A. Methodology in Teaching Social Studies critical thinking.

It’s based on the idea that learning is

B. Direct Instruction (Expository, Enabling, more effective when students are actively engaged in
Deductive, Demonstrative) the process.
C. Guided Expository (Inquiry Teaching, Laboratory, ● It allows students to be curious, to wonder and ask
Problem-Solving, Project Method) questions. The inquiry method requires higher-order
D. Cognitive-oriented Approach (Metacognition, thinking skills and critical thinking to make conclusions.
Constructivism, Reflective, Collaborative, ● Teaching and learning based on the inquiry method is
Integrative) an approach that helps students build their knowledge
E. Structured-Oriented (Cooperative Learning, Peer and understanding through research and exploration
Mediated Learning, Partner Learning, Inductive activities based on existing knowledge.
Learning)
Key elements of Inquiry Approach
● Questioning: Students are encouraged to ask
A. Methodology in Teaching Social Studies questions about the topic being studied. These
➢ Discovery Approach questions drive the direction of their learning.
➢ Process Approach ● Exploration: Students explore various resources and
➢ Inquiry Approach conduct experiments or investigations to find answers
➢ Multimedia Approach to their questions.
➢ Value Clarification Approach ● Critical Thinking: Students analyze their findings,
➢ Eclectic Approach make connections, and evaluate evidence.
➢ Teaching Approach, Strategies and Techniques ● Collaboration: Often, students work together to share
insights, discuss ideas, and solve problems.
● Discovery Approach ● Reflection: Students reflect on what they’ve learned
is a pedagogical strategy that emphasizes active and how they’ve learned it, helping to solidify their
learning through exploration and inquiry. Instead of understanding and improve their inquiry skills.
merely presenting facts and information to students, The Advantages and Disadvantages of Inquiry
this approach encourages them to engage in Approach
investigations, ask questions, and discover answers
through their own research and critical thinking. Advantages
● Greater Interest
Advantages ● Teaches problem-solving
● Encourages critical thinking ● Enhances teamwork skills
● Active learning ● Long-term knowledge retention
● Promotes curiosity Disadvantages
Disadvantages ● Poorer standardized testing performance
●Time-consuming ● Student embarrassment
● Requires Strong Teacher ● Teacher unpreparedness
Guidance
● Risk for Student Frustration ● Multimedia approach
• is an approach of teaching in which different mediums
● Process Approach are incorporated to make the teaching-learning more
Focuses on how students learn rather than just what effective, enthusiastic, inspirational, meaningful &
they learn. It emphasizes the methods and skills interesting.
students use to acquire knowledge. Instead of only • uses a number of media, devices, techniques, in the
delivering information, this approach involves guiding teaching learning process.
students through a series of steps or processes to help Role of Teacher in Multimedia Approach
them discover and understand concepts themselves • Teacher has to adopt a number of methods and
techniques.
Advantages • Teacher has to aware of the different available media
● Step-by-step learning and their availability.
● Develops skills • Teacher should be physically competent to use and
● Structured demonstrate the use of the different media.
Disadvantages • Teacher should be skillful enough to make judicious
● Less creativity choice of media and competent enough to mix them
● Can be slow sequentially and in an orderly manner.
● Needs teacher preparation • Teacher's role is that of a facilitator or manager of
activities.
● Inquiry Approach • Teacher has to lead his student for independent,
●The inquiry approach, often used in education, is a individualized learning
teaching method that emphasizes the role of
questioning and exploration in learning. Instead of Advantages
simply delivering information, this approach encourages ● Creativity
students to ask questions, investigate topics, and ● Variety
discover answers through hands-on experiences and ● Cost-effective
● Evaluation ● Individuals' needs are better matched to treatments
● Realistic Approach when more options are available.
● Wide Variety of Support ● Provides a fuller view more detailed understanding of
● Trendy human behavior.
Disadvantages ● Research design does not have to be dictated by the
● Accessibility researcher's paradigmatic stance.
● Distracting
● Costly DISADVANTAGES
● Time Consuming ● It does not lend itself to prediction and control of
● Requires Mastery behavior.
● Limited ● It's difficult to identify the relative contributions of each
● Support/Compatibility approach.
● Fragile ● Explanation of behavior may become watered down"
when combining many perspectives.
● VALUE CLARIFICATION APPROACH ●There are practical difficulties in investigating the
• Helps students clarify their goals, priorities, and integration of the approaches.
values, make decisions, and ●It does not lend itself to hypothesis testing.
implement changes in their studies. ●Research methods chosen must be compatible with
• Helps an individual to relate their thoughts and their the paradigmatic stance of the researcher.
feelings, which results in awareness of their own ●Explanations of behavior are not parsimonious so may
values. lead to confusing explanations of behavior.
• provides a role model for the students not for the outer ●The researcher must have a solid grounding in
world but within themselves combining methods to ensure that research is rigorous
Advantages and robust.
● Values clarification is an analysis technique that can ●There are practical difficulties when providing eclectic
often assist individuals increase awareness of any therapy. It may be too complex for one clinician to
values that may have an attitude on lifestyle decisions manage.
and actions.
● This technique can deliver an opportunity for a person Teaching Approach
to reflect on personal moral problems and allow for -It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the
values to be analyzed and nature of learning which is translated into the
Disadvantage classroom.
● One of the disadvantages of the value clarification Example: A constructivist approach encourages
method is that informal values clarification instruments problem-solving, inquiry-based learning, and the
do not always deliver relevant information. integration of real-world scenarios in education.
Examples:
● Eclectic Approach • Teacher- Centered • Learner- Centered •
● Refers to a teaching approach that is not based on a Constructivist
single method but that draws on several different • Collaborative
method principles that are made use of in practice • Integrated • Direct
● A fusion of knowledge from all sources • Guided
● A peculiar type of educational philosophy which Teaching Strategy
harmoniously combines all -There refer to a precise method of approaching a
good ideas and principles from various schools of problem or task, modes of operation for achieving a
thought particular end or planned design for controlling or
This approach is not rigidly confined to a single manipulating.
paradigm or set of assumptions, but draws upon Example: Problem-based learning (PBL) is a strategy
multiple theories to gain complementary insights into a where students are presented with a problem to solve,
subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. encouraging critical thinking and collaborative skills.
Examples:
ADVANTAGES • Jigsaw
● Does not restrict to one perspective so allows new • Pictionary Race
ideas to be formed. • Concept Attainment • Run to the Board
● Therapeutic methods treat the entire disorder and not • Memory Story
just one symptom. • Think-Pair- Share
● Humans are complex and it is not always possible to • Gallery Walk
identify one precise cause.
● Combining methods is a useful way of validating Teaching Technique
ideas. -These are steps that we follow when we teach. It
● The strengths of one method can be used to offset pertains to the teacher's style to accomplish an
the weaknesses of another. immediate objective.
● Trying to identify causation precisely risks reinforcing Example: In a classroom using a collaborative learning
stereotypes. strategy, a technique might be using think-pair-share,
where students think about a question, pair up to ● Communicating Ability, by means of verbal,
discuss it, and then share their ideas with the class. non-verbal and para-verbal language;
Examples: ● Emotional Ability, which refers to having, expressing
• Small-Group Discussion Technique and sharing emotions, and
• Socialized Classroom Technique recognizing those of the interlocutor;
• Direct Instruction Technique ● Negotiating Ability, which means working towards
• Recitation Technique agreements or compromises through
speaking (an expression of this ability is observed in the
Teaching Technique VS Teaching Strategy negotiation of the narrative
theme during verbal exchanges);
Teaching Technique ● Deciding Ability, referring to daily choices even when
• These are steps we use in order to teach our students cognitive deficits are present and
in an organized way. in contexts where freedom of decision-making is much
Teaching Strategy reduced (extreme expressions of this ability are
• These are methods we use in order to facilitate represented by oppositional behaviors, relational
teaching and learning process in a more creative way. closure and isolation from the world).

