Calculus 1

The Derivative of
Transcendental Functions
and Logarithmic Differentiation
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Calculus 1

The Derivative of
Transcendental Functions I
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

After the completion of the topics the student can:

• Evaluate the derivative of transcendental functions
• Derive formulas to determine the derivatives of a transcendental functions
Derivative of the Sine Function
By the definition of the derivative, we have

d sin x + h − sin(x)
sin x = lim
dx h→0 h
We know that sin(x + h) = sin(x)cos(h) + cos(x)sin(h)

So we have,

d sin x+h −sin(x) d sin x)cos(h)+cos x sin(h −sin(x)

dx
sin x = lim h
= dx sin x = lim h
h→0 h→0

sin x)[cos h −1]+cos x sin(h cos h −1 sin(h)

= lim = sin(x)lim + cos(x)lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
= [sin(x)] (0) + [cos(x)](1)
= cos(x)
Try getting the derivative of the cosine function using the same manner but of course using a
different trigonometric formula / identity.
Derivative of the Tangent Function
sin(x)
We know that tan x = , so we will be using the quotient rule here.
cos(x)
So we have,

d d sin(x)
tann x =
dx dx cos(x)
cos x cos x −sin(x)(− sin x )
=
cos2 (x)
cos2 x +sin2 (x)
= 2
cos (x)
but cos 2
x + sin2 x = 1
1
= cos2 (x)
2
= sec (x)

Try getting the derivative of the cotangent function using the same manner but of course using
a different trigonometric formula / identity.
Derivative of the Secant Function
1
We know that sec x = cos(x)
, so we will be using the quotient rule here.
So we have,

d d 1
tann x =
dx dx cos(x)
[cos x ](0)−1(− sin x )
=
cos2 (x)
sin(x)
= 2 but cos 2
x + sin2 x = 1
cos (x)
1 sin(x)
= cos(x) tan(x)
= sec(x)tan(x)

Try getting the derivative of the cosecant function using the same manner but of course using
a different trigonometric formula / identity.
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

f(x) f’(x)
sin(x) cos(x)
cos(x) - sin(x)
tan(x) sec2(x)
cot(x) - csc2(x)
sec(x) sec(x)tan(x)
csc(x) - csc(x)cot(x)
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
where u = g(x)
f(u) f’(u)
sin(u) u’cos(u)
cos(u) - u’sin(u)
tan(u) u’sec2(u)
cot(u) - u’csc2(u)
sec(u) u’sec(u)tan(u)
csc(u) - u’csc(u)cot(u)
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 20cscx − 2cotx − 7

f ’(x) = 20 −cscxcotx − 2 −csc 2 x
f ’(x) = 2csc 2 x − 20cscxcotx

2. g(x) = 2x 6 tanx
g’(x) = 2x 6 sec 2 x + tanx 12x 5 (by product rule)
g’(x) = 2x 5 xsec 2 x + 6tanx
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

3. f(x) = 10secxtanx
f ’(x) = 10 secx sec 2 x + tanx secxtanx (by product rule)
f ’(x) = 10secx sec 2 x + tan2 x

2sint
4. h(t) =
cost − t2
cost−t2 2cost −(2sint)(−sint−2t)
h’(t) = (by quotient rule)
(cost−t2 )2
2(cos2 t+ sin2 t)−2t2 cost+4tsint
h’(t) = (cost−t2 )2
2(2tsint−t2 cost+1)
h’(t) = (cost−t2 )2
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

5. f(x) = 10sec 10x 3

Here u = 10x 3
f ’(x) =[10sec(10x 3 ) tan 10x 3 ] 30x 2
f ’(x) =300x 2 sec(10x 3 ) tan 10x 3

1 − cos(4t)
6. h(t) = 1 + cos(4t)
Here u = 4t
(1+cos 4t ) sin(4t))(4 −(1−cos(4t))(−sin 4t )(4)
h’(t) = (by quotient rule)
(1+cos(4t))2
4 sin 4t [1+cos 4t +1−cos 4t ]
h’(t) =
(1+cos(4t))2
8sin(4t)
h’(t) =
(1+cos(4t))2
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

7. f(x) = 5tan3 4x 2
Here u = 4x 2
f ’(x) =(5)(3tan2 4x 2 ) (sec 2 4x 2 ) 8x
power rule trigo u’
f ’(x) = 120tan2 4x 2 sec 2 4x 2
Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
f(x) f ’(x)
ex ex
ln x 1
x
For f(u) where u = g(x)
f(u) f ’(u)
eu u′eu
ln u u′
u
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1. f(x) = −5ex
f ’(x) = −5ex

