparedness: elements into the built environment.
• Preservation of Heritage: ➢ Rural Landscape - Wide open spaces, rolling
• Personal Enrichment: hills, and vast farmland characterize rural
Why we need to study places and landscapes? landscapes. These picturesque areas offer a
• To help us to better predict and prepare for peaceful escape from the bustle of city life and
severe weather, but also how we can use the provide a connection with nature.
earth's
➢ Waterfront Landscape - Waterfront
resources for our benefit.
landscapes are some of the most stunning and
• To learn about other cultures, where they live,
picturesque in the world. The proximity to bodies
and how their location and climate affects their
of water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers makes
lifestyle.
them unique and diverse.
• Landscapes provide: locations to connect with
the natural world and built environment. a vital
record of our past and insights into our ancestors
AGRICULTURE
and the places they lived. varied opportunities
• it is derived from two Latin words ager or AGRI Location: Northern Africa, parts of Arabia, parts of
meaning soil and CULTURA meaning cultivation Northern Eurasia
• it is an applied science which encompasses all Activities: Rearing animals on natural pastures.
aspects of crop production including 2. Shifting Cultivation (Slash-and-Burn)
horticulture, Location: Tropical regions of Africa, South and
livestock rearing, fisheries, forestry, etc. Central America, Southeast Asia.
MAIN BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE Activities: Clearing land by burning vegetation,
1) Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry- cultivating for a few years, leaving land for
is the branch of agriculture concerned with regeneration,
animals that are raised for meat, fiber, milk, eggs, using slash-and-burn methods, growing crops
or other products like rice, corn, wheat, millets, root crops, and
a) Nomadic Pastoralism- the husbandry of vegetables.
grazing animals is viewed as an ideal way of 3. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
making a living Location: Densely populated regions of monsoon
b) Poultry Farming- the raising of birds Asia. Activities: Growing crops primarily for local
domestically or commercially, consumption, working small plots of land
C) Apiculture- a scientific method of rearing intensively, producing high yields per unit of land.
honeybees. Two Types:
2)Crop Production or Agronomy- it is the - Wet Paddy Dominated: Focuses on rice
science dealing with the cultivation of crops and cultivation
vegetables on a field scale either under rainfed or - Other Crop Dominated: Includes crops like
irrigated conditions. sorghum, soybeans, sugarcane, maize, and
a) Horticulture is the science and art of vegetables.
growing and managing plants for various 4. Commercial Dairy Farming
purposes, including food, medicine, and Location: Originated in Europe, spread to regions
aesthetic enjoyment. FRUITS FLOWER with suitable conditions (temperate climate).
VEGETABLES Activities: Large-scale production of milk and
dairy products for sale in urban markets.
3.) Agricultural Economics- is study of the 5. Commercial Grain Cultivation
allocation, distribution and utilization of the Location: Eurasian Steppes, Canadian and
resources used, American Prairies, Pampas of Argentina, Veld of
along with the commodities produced, by South Africa, Australian Downs, Canterbury Plain
farming. of New Zealand.
Activities: Highly mechanized cultivation, large
4.) Agricultural Engineering- is the area of farms, predominance of wheat production.
engineering concerned with the design, 6. Livestock Ranching
construction and Location: Extensive temperate grasslands, some
improvement of farming equipment and tropical savannas.
machinery. Activities: Raising cattle, sheep, goats, and
horses on large tracts of land for meat, dairy
10 BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURE TO PEOPLE products, and wool.
1. Helpful in providing Raw materials- 7. Mediterranean Agriculture
2. Encourage Economic Development- Location: Mediterranean climatic region (warm,
3. Provision of enough food- dry summers, mild, wet winters).
4. Protecting against famine Activities: Intensive farming, highly specialized
5. Agriculture maintains social order- crop production, growing crops for both domestic
6. Helps balance the ecosystem consumption and export (citrus fruits, olives,
7. It provides employment- grapes, wheat, barley, vegetables).
8. Food for Animals - 8. Mixed Farming
9. Provide Greener Environment- Location: Highly developed in northwestern
10. Good for surroundings- Europe, eastern North America, Russia, Ukraine,
and temperate latitudes of southern continents.