*Deductive Approach
❑ A deductive approach to teaching language starts by
B. Direct Instruction (DI) giving learners rules, then examples, then practice. It is
- is a teacher-centered model of teaching that focuses a teacher - centered approach to presenting new
on well-developed lessons and activities that target content.
small increments of the overall learning goal. In simple ❑ The deductive approach may be suitable with lower
terms, DI describes a teacher who is directing the level learners who need a clear base from which to
instructional process to students using a structured begin with a new language item, or with learners who
approach are accustomed to a more traditional approach and so
Lecture — This is a more traditional technique in who lack the training to find rules themselves.
teaching content where students are given the
information through teacher-led presentations using *Demonstrative Approach
various media with less interaction between the teacher The instructor provides a live demonstration of a certain
and the students. concept, procedure, or skill.
Audio-visual Presentation — With the use of Including visual aids, real-world examples, and practical
technology, direct instruction can be found in video applications.
lectures or other informative videos being played in the Process of Demonstrative Approach
classroom to either serve as main source of information ● Purposing
or to supplement any instructional materials that were ● Planning
already provided. ● Demonstration Paper
Demonstration — This form of DI is usually seen in ● Execution
science and math classrooms, where the teacher leads ● Evaluation
the discussion while manipulating materials that
demonstrate the concepts being taught. The
information is delivered in a well-structured manner,
such that students demonstrate understanding of C. Guided Exploratory Approach
concepts even without performing the experiment or Guided means conducted by a guide
activity themselves. Exploratory means relating to or involving exploration or
investigation.
*Expository Approach- Expository Approach is also The instructor/ Teacher facilities learning by allowing
known as Transmission Approach. In this approach the the student to engaged in the learning process with his
teacher is communicating maximum information to the or her guidance.
students in a minimum of time. This approach helps the
teacher to cover the content to be taught to the *Inquiry Method
students. This approach is widely used across all the •a learning process that engages students by making
subjects and different levels of education by the real-world connections through exploration and
teacher. The main proponent of this method is David P. high-level questioning.
Ausubel •an approach that helps students build their knowledge
*Enabling Approach and understanding through research and exploration
The Enabling Approach is a modality of interpersonal activities based on existing knowledge.
relationship based on the recognition of the *Laboratory Method
interlocutor’s basic abilities. •students engage directly with materials and equipment
Basic Abilities Within the Enabling Approach, there are to explore concepts, test hypotheses, and
five Basic Abilities: gather data.
● Speech Ability, which refers to producing and •It emphasizes hands-on
exchanging words, regardless of their meaning; experimentation and investigation.
*PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
Problem solving is an instructional method or technique • It provides invaluable opportunities for correlation of
where by teacher and pupils attempt in a conscious, various elements of the subject matter and for transfer
planned and purposeful effort to arrive of some of training or learning.
explanation or solution to some educationally significant • It helps in growing knowledge very effectively as a
difficulty for the purpose of finding a solution. result of their close cooperation on social participation
Process of Problem Solving Methods in the spirit of democracy.
1. Setting the problem statement Disadvantages of Project Method
2. Analyze the problem • The project cannot be planned for all subjects and
3. Identify many potential solution and choose the best whole subject matter cannot be taught by this strategy.
solution • It is not economical from the point of view of time and
4. Plan of action cost.
5. Implement the solution • It is very difficult for a teacher to plan or to execute the
6. Evaluation and revision projects to the learners and supervise them.
Merits of Problem Solving
• It help to stimulate thinking
• It help to enhance reasoning power • It help to
increase knowledge A. Methodology in Teaching Social Studies
• It help to maintain discipline B. Direct Instruction (Expository, Enabling, Deductive,
• Learning become more interesting Demonstrative)
Demerits of Problem Solving C. Guided Expository (Inquiry Teaching, Laboratory,
• It is a time consuming process Problem-Solving, Project Method)
• Solving involves mental activity only. D. Cognitive-oriented Approach (Metacognition,
• It need very capable teacher to provide effective Constructivism, Reflective, Collaborative, Integrative)
guidance E. Structured-Oriented (Cooperative Learning, Peer
and kwowledge to students. Mediated Learning, Partner Learning, Inductive
*PROJECT METHOD Learning)
• Project method is one of the modern method of
