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CHAPTER FOUR

VECTOR CALCULUS

In this chapter we study the calculus of vector fields. (These are functions
that assign vectors to points in space.) In particular we define line integrals
(which can be used to find the work done by a force field in moving an
object along a curve). Then we define surface integrals (which can be used
to find the rate of fluid flow across a surface). The connections between
these new types of integrals and the single, double, and triple integrals that
we have already met are given by the higher-dimensional versions of the
fundamental theorem of Calculus: Green’s Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem, and
the Divergence Theorem.
4.1: Vector and scalar fields
A vector function is a function whose result or output is a vector quantity.
The output is two-dimensional, three-dimensional or higher-dimensional. In
other words, the co-domain of the function is R 2 , R 3 or R n .
The best way to picture a vector field is to draw the arrow representing the
vector F ( x, y ) starting at the point ( x, y) .It is impossible to do this for all
points ( x, y) , but we can gain a reasonable impression of F by doing it for a
few representative points in the domain as in Fig. 4.1. Since F ( x, y ) is a
two-dimensional vector, we can write it in terms of its component functions
 
and as follows: A vector field on R 2 is F  M ( x, y)i  N ( x, y) j.

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Fig. 4.1(vector field on R2)

Definition 4.1: A vector field on R 3 is a function F that assigns to each

point ( x, y, z ) in R 3 a three-dimensional vector F ( x, y, z ) . A vector field

F ( x, y, z ) on R 3 is pictured in Fig 4.2can expressed it in terms of its

component functions M ( x, y, z ) , N ( x, y, z ) and P( x, y, z ) as
   
F  M ( x, y, z)i  N ( x, y, z) j  P( x, y, z)k .

Fig. 4.2 (vector field on R3)

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A scalar function is a function whose result or output is a scalar quantity.

The output is one-dimensional. In other words, the co-domain of the function
is the set of real numbers R.

4-1-1: The vector operators: grad, div and curl

1- The Gradient of a scalar function  ( x, y, z )

Definition of the Gradient of 

If  is a scalar function then,   

grad     i j  k. Where
x y z

  
 i j  k is the vector operator which is called “del” or “nabla”.
x y z
 is a vector perpendicular to the surface  .

2- The Divergence of a Vector Field

Definition of the Divergence of a Vector Field

If F is a differentiable vector field with

   
F  M ( x, y, z)i  N ( x, y, z) j  P( x, y, z)k ,

M N P
then div F    F    .
x y z

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3-The Curl of a Vector Field

Curl of a Vector Field

If F is a differentiable vector field with

   
F  M ( x, y, z)i  N ( x, y, z) j  P( x, y, z)k , then

i j k
  
curl F    F   ( Py  N z )i  ( Px  M z ) j  ( N x  M y )k .
x y z
M N p

Example 4.1.1: Find the divergence of the vector field

   
F  (x - 3y)i  (x 2 z 2 + cos(z3 )) j  (xyz 2 )k ,

Solution

M N P
div F  .F     1  (0)  2 xyz  1  2 xyz.
x y z

4.1.2:Vector Identities

Here are some simple vector identities that can all be proved with suffix
.notation

If F is vector fields and ,  are scalar functions then

1  .   2. 2  .(  F )  0. 3      0.

4  ( )       . 5  .( F )   (. F )  F ..
6    ( F )   (  F )    F . 7    (  F )  (. F )   2 F .

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Proof: 3

i j k
    2  2  2  2  2  2
    (  )i  (  )j(  )k  0
x y z yz zy xz zx xy yx
  
x y z
Similarly we can proof the remaining identity.

Definition of the position vector

Position vector r is the vector which represents the position of a point P in a

space with respect to the origin O which is shown in Figure 4.3 . It also
represents the distance and direction of the points from the origin.

r  xi  yj  zk , r  x2  y2  z 2 .

P x, y, z

r x, y, z

0, 0, 0

Fig. 4.3

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 
Example4.1.2 : Show that 1 r r
a)   . b) ln r  2
.
r r 3 r

1
1 1 
a)    ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
r x y z
2 2 2

 2  
1 1 1
  
 i( ( x  y 2  z 2 ) 2  ji ( ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2  k ( ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
x y z

 2 
3
 
3
 i(( ( x  y 2  z 2 ) 2 )2 x)  j (( ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 )2 y )
x y
 2 
3
 k (( ( x  y  z ) 2 )2 z )
2 2

x

 xi  yj  zk  xi  yj  zk r
 3
  3.
(x  y  z )
2 2 2 2 ( x 2
 y 2
 z 2 3
) r

1 1 2 xi 2 yj 2 zk
b) ln r  ln( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  ( 2  
2 2 (x  y2  z 2 ) (x2  y2  z 2 ) (x2  y2  z 2 )

xi  yj  zk r
 2  .
x  y2  z2 r 2

Example 4.1.3: Find an equation for the tangent plane to the surface

 : 2 xz 2  3xy  4 x  7 at the point ( 1 , -1 , 2 ).

Solution: The normal to the surface  is

 (1, 1, 2 )
 [(2 xz 2  3xy  4 x  7)] (1`,1, 2 )

[(2 z 2  y  4)i  3xj  4 xzk ] (1, 1, 2 )
 7i  3 j  8k .

the normal vector to the plane is  at point (1,-1,2).

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Then the equation of the plane is 7( x  1)  3( y  1)  8( z  2)  0.

4.2: Conservative vector field

In this section we want to look at two questions. First, given a vector


field F is there any way of determining if it is a conservative vector field?

Secondly, if we know that F is a conservative vector field how do we go
about finding a potential function  for the vector field?

Conservative field
   
Let F  M ( x, y, z )i  N ( x, y, z ) j  P( x, y, z )k , F be a vector
field. Then F is called conservative if there is a differentiable scalar
function  such that grad   F . And  is called the potential function
for F .

Theorem 4.2.1

Let F be a three dimensional differentiable vector field with continuous

partial derivatives. Then , curl F = 0 if and only if F is conservative.

Example 4.2.1: Show that

F  (2 x cos y  2 z 3 )i  (2 ye z  x 2 sin y) j  ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 )k. is conservative field

and find a potential function for the vector field ,

F is conservative if   F  0.

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i j k
We calculate   
curl F    F 
x y z
(2 x cos y  2 z 3 (2 ye z  x 2 sin y ) ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 )

(2 ye z  2 ye z )i  (6 z 2  6 z 2 ) j  (2 x sin y  2 x sin y)k  0 .

Then F is conservative . F  grad   .

And
 x  (2 x cos y  2 z 3 ) ,  y  (2 ye z  x 2 sin y ) ,  z  ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 ).
   (2 x cos y  2 z 3 )dx   (2 ye z  x 2 sin y )dy   ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 )dz
 x 2 cos y  2 xz 3  y 2 e z  x 2 cos y  y 2 e z  2 xz 3  x 2 cos y  2 xz 3  y 2 e z  c.