2. g(x) = 2x 6 lnx
1
g’(x) = 2x 6 + lnx 12x 5 (by product rule)
x
g’(x) = 2x 5 1 + 6lnx

3. y = 4 ln2 cos𝑥
−sinx
y’ = 8ln(cosx) (by power rule then chain rule)
cosx
y’ = - 8tanxln(cosx)
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

4. f(x) = ex sinx
f ’(x) = ex cosx + ex sinx (by product rule)

ex −1
5. g(x) = ex +1
ex +1 ex −(ex −1)(ex )
g’(x) = (by quotient rule)
(ex +1)2
2ex
g’(x) = (ex +1)2

6. f(x) = e2x −cos4x

f’(x) = e2x −cos4x (2 + 4sin4x) (by chain rule)
f’(x) = 2(1 + 2sin4x) e2x −cos4x
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

7. f(x) = esinx
f ’(x) = esinx cosx

8. g(x) = ln3 (sec x )

sec x tan(x)
g’(x) = 3ln2 (sec x )
sec(x)
g’(x) = 3tan(x) ln2 (sec x )

9. f(x) = cos(e2x −cos4x )

f’(x) = −sin(e2x −cos4x ) (e2x −cos4x )(2 + 4sin4x)

10. h(x) = xlnx

1
h’(x) = x + lnx 1 = 1 + ln(x)
x
 Calculus 1

Logarithmic
Differentiation
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

After the completion of the topics the student can:

• Evaluate the derivative of complicated functions using logarithmic differentiation
 Logarithmic Differentiation

Taking the derivatives of some complicated functions can be simplified by using logarithms. This is
called logarithmic differentiation.

We use logarithmic differentiation in situations where it is easier to differentiate the logarithm of a

function than to differentiate the function itself. This approach allows calculating derivatives of power,
rational and some irrational functions in an efficient manner.
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)4
1. y= 𝑥 8 (𝑥+2)6

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)4
lny = ln
𝑥 8 (𝑥 + 2)6

Then by using properties of logarithms,

lny = 2 ln x + 1 + 4ln(x − 1) − 8lnx − 6ln(x + 2)

Now taking the derivative of both sides,

y′ 2 4 8 6
= + − −
y x+1 x−1 x 𝑥+2

Multiplying both sides by y,

2 4 8 6
y′ = y + − −
x+1 x−1 x 𝑥+2

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)4
But y = 𝑥 8 (𝑥+2)6
, so

′
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)4 2 4 8 6
y = + − −
𝑥 8 (𝑥 + 2)6 x+1 x−1 x 𝑥+2
Examples:
x2 +2x+4
2. y =
(x2 −4)( x3 −8)

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

x 2 + 2x + 4
lny = ln
(x 2 − 4)( x 3 − 8)

Then by using properties of logarithms,

1
lny = ln x 2 + 2x + 4 − ln x 2 − 4 − ln x 3 − 8
2

Now taking the derivative of both sides,

y′ 2x + 2 2x 3x 2
= 2 − −
y x + 2x + 4 x 2 − 4 2(x 3 − 8)

Multiplying both sides by y,

′
2x + 2 2x 3x 2
y =y 2 − −
x + 2x + 4 x 2 − 4 2(x 3 − 8)

x2 +2x+4
But y = , so
(x2 −4)( x3 −8)

′
x 2 + 2x + 4 2(x + 1) 2x 3x 2
y = − −
(x 2 − 4)( x 3 − 8) x 2 + 2x + 4 x 2 − 4 2(x 3 − 8)
Examples:
3. y = x x , x > 0

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

lny = xlnx

Now taking the derivative of both sides, we use product rule on the right side,

y′ 1
= x + lnx
y x

Multiplying both sides by y,

y ′ = y (1 +lnx)

But y = x x , so
y ′ = x x (1 + lnx)
Examples:
4 𝑥 2−4
4. y = , x>2
𝑥 2+4

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

1/4
𝑥 2 −4 1
lny = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 +4
= 4 [ln 𝑥 2 − 4 − ln 𝑥 2 + 4 ]

Now taking the derivative of both sides,

y′ 1 2𝑥 2𝑥
= −
y 4 𝑥2 − 4 𝑥2 + 4

Multiplying both sides by y and simplifying,

1
2
𝑥 −4 4 2𝑥 𝑥 2 +4−(𝑥 2 −4)
y′ = 𝑥2+ 4 4 (𝑥 2 −4)(𝑥 2 +4)

