Saltwater-1-2 3

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A - CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE
ATIMONAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ATIMONAN I DISTRICT OF QUEZON PROVINCE
RESEARCH/CAPSTONE PROJECT PROPOSAL in Practical Research 2
PROPOSED TITLE Salt Water - Powered Electric Fans for Sustainable Cooling
I. Introduction Green energy, according to Bani & Kaidi (2019), also known as
renewable energy, is a widely used word to describe energy derived
from natural resources such as sun, wind, geothermal, biomass, and
hydropower. Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly
essential for ensuring a sustainable and reliable electricity supply. As
concerns over climate change and environmental impact grow, these
sources—such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass
—offer cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels. They help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, minimize pollution, and provide a more
sustainable approach to meeting global energy needs. The integration
of renewable energy into the grid is critical for transitioning to a more
resilient and eco-friendly energy system, supporting long-term
environmental and economic stability. Solar energy is the fastest
growing renewable energy source. However, Bani, et al. (2018) had
stated that the expensive installation and maintenance costs of a solar
system have discouraged consumers from implementing this
technology at their house or commercial structure.
Water is one of the most abundant resources on Earth, covering

three-quarters of its surface. Water covers approximately 71% of the
Earth's surface. The oceans contain around 97.5% saltwater, with only
about 2.5% freshwater. However, the majority of freshwater is trapped
in ice caps and glaciers, with only around 1% of the world's
freshwater readily available for human use. Saltwater, primarily from
oceans and seas, is necessary for a variety of reasons. It promotes
Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

Atimonan, Quezon 4331
(ANCHS-JHS Site Campus)
Address 2: AH26 Maharlika Highway,
Brgy. Buhangin Atimonan, Quezon 4331
(ANCHS-SHS Buhangin Campus)
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diverse marine life, aids in nutrient cycling, and regulates world
temperatures by absorbing and distributing solar radiation.
Furthermore, Morabet et al. (2019) said that it is essential for
economic activities such as commercial fishing, international
shipping, and tourism. Saltwater is available in abundance and energy
can be harnessed directly with ease.
Moreover, fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are
fraught with issues. Burning these fuels to produce energy emits
pollutants including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which
contribute to air pollution and can cause respiratory and
cardiovascular problems. Nuclear power, while providing a substantial
amount of low carbon electricity, presents its own set of challenges.
As stated by Hyunho Ha et al. (2024) Developing seawater-based

electricity devices that can produce energy constantly regardless of
environmental circumstances and without external energy sources
remains a significant problem. Developing seawater-based electricity
devices that can consistently generate power without being affected by
environmental conditions or relying on external sources remains a
significant challenge due to issues with intermittency, technological
complexity, energy storage, high costs, and infrastructure integration.
Energy storage is highly essential and very instrumental in energy
systems for better balance and efficiency in operation. The use of
saltwater and the Na-metal-free anode enables high safety and low
cost, as well as control of cell voltage and energy density by changing
the salt concentration (Bani et al., 2018).
The present study illustrates that saltwater holds significant

potential
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as an energy source, highlighting its feasibility for development

into a viable option for powering devices. This approach promises to
contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy
landscape, offering an innovative alternative to traditional energy
sources. By harnessing the unique properties of saltwater, the study
underscores the opportunity to advance energy technology, reduce
reliance on fossil fuels, and support a cleaner, more resilient energy
system.
A. Research Questions This study aims to test the effectivity and proficiency of saltwater-
based electric fans for sustainable cooling. Specifically, this study
seeks answers to the following questions:
1. What factors influence the usage and efficiency of
saltwater-powered electric fans in terms of:
a. Amount of saltwater?
b. Number of volts produced?
c. Time efficiency?
2. What are the effects of using saltwater-powered

electric fans in terms of:
a. Energy consumption?
b. Cooling Efficiency?
HYPOTHESIS Ho. The amount of saltwater used, the number of volts produced,
and the time efficiency do not significantly affect the operational
efficiency, energy consumption, or cooling effectiveness of saltwater-
powered electric fans compared to conventional fans.