teaching which the students point of view is given
importance in designing the curricula and content of D. Cognitive-Oriented Method
studies.
• This method is based on the philosophy of a. Metacognition
Pragmatism and the principle of "Learning by doing." ● Metacognition describes the processes involved
Project method has evolved from the philosophy of when learners plan, monitor, evaluate and make
pragmatism. It is experience centered strategy related changes to their own learning behaviors.
to life-situation. This teaching strategy is based on the ● Metacognition have two dimensions: metacognitive
following principles: knowledge and metacognitive regulation.
Principle of Utility: Choose those projects which are ● Metacognitive knowledge refers to what learners
closer to the social life. know about learning. This includes:
Principle of readiness: Involve the learners in finding The learner’s knowledge of their own cognitive abilities
the solution of the problem with their active (‘I have trouble remembering dates in history’)
participation. -Metacognitive regulation refers to what learners do
Learning by Doing: Learner performs certain tasks and about learning. It describes how learners monitor and
experiences new things. This adds to his knowledge control their cognitive processes. For example, a
and results in learning. Socialization: It develops the learner might realize that a particular strategy is not
feeling of cooperation and group work. achieving the results they want, so they decide to try a
Inter-disciplinary Approach: To involve the knowledge of different strategy.
different subjects in solving the social problems
TYPES OF PROJECT METHOD b. Constructivism
Kilpatric has classified the project method in four types: ● Constructivism’s central idea is that human learning
Constructive: When learners have to construct some is constructed, that learners build
things related to new knowledge upon the foundation of previous
social life. learning.
Artistic: These projects are generally allotted in the ● John Dewey - Learning is a social activity – it is
aesthetic fields of life. something we do together, in
Problem-Solving: These projects are given to solve interaction with each other.
the problems related to any life-situation or related to ● Lev Vygotsky - believed that community plays a
any subject. central role in the process of “making
Group-Work: A team of students is assigned a work to meaning.”
be performed.
Reflective approach
Advantages of Project Method ● Reflective learning typically involves looking back at
• It helps in developing social norms and social values something, a past experience or idea and critically
among the learners. analyzing the event.
Purpose of Reflective Learning Approach
● It can make students aware of weaknesses or errors team to accomplish a specific goal, to solve a problem,
● It can help to develop metacognitive skills and aid in to complete a project, or to develop a product. Teachers
students taking responsibility for their learning. hold students accountable individually, but also assess
How to use Reflective Learning Approach group work. Students are responsible not only for
● Journaling learning the material, but also for ensuring that the
● Descriptive writing other members of the group learn the material too.
● Group work Purpose of Cooperative Learning
● Promotion of Social Interaction
d. Collaborative Learning Approach ● Build-up student self-confidence
A collaborative (or cooperative) learning approach ● Enhance the collaborative skills of the students
involves pupils working together on activities or learning ● Improve student decision-making skills
tasks in a group small enough to ensure that everyone How to use Cooperative Learning
participates. ● Set the Stage
● Form Effective Groups
Purpose of Collaborative Learning Approach ● Assign Clear Roles
● Development of higher-level thinking, oral ● Monitor and Facilitate
communication, self-management, and leadership ● Assess and Reflect
skills.
● Promotion of student-faculty interaction. b.Peer Mediated Learning
● Increase in student retention, self-esteem, and What is Peer Mediated Learning?
responsibility. ● Peer-mediated learning is a classroom-based
● Exposure to and an increase in understanding of practice where students work in pairs to complete
diverse perspectives. activities. One student (tutee) provides overt responses
● Preparation for real life social and employment while the other student (tutor) provides immediate
situations. corrective feedback, clarification of concepts, or further
How to use Collaborative Learning Approach instruction. In some arrangements roles are reciprocal
● Select students who will work together and students switch roles while completing activities
● Size the group for maximum effectiveness together. Activities that guide the peer interactions are
● Teach your student how to listen to one another often highly structured, and can even be somewhat
● Set the rules of language and collaboration scripted in some cases, especially for sessions
● Make goals and expectations clear involving young students. In most cases, peer-mediated
● Use real-world problems, not imaginary ones learning sessions are short in duration (e.g. 10 to 30
minutes) and involve focused work tasks around a
e. Integrative approach teacher-determined activity, goal or skill.