So
4𝑥
y′ = 5 3
(𝑥 2 +4)4 (𝑥 2 −4)4
Examples:
5. y = cosx sinx

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

lny = sinxln(cosx)

Now taking the derivative of both sides, we use product rule on the right side,

y′ −sinx
= sinx + [ln(cosx)]cosx
y cosx

Multiplying both sides by y,

y ′ = y [−sinxtanx + cosxln(cosx)]

But y = cosx sinx , so

y ′ = cosx sinx [cosxln cosx − sinxtanx]
Examples:
6. y = secx tanx

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

lny = tanxln(secx)

Now taking the derivative of both sides, we use product rule on the right side,

y′ secxtanx
= tanx + [ln(secx)]sec2x
y secx

Multiplying both sides by y,

y ′ = y [tan2x + sec2xln(secx)]

But y = cosx sinx , so

y ′ = secx tanx [tan2x + sec2xln(secx)]
Examples:
7. y = sinx xcosx

Take the natural logarithms of both sides:

lny = (xcosx)ln(sinx)

Now taking the derivative of both sides, we use product rule on the right side,
y′ cosx
= xcosx + [ln(sinx)][x(-sinx)+cosx]
y sinx

Multiplying both sides by y,

y ′ = y [xcosxcotx − xsinxln sinx +cosxln(sinx)]

But y = cosx sinx , so

y ′ = sinx xcosx [xcosxcotx − xsinxln sinx + cosxln(sinx)]
 Calculus 1

Derivatives of
Transcendental Functions II
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

After the completion of the topics the student can:

• Evaluate the derivative of transcendental functions
• Derive formulas to determine the derivatives of a transcendental functions
Derivatives of Exponential Functions other than e
Examples of exponential functions with bases other than e are y = 2x and y = 10x - 1
For this cases, we apply logarithmic differentiation.

In general, if y = ax , where a is not equal to 1 or 0, then

lny = xlna

Getting the derivative of both sides,

y′
= x 0 + (lna)(1)
y
y ′ = ylna
y’ = ax lna
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1) y = 2x
y’ = 2x ln2

2) y = x2x
y’ = x(2x ln2) + 2x (product rule)
y’ = 2x xln2 + 1

4x
3) y = x2
x2 4x ln4 − 4x (2x)
y’ = (quotient rule)
x4
x4x (xln4−2)
y’ = x4
x
4 (xln4−2)
y’ = x3
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions other than e
Examples of logarithmic functions with bases other than e are y = log x and y = log 5 x.

In logarithm, we may apply change of base. That is

lnx
log a x = , where a > 0
lna

So if y = log a x, then
1
y′ =
xlna

1 1
Since y = lna lnx and lna
is a constant.
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1) y = log 8 x
1
y’ = xln8

2) y = x 2 log 2 x
1
y’ = x 2 (xln2) + (log 2 x)(2x) (product rule)
x
y’ = ln2 + 2xlog 2 x

log x
3) y = x3
1
x3 −(log x)(3x2 )
y’ = xln10
x6
(quotient rule)
x2
−3x2 logx
y’ = ln10
x6
x2 (1−3ln10logx) 1−3ln10logx 1−3lnx
y’ = = = x4 ln10
x6 ln10 x4 ln10
Derivative of Arcsine Function

Let y = arcsin(x)
Then sin(y) = x. Though the process will be discussed more on the next module, we use implicit
differentiation here.
We have,
cos(y)dy = dx
dy 1 1
= = sec(y) x
dx cos(y)
y
Using the function sin(y) = x, we can draw the triangle on the right. Note 1 − 𝑥2
that the angle is y and x is the side opposite angle y.
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ = sec 𝑦 , from the triangle 𝑦 ′ = 2
1−𝑥

Try to find the derivative of the other inverse trigonometric function using the same procedure.
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

f(x) f’(x)
arcsin(x) 1
1 − 𝑥2
arccos(x) 1
−
1 − 𝑥2
arctan(x) 1
1 + 𝑥2
arccot(x) 1
−
1 + 𝑥2
arcsec(x) 1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
arccsc(x) 1
−
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y y’
arcsin(u) 𝑢′
1 − 𝑢2
arccos(u) 𝑢′
−
1 − 𝑢2
arctan(u) 𝑢′
1 + 𝑢2
arccot(u) 𝑢′
−
1 + 𝑢2
arcsec(u) 𝑢′
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
arccsc(u) 𝑢′
−
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
Examples:

Differentiate each of the following functions:

1) f(x) = 5arcsinx + 4arccosx

5 4 1
f’(x) = 2
+ − 2
=
1−x 1−x 1−x2

2) g(x) = 1 + x 2 tan−1 x
1
g’(x) = 1 + x 2 1+x2 + tan−1 x 2x
g’(x) = 1 + 2xtan−1 x
Examples:

3) y = 2xarcsinx
1
y’ = 2x( 2
) +(arcsinx)(2) (product rule)
1−x
2x
y’ = + 2arcsinx
1−x2

4) y = ln 1 + x 2 + 2xtan−1 x
2x 1
y’ = 1+x2 + 2x 1+x2 + 2tan−1 x (product rule)
4x
y’ = 1+x2 + 2tan−1 x
 Hyperbolic Functions

f(x) Equivalent
sinh(x) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2
cosh(x) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
tanh(x) sinh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
coth(x) 1
tanh 𝑥
sech(x) 1
cosh 𝑥
csch(x) 1
sinh 𝑥
Derivative of sinh(x)
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Let y = sinh(x) = 2
Taking the derivative using the equivalent of sinh(x), we have

1
y’ = 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 , which from the table is equal to cosh(x).

Try to find the derivative of the other hyperbolic functions using the given equivalent function.
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

f(x) f’(x)
sinh(x) cosh(x)
cosh(x) sinh(x)
tanh(x) sech2(x)
coth(x) - csch2(x)
sech(x) - sech(x)tanh(x)
csch(x) - csch(x)coth(x)
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
where u = g(x)

y y’
sinh(u) u’cosh(u)
cosh(u) u’sinh(u)
tanh(u) u’sech2(u)
coth(u) - u’csch(u)
sech(u) - u’sech(u)tanh(u)
csch(u) - u’csch(u)coth(u)
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 5sinhx − 4coshx

f’(x) = 5coshx − 4sinhx

2. g(x) = 1 + x 2 tanhx
g’(x) = 1 + x 2 sech2 x + tanhx 2x (product rule)
g’(x) = 1 + x 2 sech2 x + 2xtanhx

3. h(x) = ex cschx
h’(x) = ex −cschxcothx + cschx ex (product rule)
h’(x) = ex cschx(1 − cothx)
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

f(x) f’(x)
sinh-1 (x) 1
1 + 𝑥2
cosh-1 (x) 1
𝑥2 − 1
tanh-1 (x) 1
1 − 𝑥2
coth-1 (x) 1
1 − 𝑥2
sech-1 (x) 1
-
𝑥 1−𝑥 2

csch-1 (x) 1
-
𝑥 1+𝑥 2
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

f(x) f’(x)
sinh-1 (u) 𝑢′
1 + 𝑢2
cosh-1 (u) 𝑢′
𝑢2 − 1
tanh-1 (u) 𝑢′
1 − 𝑢2
coth-1 (u) 𝑢′
1 − 𝑢2
𝑢′
sech-1 (u) -
𝑢 1−𝑢 2

𝑢′
csch-1 (u) -
𝑢 1+𝑢2
Examples:
Differentiate each of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 5sinh−1 x 2
10x
f’(x) = 4
(used chain rule for the numerator)
1+x

2. g(x) = 5xtanh−1 ex
5xex
g’(x) = + 5tanh−1 ex (product rule)
1−e2x

3. h x = coth−1 (cosx)
−sinx
h′ x = 1−cos2x (used chain rule for the numerator)
−sinx
h′ x = sin2 x
h′ x = −cscx
References:
Printed References

Stewart, James (2018). Calculus: International Metric Version. Australia: Cengage Learning.
Larson, Ron and Bruce H. Edwards (2019). Calculus. Ninth Edition. Australia: Cengage Learning.
Danao, Rolando A. (2017). Core Concepts of Calculus with Applications. Quezon City: The University
of the Philippines Press.
Prieto – Valdez, Juan J. (2017). Calculus Notebook: Calculus and Analytic Geometry.
Stein, Sherman K. (2016). Calculus in the first three dimensions. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
Bittinger, M., Ellenbogen, D. and Surgent, S. (2016). Calculus and its Applications. Singapore: Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
References:
Online References

http://www.sosmath.com/calculus/calculus.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/CalculusandAnalysis.html
http://www.calculus.org/
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/
http://www.math.hmc.edu/calculus/tutorials/
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Calc/
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1
https://www.math24.net/topics-calculus/
http://spot.pcc.edu/math/APEXCalculus/