Agricultural Practices around the World Activities: Intensive farming, sometimes
1. Nomadic Herding specialized, raising animals and growing crops on
the same farm.
9. Market Gardening and Horticulture SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
Location: Densely populated industrial districts Technological Innovations:
of northwestern Europe and northeastern USA. Textiles: Mechanized spinning and weaving
Activities: Intensive cultivation of vegetables, improved productivity significantly.
fruits, and flowers solely for urban markets. Steam Power: Enhanced efficiency in
10. Commercial Plantation manufacturing and transportation.
Location: Parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Iron and Steel Production: Innovations like the
Activities: Highly capital intensive farming, Bessemer process lowered costs and increased
production of tropical crops (tea, coffee, rubber, production capacity.
oil palm) mainly for export to European markets. Economic Changes: Shift from land-based wealth
to industrial capital, fostering a new middle class.
Summary of Top 10 Agricultural Countries Expansion of international trade and markets.
1. China ($2.66 Trillion) Social Transformations: Urbanization as people
2. United States ($1.7 Trillion) moved to cities for factory jobs. Emergence of
3. India ($266.67 Billion) labor movements advocating for workers' rights
4. Germany ($46.81 Billion) and better conditions.
5. Turkey ($45 Billion). Cultural Impact: Changes in daily life, with
6. Russia ($44.72 Billion) increased access to goods and services, and the
7. Mexico ($43.03 Billion) development of new social dynamics.
8. France ($33.20 Billion)
9. Japan ($28.42 Billion) ● Why did the Industrial Revolution start
10. Brazil ($16.46 Billion) Factors Leading to the Revolution
Key Takeaways 1. Access to Natural Resources-.
• Technological Innovation 2. Advancement of Technology-
• Sustainability: 3. Economic Conditions-
• Global Contribution 4. Political Stability and Government Support
• Economic Impact 5. Infrastructure Development
• Diverse Production:
● How did the Industrial Revolution affect
Netherlands top innovation of technology for people's lives
farming country The Industrial Revolution brought profound
1. Global Food Challenge: changes to people's lives in various aspects.
2. Sustainable Production: 1. Changes in Work:
3. The Netherlands as a Food Superpower: 2. Urbanization:
4. Greenhouse Innovation: 3. Technological and Transportation Changes:
5. Technological Advancements: opportunities for trade and economic
6. Global Knowledge Sharing: development.
4. Social Class Development:
Farming Method for the future: 5. Education and Health:
• Automated Machinery:
• Vertical Farming: ● The 4th Industrial Revolution
• Precision Agriculture 4IR builds on the inventions of the Third Industrial
• Irrigation Innovation: Revolution—or digital revolution—which
• Agroecology Practices: unfolded from the 1950s and to the early 2000s
• Drone Technology: and brought us computers, other kinds of
electronics, the Internet, and much more.
Topic: Industrial Revolution Industry 4.0 brings these inventions beyond the
● Industrial Revolution previous realm of possibility with four
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major foundational types of disruptive technologies
technological, economic, and social change that (examples below) that can be
transformed human society in the late 18th and applied all along the value chain:
early 19th centuries. It began in Great Britain and 1. Connectivity, data, and computational
spread throughout Europe and North America power: cloud technology, the Internet,
over several decades. blockchain, sensors
● Evolution of the Industrial Revolution
2. Analytics and intelligence: advanced
analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence
3. Human–machine interaction: virtual reality
(VR) and augmented reality (AR), robotics and
automation, autonomous guided vehicles
4. Advanced engineering: additive
manufacturing (such as, 3-D printing), renewable
energy, nanoparticles