Example 4.2.2: Show that F  (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy )i  (x 3 e xy + 2y) j. is conservative

field and find a potential function for the vector field ,

F is conservative if   F  0. We calculate

i j k
  
curl F    F  =
x y z
(2xe xy + x 2 ye xy ) (x 3e xy + 2y) 0

0i  0 j  ( (3x 2 e xy  x 3 ye xy  2x 2 e xy - x 2 e xy  x 3 ye xy )k  0 .

Then F is conservative . F  grad   .

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 x  (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy ) ,  y  (x 3 e xy + 2y) ,  z  0.
   (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy )dx   (x 3 e xy + 2y)dy
 x 2 ye xy  y 2  c.

Example 4.2.3: Show that F  yz 2 i + (xz 2 + 2)j + (2xyz - 1)k is conservative field
and find a potential function for the vector field ,

F is conservative if   F  0. We calculate

i j k
  
curl F    F  =
x y z
yz 2 (xz 2 + 2) (2xyz - 1)

(2 xz  2 xz )i  (2 yz  2 yz ) j  (( z 2  z 2 )k  0 .

Then F is conservative . Then F  grad   .

 x  yz 2 ,  y  (xz 2 + 2) ,  z  (2xyz - 1).

Then    yz 2 dx   (xz 2 + 2) dy   (2xyz - 1) dz

 xyz 2  xyz 2  2 y  (xyz 2 - z)  xyz 2  2 y  z  c.

Exercises 4.1

1- Prove curl ( grad  )  0.


r
2- Prove   ( 2 )  0.
r

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
3- Show that r 3  3rr .
3
Show that   r r  6r .
3
4-
5- Compute divF    F , curl F    F ,where
6- Find an equation for the tangent plane to the surface
 : 2 x 2 y  3xy 2  4 z 2  6 at the point ( 2 , -2 , 1 ).
7- Find the unit normal to the surfaces
1 : 2 x 2 y  3xy 2  2 z 2  4 , 2 : x 2 z  3x 2 y  4 z  3 at point (3,-2,2)
And find the angle between 1 and 2 .
8- Show that the vector field F is conservative and find its scalar
potential.

i) F  (2xy 2 - 16x)i  2y( x 2 - 1) j + 9k .

ii ) F  ( y  3z )i  ( x 2  y 4 ) j  4 z 2 k .
iii ) F  ( x 2  4 z 3 )i  12 yzj  (6 y 2  12 xz 2 )k .
4.3 Line Integrals

Let’s start with the curve C that the points come from the origin , we will
assume that the curve is smooth (defined shortly) and is given by the
parametric equations, x  x (t ), y  y(t ), a  t  b. We will often want to
write the parameterization of the curve as a vector function. In this case the
curve is given by r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j, a  t  b.

The line integral of f ( x, y) along C is denoted by  f ( x, y )ds . We use a

C

ds here to acknowledge the fact that we are moving along the curve, C,
instead of the x-axis (denoted by dx) or the y-axis (denoted by dy). Because

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of the ds this is sometimes called the line integral of f ( x, y) f with respect

to arc length. The arc length of a curve C given by parametric equations is

b
L  ds. where
t a

dr(t ) dx dy
z ds   ( )2  ( )2 d
dt dt dt

r t x t , y t , z t

yy
0, 0, 0

Fig. 4.4
x

4.3.1:Evaluating Line Integrals over scalar functions

We find the line integral when the curve is given parametrically or as a

vector valued function. We will explain how this is done for curves in
R3and the case for R2for three dimensions the position vector in fig. 4.4
r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j  z (t )k , a  t  b.

dr(t ) dx dy dz
ds   ( ) 2  ( ) 2  ( ) 2 dt.
dt dt dt dt

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In R2 let r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j, a  t  b be a vector differentiable

dr(t ) dx dy
then ds   ( ) 2  ( ) 2 dt.
dt dt dt

We are now ready to state the theorem that shows us how to compute a line
integral.

Theorem 4.3.1 : Line Integrals Over Scalar Functions

Let r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j, a  t  b be a differentiable vector valued function

that defines a smooth curve C. Then
b
dx 2 dy

C
f ( x, y )ds  
t a
f ( x(t ), y (t )) (
dt
)  ( ) 2 dt .
dt

and for three dimensions, if r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j  z (t )k , a  t  b. then

b
dx 2 dy dz
 f ( x, y, z )ds  
C t a
f ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) (
dt
)  ( ) 2  ( ) 2 dt .
dt dt

The line integrals over piecewise smooth curves. A piecewise smooth curve
is any curve that can be written as the union of a finite number of smooth
curves, C1,…,Cn . Below is an illustration of a piecewise smooth curve as
Fig.4.5.

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Fig. 4.5


C
f ( x, y)ds  
C1
f ( x, y)ds1  
C2
f ( x, y)ds2  ...  
Cn
f ( x, y)dsn

Example4.3.1: Evaluate  4 x 3 ds where C is the curve shown below.

C

Fig. 4.6

So, first we need to parameterize each of the curves as shown in Fig.4.6.

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C1 : x  t , y  1,2  t  0,
C2 : x  t , y  t 3  1 ,0  t  1,
C3 : x  1, y  t ,0  t  2.

Now let’s do the line integral over each of these curves.

 4 x ds   4t 12  02 dt  16
3 3

C1 2
1

 4 x ds   4t 1  9t dt 
3 3 2 4

C2 0
1 3
1 1 2
 4(9)t 3 12  9t 4 dt  ( )(1  9t 4 ) 2  2.268 .
1
0
90 9 3
2

 4 x ds   4(1) 0  1dt  8.
3

C3 0

Finally, the line integral that we were asked to compute is,

 4x ds   4x ds   4x ds   4x ds  16  2.268  8  5.7321.

3 3 3 3

C C1 C2 C3

Example4.3.2: Evaluate  xy zds, where C is the helix given

C

by, x  cost , y  sin t , z  3t , 0  t  4 . In Fig. 4.7.

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Fig. 4.7

Let

r (t )  xi  yj  zk  costi  sin tj  3tk .

dr
 ( sin t ) 2  (cos t ) 2  9  10 .
Let dt

dr
ds  dt  10 dt.
dt

Here is the line integral.

4 4
3 10
 xyzds   3t cost sin t 10dt 
C 0

0
2
t sin 2tdt 

3 10 1 t 4
( sin 2t  cos 2t ) 0
 3 10 .
2 4 2

4

Example 4.3.3: Evaluate xy ds, where C is the right half of the circle
C

x 2  y 2  16.

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 
x  4 cos t , y  4 sin t , t  .
2 2
r  4 cos t  4 sin t
dr
 4 sin t  4 cos t.
dt
dr
ds  dt  16 sin 2 t  16 cos2 t dt  4dt.
dt



Then xy ds  2 4 cos t (4 4 sin 4t )(4dt)  46 sin 5 t 2

4

C
  5
2

2
 46 ( ).
5
2

5
Example4.3.4: Evaluate  16 y ds, where C is the portion
C

x  y 4 from y  0 to y  1 and the line segment form (1,1) to (1,2) finally

the line segment from ( (1,2) to (2,0) .In Fig. 4.8.