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II. BRIEF REVIEW OF RELATED This chapter presents a comprehensive review of both local and
LITERATURE AND STUDIES international literature and research related to saltwater-based electric
devices, with a focus on their potential as a viable alternative energy
source. The objective is to introduce and elaborate on a range of ideas
and findings to enhance and refine the current study’s framework.
Currently, Maradin (2021), estimated that over 20% of global
energy consumption comes from renewable sources, and this figure
continues to rise. In the area of energy harvesting and storage,
considerable efforts have been invested in using the planet's plentiful
seawater as a sustainable energy source. As stated by Bani, et al.
(2018), a new and promising renewable energy source called blue
energy, which leverages the conductive properties of salt water, has
been keeping researchers and engineers around the world
exceptionally busy. One energy resource that has not yet fully realized
its potential is saltwater energy.
According to Bani, et el. (2019), when salt dissolves in water, the

sodium and chlorine ions separate, enabling the free movement of ions
within the solution contains dissolved ions that can conduct electricity.
However, as stated by Ha, et al. (2024), technologies such as saltwater
batteries or fuel cells utilize these properties to generate power.
Additionally, salinity gradients between freshwater and saltwater can
be exploited in processes like salinity gradient power or blue energy,
where the difference in salt concentration creates energy.

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Developing and utilizing saltwater-powered electric fans opens up
new avenues for research and education. It promotes interest in
alternative energy technologies and can be a valuable tool for
demonstrating principles of electrochemistry and renewable energy in
educational settings.
The existing literature underscores the promising potential of

saltwater-based electric fans by demonstrating their feasibility,
efficiency, and the benefits they offer over traditional technologies.
This body of research supports ongoing development and innovation
in this area, paving the way for more widespread adoption and
practical use.
Conceptual Framework
This section of the research integrates various concepts from
different studies, focusing on the feasibility and effectiveness of
saltwater, based on the diverse perspectives of researchers involved in
this field. This study revolves around the dependent and independent
variables of the study. The saltwater-based electric fan, as the one
tested and manipulated to determine the results based from the given
dependent variables: Amount of saltwater, number of volts produced,
time efficiency, energy consumption and cooling efficiency of
saltwater-powered electric fan. A novel approach to the production of
renewable energy is provided by salt water energy, which is mainly
obtained through salinity gradient techniques. A number of
techniques, such as reversed electrodialysis and pressure retarded
osmosis, utilize the energy derived from the difference in salt
concentration between freshwater and seawater to generate electricity.
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According to the concept of Park et al. (2016) the use of saltwater and
a sodium-metal-free anode ensures high safety and low cost while
allowing the cell voltage and energy density to be adjusted by varying
the salt concentration. A battery utilizing a hard carbon anode and 5 M
saltwater exhibited outstanding cycling stability, delivering a high
discharge capacity of 296 mA h per gram of hard carbon and a
coulombic efficiency of 98% over 50 cycles. Compared to other
battery types, it significantly lowers energy costs and offers relatively
low power costs when used in energy storage systems. A saltwater
desalination method was proposed by Gu et al. (2018) that uses a
high-voltage static electric field to remove dissolved ions from the
water. This process works by applying the static electric field, which
exerts an electric force on the ions in the saltwater, effectively
separating ions of opposite charges. Moreover, The proposed SWEG
of Ha et al. (2024) produces a stable open-circuit voltage of
approximately 300 mV. After being fully discharged at a high current
density of 0.5 µA cm−2, the voltage can recover within 2 hours. When
discharged at a moderate current density of 0.1 µA cm−2, a significant
voltage is maintained for 24 hours. This continuous energy generation
is driven by the ion redistribution between the electrode surfaces and
the saltwater electrolyte. In general, saltwater batteries generate 2.5
volts per cell. Multiple cells can be connected in series to obtain a
voltage that is sufficient for practical purposes. For example, two
saltwater batteries would need to be connected in series in order to
attain 5 volts. According to user reports, a fully charged cell will
normally give between 2 and 2.2 volts in practice. However, the
empirical equations developed by Rosauro & Jumamil (2015),
demonstrate that the fundamental electrical quantities—voltage,
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resistance, and current—follow power-law relationships with water
salinity. These power-law relationships allow for the calculation of
these quantities based on water salinity. Specifically, resistance has an
inverse power-law relationship with salinity, salinity has an inverse
power-law relationship with applied voltage, and current has a direct
power-law relationship with salinity.
In conclusion, saltwater energy is still being researched. Its

