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Chapter 8

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20 views

Chapter 8

Uploaded by

diegob6.14.2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Capitulo 8

Seguridad en las Redes


Cryptography

• Introduction to Cryptography
• Substitution Ciphers
• Transposition Ciphers
• One-Time Pads
• Two Fundamental Cryptographic
Principles
Need for Security
 Some people who cause security problems and why.
An Introduction to Cryptography
 The encryption model (for a symmetric-key cipher).
Transposition Ciphers
 A transposition cipher.
One-Time Pads

The use of a one-time pad for encryption and the


possibility of getting any possible plaintext from
the ciphertext by the use of some other pad.
Quantum Cryptography

 An example of quantum cryptography.


Symmetric-Key Algorithms

• DES – The Data Encryption Standard


• AES – The Advanced Encryption Standard
• Cipher Modes
• Other Ciphers
• Cryptanalysis
Product Ciphers

 Basic elements of product ciphers. (a) P-box. (b) S-


box. (c) Product.
Data Encryption Standard
 The data encryption standard. (a) General outline.
(b) Detail of one iteration. The circled + means exclusive OR.
Triple DES

 (a) Triple encryption using DES. (b) Decryption.


AES – The Advanced Encryption Standard

 Rules for AES proposals


1. The algorithm must be a symmetric block cipher.
2. The full design must be public.
3. Key lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits supported.
4. Both software and hardware implementations
required
5. The algorithm must be public or licensed on
nondiscriminatory terms.
AES (2)

 An outline of
Rijndael.
AES (3)

 Creating of the state and rk arrays.


Electronic Code Book Mode

 The plaintext of a file encrypted as 16 DES blocks.


Cipher Block Chaining Mode

 Cipher block chaining. (a) Encryption. (b) Decryption.


Cipher Feedback Mode
 (a) Encryption. (c) Decryption.
Stream Cipher Mode
 A stream cipher. (a) Encryption. (b) Decryption.
Counter Mode
 Encryption using counter mode.
Cryptanalysis
 Some common symmetric-key cryptographic algorithms.
Public-Key Algorithms

• RSA
• Other Public-Key Algorithms
RSA

 An example of the RSA algorithm.


Digital Signatures

• Symmetric-Key Signatures
• Public-Key Signatures
• Message Digests
• The Birthday Attack
Symmetric-Key Signatures

 Digital signatures with Big Brother.


Public-Key Signatures

 Digital signatures using public-key cryptography.


Message Digests

 Digital signatures using message digests.


SHA-1
 Use of SHA-1 and RSA for signing nonsecret messages.
SHA-1 (2)
 (a) A message padded out to a multiple of 512 bits.
 (b) The output variables. (c) The word array.
Management of Public Keys

• Certificates
• X.509
• Public Key Infrastructures
Problems with Public-Key
Encryption
 A way for Trudy to subvert public-key encryption.
Certificates

 A possible certificate and its signed hash.


X.509
 The basic fields of an X.509 certificate.
Public-Key Infrastructures

 (a) A hierarchical PKI. (b) A chain of certificates.


Communication Security

• IPsec
• Firewalls
• Virtual Private Networks
• Wireless Security
IPsec

 The IPsec authentication header in transport mode for


IPv4.
IPsec (2)

 (a) ESP in transport mode. (b) ESP in tunnel mode.


Firewalls
 A firewall consisting of two packet filters and an
application gateway.
Virtual Private Networks

 (a) A leased-line private network. (b) A virtual private


network.
802.11 Security
 Packet encryption using WEP.
Authentication Protocols

• Authentication Based on a Shared Secret Key


• Establishing a Shared Key: Diffie-Hellman
• Authentication Using a Key Distribution
Center
• Authentication Using Kerberos
• Authentication Using Public-Key
Cryptography
Authentication Based on a
Shared Secret Key

 Two-way authentication using a challenge-response protocol.


Authentication Based on a Shared
Secret Key (2)

 A shortened two-way authentication protocol.


Authentication Based on a Shared
Secret Key (3)

 The reflection attack.


Authentication Based on a Shared
Secret Key (4)

 A reflection attack on the protocol of Fig. 8-32.


Authentication Based on a Shared
Secret Key (5)

 Authentication using HMACs.


Establishing a Shared Key:
The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

 The Diffie-Hellman key exchange.


Establishing a Shared Key:
The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

 The bucket brigade or man-in-the-middle attack.


Authentication Using a Key
Distribution Center
 A first attempt at an authentication protocol using a
KDC.
Authentication Using a Key
Distribution Center (2)

 The Needham-Schroeder authentication protocol.


Authentication Using a Key
Distribution Center (3)

 The Otway-Rees authentication protocol (slightly


simplified).
Authentication Using
Kerberos
 The operation of Kerberos V4.
Authentication Using Public-
Key Cryptography
 Mutual authentication using public-key cryptography.
E-Mail Security

• PGP – Pretty Good Privacy


• PEM – Privacy Enhanced Mail
• S/MIME
PGP – Pretty Good Privacy
 PGP in operation for sending a message.
PGP – Pretty Good Privacy (2)

 A PGP message.
Web Security

• Threats
• Secure Naming
• SSL – The Secure Sockets Layer
• Mobile Code Security
Secure Naming

 (a) Normal situation. (b) An attack based on breaking into


DNS and modifying Bob's record.
Secure Naming (2)
 How Trudy spoofs Alice's ISP.
Secure DNS

An example RRSet for bob.com. The KEY record is Bob's


public key. The SIG record is the top-level com server's signed
has of the A and KEY records to verify their authenticity.
Self-Certifying Names

 A self-certifying URL containing a hash of server's name and


public key.
SSL—The Secure Sockets Layer

 Layers (and protocols) for a home user browsing with


SSL.
SSL (2)
 A simplified version of the SSL connection establishment
subprotocol.
SSL (3)

 Data transmission using SSL.


Java Applet Security

 Applets inserted into a Java Virtual Machine interpreter


inside the browser.
Social Issues

• Privacy
• Freedom of Speech
• Copyright
Anonymous Remailers

 Users who wish anonymity chain requests through multiple


anonymous remailers.
Freedom of Speech
 Possibly banned material:
1. Material inappropriate for children or teenagers.
2. Hate aimed at various ethnic, religious, sexual, or
other groups.
3. Information about democracy and democratic
values.
4. Accounts of historical events contradicting the
government's version.
5. Manuals for picking locks, building weapons,
encrypting messages, etc.
Steganography

 (a) Three zebras and a tree. (b) Three zebras, a tree, and the
complete text of five plays by William Shakespeare.

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