Fig. 4.8

Now let’s parameterize each of these curves.

C1 : r (t )  (t 4 , t ),0  t  1,
C2 : r (t )  (1  t )(1,1)  t (1,2),0  t  1,
C3 : r (t )  (1  t )(1,2)  t (2,0),0  t  1.

Then
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1

16 y ds  16t (4t )  1 dt 

5
5 3 2 2

C1 0
1 3 3
1 1
0     (17 3  1)  7.677 .
5 6 2 6 2 1
16 t 16 t 1 dt (16 t 1) 0
9 9
1

16 y ds  16(1  3t )
5
5
0  (3) 2 dt 
C2 0

8
1

 48(1  3t ) dt  (1  3t ) 6  168 .
5 1
0
0
3
1

 16 y ds   16(2t  2)
5
5
12  (2) 2 dt 
C3 0

 256 5
1
4 5
 16 5 (2t  2)5dt  (2t  2)6   190 .8111 .
1
0
0 3 3

Then  16 y ds  7.677  168  190.8111  351.134.

5

4.3.2: Line Integrals Over vector field Functions

In this section we are going to evaluate line integrals of vector fields F along
curve C.

Theorem4.3.2 : Line Integrals Over vector field Functions

Let F ( x, y)  M ( x, y)i  N ( x, y) j. be a differentiable vector valued function-

that-define-a-smooth-curve
C : r (t )  x(t )i  y (t ) j, a  t  b   F  dr   Mdx  Ndy. And-for-three-
C C

dimensions,if F ( x, y, z )  M ( x, y, z )i  N ( x, y, z ) j  P( x, y, z )k ,

r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j  z (t )k , a  t  b   F  dr   Mdx  Ndy  Pdz.

C C

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Notes : A vector representation of the line segment that starts at r0 and ends

at r1 is given by

r (t )  (1  t )r0  tr1, 0  t  1.

 yx dx  sin ydy, where C is the line segment

2
Example4.3.5 :Evaluate
C

from ((0,2) to (1,4). Shown in Fig. 4.9.

Solution
Here is the parameterization of the curve.
r (t )  (1  t ) (0,2)  t (1,4)  (t , 2t  2),
i.e. x  t , y  (2  2t ), 0  t  1.

1, 4

0, 2

Fig. 4.9

 yx dx  sin ydy   (2  2t )t dt  sin  (2  2t )(2dt) 

2 2

C t 0
The line integral is
2 3 2 4 1 7
t  t  cos (2  2t )  .
1

3 4  0
6

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Example4.3.6:Evaluate  F  dr, where F  xzi  yzk ,

C

and C is the line segment from (−1,2,0) to (3,0,1). Shown in Fig.4.10.

Solution

3, 0, 1

1, 2, 0

Fig. 4.10

The parameterization for the line is given by

r (t )  (1  t )( 1,2,0)  t (3,0,1)  (4t ,2  2t , t ),

i.e. x  4t , y  2  2t , z  t ,0  t  1.

So, let’s get the vector field evaluated along the curve.

F (r (t ))  (4t  1)ti  (2  2t )tk  (4t 2  t )i  (2t  2t 2 )k.

Now we need the derivative of the parameterization.

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r (t )  (4,2,1) . The dot product is then,

 (18t  6t )dt  (6t 3  3t 2 )  3.

2 1
The line integral becomes, 0
0

Example4.3.7: Evaluate
C
 ydx  zdy  xdz, where C consists of the line
segment C1 from (2,0,0) to (3,4,5) followed by the vertical line segment C2
from (3,4,5) to (3,4,0).

Solution:
C1 : r (t )  (1  t )(2,0,0)  t (3,4,5)  (2  t ,4t ,5t ),0  t  1.

The parametric form

x  2  t , y  4t , z  5t , dx  dt, dy  4dt, dz  5dt .

Fig. 4.11

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1


C1
ydx  zdy  xdz   4tdt  5t (4dt )  (2  t )5dt
0
1
29t
  (10  29t )dt  10t   24.5.
1
0
0
2

C2 : r (t )  (1  t )(3,4,5)  t (3,4,0)  (3,4,5  5t ),0  t  1.

The parametric form x  3, y  4, z  5  5t , dx  0, dy  0, dz  5dt .

 ydx  zdy  xdz   3(5)dt  15

C2 0

 ydx  zdy  xdz  24.5  15  9.5.

C

Evaluate4.3.8:  ydx  xdy  zdz, where C is given by

C

x  cost , y  sin t , z  t 2 ,0  t  2 .
Solution

So, we already have the curve parameterized so there really isn’t much to do
other than evaluate the integral

2

 ydx  xdy  zdz 

C

0
sin t ( sin t )dt  cos t (cos t )dt  t 2 (2t )dt

2
1 1 1 1
  ( 2  2 cos 2t )dt  ( 2  2 cos 2t )dt  t
2
(2t )dt
0

1 1 1 1 2 2
 ( t  sin 2t )  ( t  sin 2t )  t 4 0
 8 4 .
2 4 2 2 4

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Example 4.3.9 : If   2 xyz , F  xyi  zj  x k , and C is the curve

2 2

x  t 2 , y  2t , z  t 3 ,0  t  1.

Evaluate the line integrals a)   dr. b)  F  dr.

C C

Solution

a) Along C   2 xyz  2(t )(2t )(t )  4t .

2 2 3 2 9

r  xi  yj  zk  t 2i  2tj  t 3 k ,
dr  (2ti  2 j  3t 2 k )dt
1
a)   dr   4t
9
(2ti  2 j  3t 2 k )dt 
C t 0
1 1 1
8 4
i  8t dt  j  8t dt  k  12t 11dt 
10 9
i j  k.
t 0 0 0
11 5

F  xyi  zj  x 2 k  2t 3i  t 3 j  t 4 k .
F  dr  (2t 3i  t 3 j  t 4 k )  (2ti  2 j  3t 2 k )dt
i j k
b) Along C  2t 3  t3 t 4 dt 
2t 2 3t 2
[( 3t 5  2t 4 )i  (2t 5  6t 5 ) j  (4t 3  2t 4 )k ]dt.
1
9 2 7
Then  [(3t 5  2t 4 )i  (2t 5  6t 5 ) j  (4t 3  2t 4 )k ]dt   i  j  k.
0
10 3 5

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4.3.3:Independence of path

Theorem 4.3.3.

Let F be a vector field with components that have continuous first order
partial derivatives and let C be a piecewise smooth curve. Then the
following three statements are equivalent

1. F is conservative.

2. 
C
F .  dr is independent of path. That is

 F  dr     dr  
B
.
C C A

Thus the value of the integral of F depends only on the value of  at the

endpoints of the interval [A, B]. Since  represents the derivative of 

3. 
C
F  dr for all closed curves C.

Proof: From (1) F is conservative , then

F     F  dr 
C

  
B

   dr   dx  dy  dz   d  
B
.
C C
x y z A
A

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Example 4.3.10: Let

F  (2 x cos y  2 z 3 )i  (2 ye z  x 2 sin y) j  ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 )k. Show that

 F  dr
C
is independent of path and find potential function for the vector


field F and find  F  dr from (0,0,1) to (0, ,2) .
C 2
Solution

 F  dr is independent of path if F is conservative that is if   F  0.