feasibility has been tested for producing electrolytes and generating
energy to power devices. Further research aims to explore and
establish saltwater as a dependable energy source for powering
electronics. Specifically, this study seeks to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of a saltwater-powered electric fan.
Research Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1: Independent-Dependent Relationship of Saltwater-Powered

Electric for Sustainable Cooling

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The diagram illustrates the relationship and interaction between

the independent and dependent variables in the study.
The independent variable is the saltwater-based electric fan. This
study will assess, compare, and manipulate its functionality and
performance to explore its potential properties.
The dependent variable focuses on the sustainability and
effectiveness of cooling provided by the saltwater-based fan
. The goal is to determine whether replacing traditional battery-
powered fans with saltwater-powered fans can enhance efficiency and
sustainability. The researchers aim to evaluate the independent
variable and analyze the results through the dependent variables,
comparing the
performance of saltwater-based fans to that of commonly used
battery-powered fans.
III. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the method of research design, the
respondents of the study, the instrument used, data gathering
procedures, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Method and Technique

The researchers will employ the quantitative method and use
experimental research design to determine the efficiency, performance
and sustainability of the Salt Water Electric Fan System. This method
will use to develop and test a prototype in controlled conditions to
gather quantitative data on its operation an effectiveness. Also, the
benchmarking method will use to compare the salt water-powered
fan's performance and efficiency with conventional electric fans.
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Thus, the experimental quantitative research design which is a
quantitative method attempts to study conducted with a scientific
approach using two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant,
which you use to measure the differences of the second set
(QuestionPro, n.d.).
Subject of the Study

The subject of the study focuses on designing, constructing, and
evaluating an electric fan powered by saltwater. The goal is to explore
the feasibility of using saltwater as a sustainable energy source for
cooling applications, assess the performance of the fan in terms of
efficiency and cooling capability, and evaluate the environmental and
economic impacts compared to traditional electric fans. The study will
cover the engineering design process, prototype development,
performance testing, and analysis of the overall sustainability and
viability of the saltwater-powered fan.
Sampling Design and Procedures

The Researchers will use a purposive sampling to choose specific
prototypes based on their relevance to the research objectives. This
approach is suitable because it allows for deliberate selection of
prototypes with varied configurations to evaluate different aspects of
the system.
Research Instrument Used

The researchers will use the Documentation Instrument or
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Observation to systematically gather, analyze, and interpret data
related to the design, performance, and sustainability of the fan. This
includes motor specifications, blade materials, and integration details,
ensuring consistency in prototype development and replication. Also,
the Researchers assess the efficiency of the saltwater-powered electric
fans, a comprehensive research instrument will be employed,
combining various measurement tools and methodologies. This
consist of a performance testing setup, which includes an Airflow
Meter and a Multimeter. The Airflow Meter is used to measure the
volume of air circulated by the fan. Positioned at a standardized
distance from the fan's output, it records airflow rates in cubic feet per
minute (CFM) or liters per second (L/s) during different operational
speeds of the fan. This data is critical for determining the fan’s
effectiveness in moving air. The Multimeter measures the electrical
power consumption of the fan. By recording the voltage and current
supplied by the saltwater power source, the multimeter allows for the
calculation of power usage in watts (W). This measurement helps in
assessing the energy efficiency of the fan.
Materials and Method

 Prepare all the necessary materials and components needed
such as front guard, fan blade, rear guard, motor cover, slide
pipe and etc.
 Gather the electric fan including the DC motor or brushless
motor compatible with the power output of the saltwater
source.
 Construct a base for the electric fan and securely attach all the
essential components to it. This includes mounting the fan
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motor, fan blades, and fan casting. Connect the wires from the
power source to the fan motor.
 Test the performance of the under consistent temperature and
humidity conditions to ensure accurate results.
Treatment and General Procedures