What is an integrative approach? Purpose of Peer Mediated Learning

● Integrative learning is an approach where the learner ● Increase the number of opportunities for students to
brings together prior knowledge and experiences to respond to instruction
support new knowledge and experiences. By doing this, ● Increase the amount of time on task
learners draw on their skills and apply them to new ● Increase the amount of feedback a student receives
experiences at a more complex level. The concept on their responses
behind integrative learning is that students take ● Increase the immediacy of the feedback
ownership of their own learning, becoming critical How to use Peer Mediated Learning
inquiries who are able to make meaningful connections ● One student (tutee) provides overt responses while
between different disciplines and utilise critical thinking the other student (tutor) provides immediate corrective
to real-life problems feedback, clarification of concepts, or further instruction.
Purpose of integrative approach
● Foster an atmosphere that welcomes and c. Partner Learning
encourages creativity in the classroom. What is Partner Learning?
● Use age-appropriate materials and techniques in ❖ A Partner Learning is the formation of a learning unit
teaching. between two students who purposefully assist each
● Incorporate the thematic and integrated curriculum in other to acquire the skills, knowledge, and attributes
the daily necessary to attain one's learning goals

Purpose of Partner Learning

A. To Students;
● More interest and involvement in learning.
E. Structure-Oriented Method ● Better understanding of each other's experiences.
● Improved awareness of how they learn and how to
a.Cooperative Learning evaluate their
What is Cooperative Learning? progress.
● The process of cooperative learning involves students ● Feeling of belonging to the class.
working together in small groups on a structured ● Positive change in how they see themselves as
activity. The members of the groups learn to work as a learners and
professionals.
● Stronger relationships with other students.

B. To Teachers;
● Stronger trust between students and instructors.
● Improve or gain new teaching materials.
● New ideas to facilitate Collaboration and Cooperation.
● A deeper understanding of teaching as a Support
system.
How to use Partner Learning Approach
● Assess the students needs
● Determine their capability (If you are the one that will
pick partners.)
● Provide Peer Review
● Evaluate their Progress and;
● Provide feedback
➔ Example: Social Studies:
1. Economics: Micro and Macro economics
- Topic: Supply and Demand
- Activity: Identify, enumerate and explain the pros and
cons of between a Consumer and Producer. One will be
the Consumer and the other will be The producer.
2. Politics: Law
- Topic: Laws of Philippine Government
- Activity: Think-Pair-Share: Both will brainstorm and
think what are the things they want to add or change in
the Laws of Philippine Government.
d. Inductive Learning
- It is consistent with a constructivist approach as it
holds that knowledge should
be constructed in the mind rather than transferred from
the teacher to student.