C

i j k
   =
curl F    F 
x y z
(2 x cos y  2 z 3 (2 ye z  x 2 sin y ) ( y 2e z  6 xz 2 )

(2 ye z  2 ye z )i  (6 z 2  6 z 2 ) j  (2 x sin y  2 x sin y)k  0 .

Then F is conservative then  F  dr

C
is independent of path and

F  grad  .

Then
 x  (2 x cos y  2 z 3 ) ,  y  (2 ye z  x 2 sin y ) ,  z  ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 ).
   (2 x cos y  2 z 3 )dx   (2 ye z  x 2 sin y )dy   ( y 2 e z  6 xz 2 )dz
 x 2 cos y  2 xz 3  y 2 e z  x 2 cos y  y 2 e z  2 xz 3  x 2 cos y  2 xz 3  y 2 e z  c.


(1, , 2 ) 2
 F  dr  
C
2
( 0 , 0 ,1)
 16 
4
e2.

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Example 4.3.11: Show that F  (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy )i  (x 3 e xy + 2y) j.

Show that  F  dr
C
is independent of path and find potential function

for the vector field F and find  F  dr from

C
(1,1) to (2,3) .

F is conservative that is if   F  0.
 F  dr is independent of path if
C

We calculate Curl F=

i j k
  
 F  =
x y z
(2xe xy + x 2 ye xy ) (x 3 e xy + 2y) 0

0i  0 j  ( (3x 2 e xy  x 3 ye xy  2x 2 e xy - x 2 e xy  x 3 ye xy )k  0 .

Then F is conservative and  F  dr is independent of path,

C

F  grad  .

 x  (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy ) ,  y  (x 3 e xy + 2y) ,  z  0.

 
Then   (2xe xy + x 2 ye xy )dx  (x 3 e xy + 2y)dy
 x 2 ye xy  y 2  c.

 F  dr    12e 6  9  e  1  12e 6  8  e.
( 2 , 3)
(1,1)
C

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Example4.3.12:Show that F  yz i + (xz + 2)j + (2xyz - 1) k is Show that

2 2

 F  dr
C
is independent of path and find potential function for the vector

field F .

 F  dr is independent of path if F is conservative if   F  0.

C

i j k
   =
curl F    F 
x y z
yz 2 (xz 2 + 2) (2xyz - 1)

(2 xz  2 xz )i  (2 yz  2 yz ) j  (( z 2  z 2 )k  0 .

Then F is conservative and  F  dr is independent of path

C
,

F  grad  .

 x  yz 2 ,  y  (xz 2 + 2) ,  z  (2xyz - 1).


Then   yz dx   (xz + 2) dy   (2xyz - 1) dz
2 2

 xyz 2  xyz 2  2 y  (xyz 2 - z)  xyz 2  2 y  z  c.

Example4.3.13:: Let

F  ( y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z ) i  2 z 3 y sin xj  (3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4 ) k.

 F  dr is independent of path and find the potential  For
i)Show that 
C


F.

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  
ii)Evaluate  F  dr
C
from point (0,0,0) to ( ,1,1).
2

Solution

F is conservative if   F  0.
 F  dr is independent of path if
C

i j k
   =
 F 
x y z
( y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z ) 2 z 3 y sin x (3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4 )

(6 yz 2 sin x  6 z 2 y sin x)i  (4 x 3  4 x 3 ) j  ((2 z 3 y cos x  2 z 3 y cos x)k  0 .

Then F is conservative and  F  dr is independent of path

C
,

F  grad  .

 x  ( y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z ) ,  y  2 z 3 y sin x ,  z  (3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x).

  
Then   ( y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z )dx  2 z 3 y sin x dy  (3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x.)dz
 y 2 z 3 sin x  x 4 z  y 2 z 3 sin x  y 2 z 3 sin x  x 4 z  y 2 z 3 sin x  x 4 z  c.


( ,1,1) 4
 F  dr    y z sin x  x z  1 
2 2 3 4
( 0, 0, 0 )
.
C
16

Exercise 4.2
1- Evaluate  (4 y  x)dS
C
where C is the upper portion of the circle

3 3 3 3
centered at the origin of radius from ( , ) to ( , ) in the counter
2 2 2 2

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3 3 3
clockwise rotation followed by the line segment form ( , ) to (4, )
2 2 2
3
which in turn is followed by the line segment from (4, ) to (4,4) See the
2
sketch below for the direction.

Fig. 4.12

2-Evaluate  2 x 3 dS for each of the following curves.

C

i) C is the portion y  x3 from x  1 to x  2 .

ii) C is the portion y  x3 from x  2 to x  1 .

3-Evaluate  6 xdS where C is the portion of y  3  x 2 from x  2 to

C

x  0 followed by the portion of y  3  x 2 from x  2 to x  0 which in

turn is followed by the line segment from (2,1) to (1,2) See the sketch
below for the direction.

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Fig. 4.13

4- Evaluate  ( x 2  2)dx  7 xy 2 dy for each of the following curves.

C

i) C is the portion x   y 2 from y  1 to y  1 .

ii) C is the line segment from (1,1) to (1,1).

5- Evaluate  ( y 2  x)dx  4 ydy where C is the portion of y  x 2 from

C

x  2 to x  2 followed by the line segment from (2,4). to (0,6).

which in turn is followed by the line segment from (0,6). to (2,4).
See the sketch below for the direction.

Fig. 4.14

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6. Find the potential function for the following vector field.

2 xy x2 3x 2 y
 F  dr where F       
2 3
Find i ( 2 y z ) j ( 4 z 2 yz )k
C
z3 z3 z4

from(1,1,1) to (2,2,4).

9- Show that  F  dr is independent of path if and evaluate the

C

integration from A to B.
i) F  (2xy 2 - 16x)i  2y( x 2 - 1) j + 9k , A(1,2,3), B  (2,3,0).
ii ) F  ( y  3z )i  ( x 2  y 4 ) j  4 z 2 k , A(0,1,1), B  (1,2,1).
iii ) F  ( x 2  4 z 3 )i  12 yzj  (6 y 2  12 xz 2 )k , A(1,0,3), B  (2,2,1).

4.4: Green's Theorem

Green’s Theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a

simple closed curve C and a double integral over the plane region D bounded
by C. Green’s Theorem we use the convention that the positive orientation
of a simple closed curve refers to a single counterclockwise traversal of C ,
the negative orientation of a simple closed curve refers to a single
clockwise traversal of C

Green's Theorem

Let R be a simply connected region with smooth boundary C, oriented

positively and let M and N have continuous partial derivatives in an open
region containing R ,
N M
then  M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  
C R
( 
x y
)dxdy, counterclockwise

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N M
And  M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  
C R
( 
x y
)dxdy, clockwise

Example 4.1.1: Verify Green's theorem for  ( y  sin x)dx  cos xdy,
C

 
where C is the triangle with vertices (0,0), ( ,0), ( ,1) counterclockwise.
2 2

( ,1) shown in Fig. 4.15.
2

N M
 M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  
C R
(
x

y
)dxdy.