The experimentation consists of two (2) independent variables,
varying the airflow rate and energy consumption, varying size of the
fans. There are three (3) setups under the varying the airflow rate and
energy. Setups A to C consist of different amount of Saltwater. Setup
A consist of one liter of saltwater; Setup B consist of ten liters of
saltwater; Setup C consist of twenty liters of saltwater. All setups
consist of five (5) trials. There are three (3) setups under the varying
size of the fans. Setups A to C consist of different size of a fan. Setup
A consist of 29 to 36 inches; Setup B consist of 42 to 48 inches; Setup
C consist of 52 to 56 inches.
IV. LIST OF REFERENCES Bani, et al. (2018, July). Harvesting sustainable energy from salt
water:
part I–effect of types of electrodes. In 2018 2nd International
Conference
on Smart Sensors and Application (ICSSA) (pp. 84-87). IEEE.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329491665_Harvesting_Sust
ainable_
Energy_from_Salt_Water_Part_I_-_Effect_of_Types_of_Electrodes
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Bani et al. (2019). Harvesting sustainable energy from saltwater, part

II:
effect of electrode geometry. Test engineering and management,
81(11-12).
Retrieved from https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/88747
‌El Morabet et al. (n.d.). Saltwater a viable source of Energy

forSustainable Rural Development. Retrieved from
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112873588/cest2019_00205
Gu, L. et al. (2012). Ion distribution in saltwater under high-voltage

static electric field. Advanced Materials Research, 361, 865-869.
Ha, H., Jang, Y. et al. (2024). Continuous and self-charging

electricity generator based on saltwater. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 488, 151054. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138589472402
5415
Jumare, I. A. (2020). Energy storage with salt water battery: A

preliminary design and economic assessment. Journal of energy
Storage, 27, 101130. Retrieved from
352152X19301409
Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable

energy sources. Progress in energy and combustion science, 31(3),
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242-281. Retrieve from
014
Maradin, D. (2021). Advantages and disadvantages of renewable
energy sources utilization. International Journal of Energy Economic
and Policy, 11(3), 176-183. Retrieved from
https://www.zbw.eu/econis
archiv/bitstream/11159/7697/1/1771636475_0.
Park, S. et al. (2016). Saltwater as the energy source for low-cost, safe
rechargeable batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 4(19),
7207-7213.Retrieved from
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/
2016/ta/c6ta01274d/unauth
Rosauro, O. R., & Jumamil, M. (2015). Empirical Equations Related

to Electricity Generation from Salt Water: Contribution to Renewable
Energy. NMSCST Research Journal, 3(1). Retrieved from
https://www.nmsc.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/nrj/article/view/32

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Republic of the Philippines

RESEARCH/CAPSTONE PROJECT PROPOSAL in Practical Research 2

Water is one of the most abundant resources on Earth, covering

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

As stated by Hyunho Ha et al. (2024) Developing seawater-based

The present study illustrates that saltwater holds significant

as an energy source, highlighting its feasibility for development

2. What are the effects of using saltwater-powered

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

According to Bani, et el. (2019), when salt dissolves in water, the

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

The existing literature underscores the promising potential of

In conclusion, saltwater energy is still being researched. Its

Figure 1: Independent-Dependent Relationship of Saltwater-Powered

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

The diagram illustrates the relationship and interaction between

Research Method and Technique

Subject of the Study

Sampling Design and Procedures

Research Instrument Used

Materials and Method

Treatment and General Procedures

Bani et al. (2019). Harvesting sustainable energy from saltwater, part

‌El Morabet et al. (n.d.). Saltwater a viable source of Energy

Gu, L. et al. (2012). Ion distribution in saltwater under high-voltage

Ha, H., Jang, Y. et al. (2024). Continuous and self-charging

Jumare, I. A. (2020). Energy storage with salt water battery: A

Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable

Rosauro, O. R., & Jumamil, M. (2015). Empirical Equations Related

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME OF THE RESEARCHER

Address 1: Dr. Ramon Soler St. Ext. Zone II Pob.

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