L.H.S. : Along OA : y  0, dy  0, the integral equal


2 

 (0  sin x)dx  cos x(0)  cos x

0
2
0
 1.

Fig. 4.15

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  0.
Along AB: x  , dx  0 , and the integral equal
2

 ( y  1)(0)  (0)dy  0.
0

2x 2
Along BO y  , dy  dx, the integral equal
 

0
2x 2 x2 2  2
(  sin x)dx  cos x(dx)   cos x   1 
0
sin x  .
     2 4 
2

 2  2
Then the integral along C =  1  0  1     .
4  4 

N M
R.H.S. : m  y  sin x, N  cos x,   sin x,  1 and
x y

 (3x  8 y 2 )dx  (4 y  6 xy )dy,

2

C
 2x 

N M 2 2 2x

R ( x  y )dA  x0 y0( sin x  1)dydx  0 ( y sin x  y) 

0
dx


2
2x 2x 2 x2 
 2
  ( sin x  )dx  ( x cos x  sin x)  2   .
0
    0
4 

Example 4.4.2: Verify Green's theorem for  (3x 2  8 y 2 )dx  (4 y  6 xy )dy,

C

where C is the boundary of the region y  x 2 , x  y 2 , counterclockwise.

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L.H.S. : y  x , dy  2 xdx, the integral equal

2

Fig. 4.16

Along x  y , dx  2 ydy, the integral equal

2

 (3 y  8 y 2 )2 ydy  (4 y  6 y 3 )dy 6 y 5  22 y 3  4 y 
4 0
y 1
y 1

22 10
 (1   2)  ,
4 4

10 3
Then the integral along C=  1   .
4 2

M N
R.H.S. : M  (3x  8 y ), N  (4 y  6 xy ),  16 y,  6 y
2 2

y x

N M
1 x 1 1

R ( x  y )dA  0  2 10 ydydx  0 5 y dx  5 ( x  x 4 )dx

2 x
x2
yx 0
Then
x 2 x5 5 2 3
 5(  )  5(  )  .
2 5 10 10 2

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 ( x dx  xydy, where C
4
Example4.4.3 : Use Green's theorem to evaluate is
C

the triangular curve consisting of the line segments from (0,0) to (1,0) and
from(1,0) to (0,1)and from (0,1) to (0,0). Shown in Fig. 4.17.
N M
 M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  
C D
(
x

y
)dxdy.

M N
M  x 4 , N  xy ,  0, y
y x

Fig. 4.17

N M
x dx  xydy   (  )dxdy 
4

C D
x y
1 1 x
(1  x) 2
1 1
y2 1 x 1 1
 ydydx   dx   dx   (1  x) 3  .
1
0 0
0 0 0
2 0
2 6 6
Example 4.4.4: Use Green's theorem to evaluate

 (3 y  e )dx  (7 x  y 4  1 ) dy, where C

sin x

is the circle x  y  9.
2 2

we change polar coordinates after applying Green’s Theorem

M N
M  3 y  esin x , N  7 x  y 4  1 ,  3, 7
y x

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N M
 (3 y  e )dx  (7 x  y  1 ) dy   (  )dxdy 
sin x 4

C D
x y
3 2

  4rdrd  2 (2r )  36 .

2 3
0
0 0

Example 4.4.5 : Use Green's theorem to evaluate

 yx dx  x
2 2
dy, where C is shown below.
C

3

N M 2 5

 yx dx  x dy    )dxdy    (r cos2  2r cos )rdrd 

2 2 2
(
x y
   r 0
C R 1
2
3


2
54 253 54 sin 2 253 3
 1
(
8
[1  cos 2 ] 
3
cos )d  ( [ 
8 2
]
3
sin  ) 
2
2

 
2

500 625
  .
3 8

Fig. 4.18

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Exercise

 ( yx  y )dx  ( x 3  4) dy,
2
1- Use Green's theorem to evaluate
C

where C is shown below

Fig. 4.19

 (7 x  y )dy  ( x 2  2 y) dx,
2
2- Use Green's theorem to evaluate
C

where C are the two circles as shown below.

Fig. 4.20

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 (y  4 x)dx  (2  x 2 y 2 ) dy,
2
3- Use Green's theorem to evaluate
C

where C is shown below

Fig. 4.21

 (6  x )dx  (1  2 xy ) dy,
2
4- Verify Green's theorem to evaluate
C

where C is shown below (a) Computing the line integral directly

and (b) Using Green’s Theorem to compute the line integral.

Fig. 4.22

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 (y  xy 2 )dx  (2  x 3 ) dy,
3
5- Verify Green's theorem to evaluate
C

where C is shown below

Fig. 4.23
(a) Computing the line integral directly
(b) Using Green’s Theorem to compute the line integral.

6-Verify Green's theorem to evaluate  (6 y  3 y 2  x)dx  ( yx 3 ) dy, where

C

C is shown below (a) computing the line integral directly and (b) using
Green’s Theorem to compute the line integral.

Fig. 4.24

4.5: Surface integral

Consider a scalar function f ( x, y, z ) and a surface S. Let S be given by the
position vector r (u, v)  x(u, v)i  y(u, v) j  z (u, v)k.

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where the coordinates (u,v) range over some domain D(u,v) of the uv-plane.
Notice that the function f ( x, y, z ) is evaluated only on the points of the
surface S, i.e. f (r (u, v))  f ( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v)) .
4.5.1: The surface integral of scalar function f ( x, y, z ) over the
surface S is defined as
r r

S
f ( x, y, z )dS  
D ( u ,v )
f ( x(u, v), y (u, v), z (u, v))  dudv,
u v

r r
where the partial derivatives , are given by
u v
r x y z r x y z
 i j  k,  i  j k
u u u u v v v v

r r r r
and  is the cross product. The vector  is perpendicular to
u v u v
r r
the surface at the point r (u, v) then dS   dudv.
u v

If the surface S is defined by the equation z  z ( x, y) , where z ( x, y ) is a

differentiable function in the domain D( x, y ) ,then the parametric
surfaceequations x  x, y  y, z  z ( x, y). (See Fig.4.25)

r  xi  yj  z( x, y)k , rx  i  z x k , ry  j  z y k , rx  ry   z x i  z y j  k

rx  ry  z x2  z y2  1, dS  z x2  z y2  1 dxdy

And 
S
f ( x, y, z )dS   f ( x, y, z( x, y))
D( x, y )
zx2  z y2  1 dxdy,

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Z

z f x, y

D xy

Fig. 4.25
Similarly if y  y( x, z ) . (See Fig.4.26) then


S
f ( x, y, z )dS   f ( x(, y( x, z), z)
D( x, z )
yx2  yz2  1 dxdz.

Dxz
S y f x, z

Fig. 4.26
And if x  x( y, z ) . (See Fig.4.27)
the surface integral can be found by the formula


S
f ( x, y, z )dS   f ( x( y, z), y, z)
D( y, z )
xy2  xz2  1 dydz.

Dyz

x f y , z

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Fig. 4.27

If a surface S consists of several “patches” Si, then for calculating the surface
integral we can apply the additively property:
n

 f ( x, y, z )dS    f ( x, y, z )dSi
S i 1 Si

Example 4.5.1 : Calculate the surface integral  ( x  y  z)dS

S
where S is

the portion of the plane x  2 y  4 z  4 lying in the first octant

x  0, y  0, z  0 .
Solution.
x y
We rewrite the equation of the plane in the form z ( x, y)  1   ..
4 2
z  1 z  1
Find the partial derivatives:  ,  .Applying the formula
x 4 y 2

 z  2  z  2
 ( x  y  z)dS   f ( x, y, z)
S D
      1 dxdy
 x   y 
we can express the surface integral through the double integral:

x y  1 2  1 2
 ( x  y  z)dS   x  y  (1  4  2 )
S D
      1 dxdy 
 4   2 
2 4 2 y 2 4 2 y
3x y 21 21
 
0 0
(   1)
4 2 4
dxdy 
16 0
[  (3x  2 y  4)dx]dy
0
2 2
21 3x
16 0 2
 (  2 yx  4 x) 042 y dy 

21 3(4  2 y ) 2
2

16 0
 (  2 y (4  2 y )  4(4  2 y ))dy
2
2
21 7 21

32 0 (80  48 y  4 y 2 )dy 
3
.

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Example 4.5.2:
Find the integral  ydS , where the surface S is the surface
S

z  x  y 2 ,0  x  1, 0  y  2.
Solution.
z z
Find the partial derivatives:  1,  2 y
x y
Applying the formula
2 1

 ydS   y 1  2 y   1 dxdy   y 2  4 y 2 dydx

2 2

S D 0 0
1 3
21 13 2
 ( 2 (1  2 y ) )dx 
2 2 2
0
.
0
3 4 3

Example 4.5.3: Evaluate  ( z  3 y  x 2 )dS where S is the portion

S

of z  2  3 y  x 2 that lies over the triangle in the xy-plane with

vertices (0,0), (2,0) and (2,−4).

Solution
z  g ( x, y )  3 y  x 2 z so we’ll use the following formula for the surface
integral.
g 2 g
 f ( x, y, z )dS   f ( x, y, g ( x, y))
S D
(
x
)  ( ) 2  1 dA .
y

D is the triangle from (0,0)to (2,0) to (2,-4). . (See Fig.4.28)

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2, 0
0, 0

y 2 x

2, 4

Fig. 4.28

The integral is then,

 (2  3 y  x  3 y  x 2 ) (2 x)2  (  3)2  1 dA =
2

0 0

 (2) (2 x)  (  3)  1 dA    2 (2 x)  10 dydx
2 2 2

D 2 2x
2 2 3
1
  2 y (2 x) 2  10 dx   4 x (2 x) 2  10 dx  (4 x 2  10) 2
0 2
2x 0
0 0
3
3 3
1
 [26) 2  (10) 2 ]  33.65.
3

Example 4.5.4:
Find the integral  xdS , where the surface S is the unit
S

sphere x2  y2  z 2  1 .

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Solution.
It is convenient to solve this integral in spherical coordinates. The area
element for spherical surface is given by

r ( , )  sin  cos i + sin  sin  j + cos  k, r  r  sin  .

dS  sin dd , x  cos sin  and the domain of integration

D( , ) is defined as D  {( ,  ),0    2 ,0     }
we can write the integral in the following form:

I   x 2 dS   cos  sin

2 2
 (sin  d d )   cos  sin
2 3
 d d
S D( , ) D( , )
 2 2 
   cos  sin  d d   cos d  sin 3d
2 3 2

0 0 0 0
2 
1
 
2 0
(1  cos 2 )d  (sin   sin  cos2  )d
0

1 1 2 1 4
 (   cos 2 ) 0
( cos  cos3  )0 
2 4 3 3
Example 4.5.5:
Find the integral  xdS , where the surface S is the part of the
S

sphere x2  y2  z2  a2 lying in the first octant.

Solution.
It is convenient to solve this integral in spherical coordinates. The area
element for spherical surface is given by

r ( , )  a sin  cos i + a sin  sin  j + a cos  k, r  r  a 2 sin  .

dS  a 2 sin dd , x  a cos sin  and the domain of integration


D( , ) is defined as D  {( ,  ),0   ,   }
2
we can write the integral in the following form:

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I   xdS   a cos sin  (a

2
sin  d d )  a 3  cos sin
2
 d d
S D( , ) D( , )
  

2 2
a3 2 
a3 sin 2 2  a 3.
0 0     
2 0
sin  2 [1  cos 2 ]d    ]0 
2
cos sin d d 0
[ .
2 2 4

4.5.2: Surface Integrals Of Vector Fields

In order to work with surface integrals of vector fields we will need to be

able to write down a formula for the unit normal vector corresponding to the
orientation that we’ve chosen to work with. We have two ways of doing this
depending on how the surface has been given to us.

First, let’s suppose that the function is given by z  z ( x, y) In this case we

first define a new function, f ( x, y, z )  z  z ( x, y)

In terms of our new function the surface is then given by the

equation f ( x, y, z )  0 . Now, recall that f will be orthogonal (or normal)
to the surface given by f ( x, y, z )  0 .This means that we have a normal
vector to the surface. The only potential problem is that it might not be a unit
normal vector. That isn’t a problem since we also know that we can turn any
vector into a unit vector by dividing the vector by its length. In our case this
f
is, nˆ 
f

In this case it will be convenient to actually compute the gradient vector and
plug this into the formula for the normal vector. Doing this gives,

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 f  z xi  z y j  k
n  .
f z x2  z y2  1


Given a vector field F with unit normal vector n then the surface integral

of F over the surface S is given by,  F  dS   F  ndS which is called
S S

the flux of F across S.

  
If the vector field F  Pi  Qj  Rk and the orientation that we are after is
the “upwards” orientation. Under all of these assumptions the surface
integral of F over S is,


 F  dS   F  ndS   ( Pi  Qj  Rk ) 
 z xi  z y j  1
z z
2 2
1
z 2
x 
 z y2  1 dA
S S S x y

  ( Pzx  Qz y  R)dA
S

Example4.5.6: Let S be the part of the surface z  x  y

2 2
lying below the
plane z  4 . Find the flux of F  ( x, y,5z ) upward through S.

n  ( zx , z y ,1)  (2 x,2 y,1)

Note that this normal vector has positive z-component, which is correct for
computing the flux upward through S.

Then F  ( x, y,5 z )  ( x, y,5( x  y )).

2 2

So F  n  2 x  2 y  5( x  y )  7( x  y ).
2 2 2 2 2 2

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I'll do the double integral in polar.

z  x 2  y 2 intersects z  4 in x 2  y 2  4 , so the projection into the xy-

plane is

2 2 2
r4
   7r rdrd  14  r dr  14 (  56 .
2 3 2
So the flux is ) 0
0 0 0
4

Example.4.5.7: Find the flux of F  (2 x,0, z ) out of the part of the cylinder

z  1  x 2 lying above the region  1  x  1, 0  y  1. . (See Fig.4.29)

Fig. 4.29

x
The normal n = ( z x , z y ,1)  ( ,0,1)
1  x2

This cylinder is an "xz" cylinder, with the y-axis as its axis. So

the inward normal will have negative x and z components, while

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the outward normal will have positive x and z components. The normal
above has positive x and z components, so it's the right one.

x 1  x2
Next, F  n  (2 x,0, z )  ( ,0,1)  .
1  x2 1  x2

1  x2 1  x2
1 1 1
Hence, the flux =  F  ndS    dxdy  2  dx
S 0 1 1  x2 0 1  x2

1 x 1  sin 2 
1 2 2
 2 dx  2  cosd
0 1  x2 0
cos

2
sin 2 
3
  (3  cos 2 )d  3  2
0
 .
0
2 2

Example 4.5.8: Evaluate  F  dS  where F  yj  zk

S
and S is the

surface given by the paraboloid y  x 2  z 2 , 0  y  1 . Assume that S has

positive orientation.
Solution

First let’s notice that the disk is really nothing more than the cap on the
paraboloid. This means that we have a closed surface. This is important
because we’ve been told unit normal vectors will need to point outwards
from the region enclosed by S. Let’s first get a sketch of S so we can get a
feel for what is going on and in which direction we will need to unit normal
vectors to point.

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y
0, 0, 0

Fig. 4.30

f ( x, y, z )  y  g ( x, z )  y  x 2  z 2

We will next need the gradient vector of this function.

f  (2 x,1,2 z )

  f (2 x,1,2 z )
n  Let’s note a couple of things here before we
 f 4 x2  1  4 z 2
proceed. We don’t really need to divide this by the magnitude of the gradient
since this will just cancel out once we actually do the integral. So, because of
this we didn’t bother computing it. Also, the dropping of the minus sign is
not a typo. When we compute the magnitude we are going to square each of
the components and so the minus sign will drop out.

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 F  dS   ( yj  zk )  (2 x,1,2 z )dA   ( y  2 z )dA   ( x 2  z 2  2 z 2 )dA

2

S D D D

   ( x  3 z )dA
2 2

In this case D is the disk of radius 1 in the xz-plane and so it makes sense to
use polar coordinates to complete this integral. Here are polar coordinates for
this region. x  r cos , z  r sin  ,0  r  1,0    2 . Note that we kept
the x conversion formula the same as the one we are used to using for x and
let z be the formula that used the sine. We could have done it any order,

Here is the evaluation of this integral.

2 1
  ( x 2  3z 2 )dA     (r 2 cos2   3r 2 sin 2  )rdrd 
D 0 0
2 2
1 1 3 3 r4 1
  (  cos 2 )  (  cos 2 )( ) d    (4  2 cos 2 )d
1
0
0
2 2 2 2 4 80
1 2
  (4  sin 2 )   .
8 0

4.6: Divergence Theorem

When we looked at Greens Theorem, we saw that there was a relationship

between a region and the curve that encloses it. This gave us the relationship
between the line integral and the double integral. Moving to three
dimensions, the divergence theorem provides us with a relationship between
a triple integral over a solid and the surface integral over the surface that
encloses the solid.

The Divergence Theorem Let Q be a solid region bounded by a closed

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surface oriented with outward pointing unit normal vector N, and let F be a
differentiable vector field (components have continuous partial

derivatives). Then  F  NdS    FdV.

S Q

Example4.6.1:Verify divergence theorem for the vector

field F  4 xi  2 y 2 j  z 2k . taken over the region bounded by

x 2  y 2  4, z  0, z  3.

Divergence Theorem for a Vector Field

The divergence theorem can be used to calculate a surface integral by first

converting the integral to a volume integral. Sometimes one integral is easier
to calculate than the other. In this example we see how to calculate both the
surface integral and the volume integral, and verify that we get the same
answer both times.

The divergence theorem states the following:

 F  NdS    FdV. We start with the left hand side. The surface S is a
S Q

cylinder of radius 2 and height 3 lying on the xy plane. A unit outward

normal to the bottom of the cylinder is given by N1  k , a unit outward

normal to the top is N2  k and a unit outward normal to the side of the
cylinder is given by
2 xi  2 yj xi  yj
N3   .
(2 x) 2  (2 y ) 2 ( x) 2  ( y ) 2
Ttherefore we need to break the integral into three parts, one for each face of
the cylinder.

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 F  NdS  F  NdS   F  NdS   F  NdS

S S1 S2 S3

  4 xi  2 y 2 j  z 2 k  (k )dS1   4 xi  2 y 2 j  z 2 k  kdS2

S1 S2

xi  yj
  4 xi  2 y 2 j  z 2 k  dS3
S3 ( x) 2  ( y ) 2
4 x2  2 y3
  (0)dS1   32 dS2   dS3 .
S1 S2 S3 ( x) 2  ( y ) 2
The first integral is equal to zero. The second integral is equal to 9 times the
area of S2, which is 4π. Therefore the second integral equals 36π. In order to
evaluate the third integral we will switch to cylindrical coordinates. A
parametrization of the surface of the cylinder can be written as
r ( z, )  2 cosi  2 sin j  zk . rz  k , r  2 sin i  2 cosj.
i j k
rz  r  0 0 1  2 cosi  2 sin j , rz  r  2. The surface
 2 sin  2 cos 0

integral can be evaluated using the formula

 F  NdS 
S D
f (r ( z, ) rz  r dA

Therefore

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2 3
4x2  2 y3 16 cos2   16 sin 3 

S3 ( x) 2  ( y ) 2
dS3   
0 z 0
2
(2)dzd

2 2
(1  cos 2 )
 (16 cos   16 sin  )z 0 d  48  [  sin  (1  cos2  )]d
2 3 3

0 0
2
2
1 cos 2
 48  [   sin   cos2  sin  ]d
0
2 2
 sin 2 cos3  2
 48[   cos  ] 0
 48 .
2 4 3
 F  NdS 36  48  84 .
S

Adding this to the second integral we obtain 36π+48π=84π.

Now we will use the triple integral on the right hand side of the divergence
theorem:

2 4 x 2 3

  FdV     (4  4 y  2 z )dzdydx

Q 2 4 x 2 0

2 2 2
   (12  12 y  9)rdrd  2  (21  24 sin  )d
0 0 0
2
 2(21  12 cos ) 0
 84 .

The divergence of a vector field verified.

Example4.6.2: Use the divergence theorem to find the flux of

F  ( x 2 ,4 y,6 yz ) out of the boundary of R.

If R be the box 0  x  1, 0  y  2, 0  z  2. . (See Fig.4.31)

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Fig. 4.31

0, 0, 2

2, 0, 0

0, 0, 0
1, 0, 0
Y

  F  2 x  4  6 y. By the Divergence Theorem, the flux is

 F  ndS   FdV 

S Q
2 2 1 2 2

   (2 x  6 y  4)dxdydz    [ x  6 xy  4 x]0 dydz

2 1

0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1 2
   (6 y  5)dydz   [3 y  5 y ] dz   22 zdz  44.
2 2
0
0 0 0 0

Example4.6.3:Use the divergence theorem to find the flux of

F  (2 x,2 y,4 z ) over the region above by z  4  x 2  y 2 and bounded
below by the xy-plane. . (See Fig.4.32)

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Fig. 4.32

  F  2  2  4  6.

I'll convert to cylindrical. Note that

The region is 0  z  4  r ,0  r  2,0    2 .

2

By the Divergence Theorem, the flux is

 F  ndS   FdV 

S Q

2 2 4  r 2 2 2
z2
  6rdzdrd  12  r[ ]04  r dr  6  r (4  r 2 ) 2 dr
2

0 0 0 0
2 0
2
r6 2
 6  (16 r  8r 3  r 5 )dr  6 [8r 2  2r 4  ]0  64 .
0
6

4.7: Stokes' Theorem

The divergence theorem is used to find a surface integral over a closed

surface and Green's theorem is use to find a line integral that encloses a

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surface (region) in the xy-plane. The Stokes' theorem relates the surface
integral to a line integral. Since we will be working in three dimensions, we
need to discus what it means for a curve to be oriented positively. Let S be
a oriented surface with unit normal vector N and let C be the boundary
of S. Then C is positively oriented if its orientation follows the right hand
rule, that is if you right hand curls around N in the direction of C's
orientation, then your thumb will be pointing in the direction of N. As
shown in 4.33

Fig. 4.33

Now we are ready to state Stokes' Theorem. The proof will be left for a
more advanced course.

Stokes' Theorem

Let S be an oriented surface with unit normal vector N and C be the

positively oriented boundary of S. If F is a vector field with
continuous first order partial derivatives then

 F  dr   (  F )  NdS.
C S

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Example4.6.4 : Use Stokes' theorem to find  F  dr where

C

F   y 2i  xj  z 2 k , and C is the

curve of intersection of the plane y  z  2 and the cylinder x 2  y 2  1

(Orient C to be counterclockwise when viewed from below shape.)
Solution  F  dr   (  F )  NdS .
C S

i j k
  
 F   (1  2 y )k .
x y z
 y2 x z2
The projection D of S on the xy -plane is the disk

C
y z 2
S

0
D y

Fig. 4.34
x 2  y 2  1, z  f ( x, y)  2  y.
And N  S  ( z  y  2)  j  k.

So that curlF  N  (1  2 y)k  ( j  k )  1  2 y.

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Then

 F  dr   (  F )  NdS   (1  2 y)dA 
C S D
2 1 2 2
r 2r 3
  (1  2r sin  )rdrd   (  sin  ) d 
1
0
0 0 0
2 3
2
1 2 1
 ( 2  3 sin  )d  2 (2 )  0   .
0

Example4.6.5 : Use Stokes' theorem to find  F  dr where

C

F  yi  zj  xyk . And S be the part of the plane z  4  x  2 y with

upwardly pointing unit normal . . (See Fig.4.35)

Fig. 4.35

0, 0, 4

0, 2, 0
S

4, 0, 0

Solution

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First notice that without Stokes' theorem, we would have to parameterize

three different line segments. Instead we can find this with just one double
integral.

i j k
  
We have   F   (1  x)i  yj  k .
x y z
y z  xy

and N  S  ( z  x  2 y  4)  i  2 j  k.

So that curlF  N  1  x  2 y  1  x  2 y.

1
2
4 x
32
We integrate 
0 0
( x  2 y)dydx 
3
.

Example4.6.6 : Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate

 curl F  dS, F  ( z  1)i  xy 3 j  6k and S is the portion

2

of x  6  4 y 2  4 z 2 in front of x=-2 with orientation in the negative x-axis

direction.

 (  F )  NdS   F  dr
S C

x  2, x  6  4 y 2  4 z 2 at x  2, y 2  z 2  2, then

r (t )  2 i  2 sin tj  2 cos t k ,0  t  2 ,
r(t )  2 cos t j  2 sin t k.

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F (r (t ))  r (t )  (2 cos2 t  1, 2 cost  4 2 sin 3 t ,6)  (0, 2 cost , 2 sin t )

 0  2 cos2 t  8 sin 3 t cost  6 2 sin t.

2

 (  F )  NdS   F  dr   (1  cos2t  8 sin t cost  6 2 sin t )dt

3

S C 0

sin 2t 2
t  2 sin 4 t  6 2 cost 0
 2 .
2

Exercise

1-Use the divergence theorem to evaluate

 F  dS
S
where

F  ( yx 2 , xy 2  3z 4 , x3  y 2 ) and S is the surface of the sphere of radius 4

with z  0, y  0 .

2- Use the divergence theorem to evaluate

 F  dS
S
where

F  (sin x, zy 3 ,4 x  z 2 ) and S is the surface of the box with

 1  x  2,0  y  1,1  z  4.

3- Use the divergence theorem to evaluate

 F  dS
S
where

F  (2 xz ,1  4 xy 2 ,2 z  z 2 ) and S is the surface of the solid bounded by

z  6  2 x 2  2 y 2 and the plane z  0.

4- Use the divergence theorem to find the flux of

F  (3x  zx 2 , x 3  1,4 y 2  x 2 z 2 ) and S is the surface of the box with
0  x  1,3  y  0,1  2  z  1.

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5 - Use the divergence theorem to find the flux of

F  ( xy, z  1,4 z 3 ) and S is the surface of the solid bounded by

y  4 x 2  4 z 2  1 and the plane y  7.

6 -Use the divergence theorem to evaluate
 F  dS
S
where

F  (4 x  z 2 , x  3z,6  z ) and S is the surface of the solid bounded by

the cylinder x 2  y 2  36 and the planes z  2, z  3.

7 -Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate  (  F )  NdS
S

where F  ( x3 ,4 y  z 3 y 3 ,2 x) and S is the portion of

z  x2  y2  3 below z=1 with orientation in the negative z-axis

direction.
8 – Use-Stokes’-Theorem-to-evaluate  (  F )  NdS where
S

F  ( y, x, yx 3 ) and S is the portion of the sphere of radius 4

with z≥0 and the upwards orientation.
9 Let Q be the volume described by x 2  y 2  1 , 0  z  2 , and S
denoted the surface of Q, use the divergence theorem to evaluate

 F  n ds , Where F  x i  y
S
3 3
j  z 2 k.

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