Methods of circuit analysis

Nodal Analysis (NA)

Mesh Analysis (MA)

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Remarks (Ohm’s law)

R Ix R Iy
+ +
Vx Vy
- -

Reference Node V=R(Ix- Iy) : Current direction “x” to

(ground) “y”

Vx- Vy
I= V=R(Iy- Ix) : Current direction “y” to
R “x”
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Nodal Analysis ( KCL)
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using
node voltages as circuit variables.
The voltages of the nodes all have the same reference i.e. ground.

The nodal analysis of the circuit consists of the following three steps:
1- Identify the “n” essential nodes in the circuit and choose a reference
node
2- Apply KCL to non reference nodes “n-1” equations
3- Express these currents in terms of nodes’ voltages
4- Solve the equation system Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Nodal Analysis (Cont’d)

1Ω i1 10V
Case : floating source i3
grounded  super node
i2 i4
Constraint 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 10
5Ω 10Ω 3A
Super Node

−𝑖 − 𝑖 − 𝑖 − 𝑖 = 0

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
− − − +3=0 +12𝑉 + 𝑉 = 30
1 5 10
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Mesh Analysis ( KVL)
Mesh analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using
Mesh current as circuit variables.

The mesh analysis of the circuit consists of the following three steps:

1- Identify the “m” meshes in the circuit

2- Apply KVL to each mesh“n” equations

3- Express these Voltages in terms of mesh’s current
4- Solve the equation system
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Mesh Analysis ( cont’d)

Case : current source shared between two meshes
6Ω I1 I2 4Ω
Super Mesh (1)
𝑉 Ω + 𝑉 Ω + 𝑉 Ω − 42 = 0
5A
6 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 + 3 𝐼 = 42
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
5A 3Ω
6 𝐼 + 7 𝐼 = 42
42V
Constrain (2) 𝐼 = 0,53𝐴 𝐼 = 5,53𝐴
𝐼 = 5+𝐼

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Fundamental Theorems in circuit analysis
(week 07)
 Source transformation
 Thévenin’s theorem
 Norton’s theorem
 Superposition theorem
 Millman's theorem
 Maximum power transfer
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Source transformation theorem

Source transformation is the process of simplifying a circuit solution,
especially with mixed sources, by transforming voltage sources into
current sources and vice versa.

ZS
VS IS ZS

In reality, sources have internal impedance Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

 Voltage source to source current
a a
ZS
VS VS
IS = ZS
ZS
b b

Voltage source to Current source

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Current source to voltage source

a a
ZS
IS ZS VS = Z S I S

b b

Current source to Voltage source

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Equivalence of source transformation
The characteristics of the transformed circuit at terminals “a” and “b” remain
unchanged:
* Same Open-Circuit current VOC * Same Short-Sircuit current ISC
a a
ZS VS
VS I ab  0 IS =
ZS
ZS I ab  0
b b
VS
Zs
V ab  V s 
V ab  Zs IS V S
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Equivalence of source transformation

The characteristics of the transformed circuit at terminals “a” and “b” remain
unchanged:
* Same Open-Circuit current VOC * Same Short-Sircuit current ISC
a a
ZS
VS V ab  0 IS =
VS
ZS V ab  0
ZS
b b

V VS
I ab  S I ab  I S 
ZS ZS
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Thévenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem gives us a method for simplifying a network.
So, any linear network can be replaced by a voltage source VTh in series
with an impedance ZTh.

Black Box Circuit

a ZTh a
Thévenin
VTh Equivalent
Circuit
b
b

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

• To find VTh : the voltage • To find ZTh : the impedance
between “a” and “b”  no load between “a” and “b” no load Zab
VOC . and no source is in the circuit:
Known Circuit
a Voltage source in SC Current source in OC

VOC

b
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Thévenin Equivalent Circuits
In case with dependent source :
-1- 𝑽𝑻𝑯 : the same procedure as in the first case
-2- 𝑹𝑻𝑯 :
a)- all independent sources are turned off
b)- RTh is calculated by applying a current source Or voltage source
at the open terminal. For simple calculations :
𝟏𝑽
¤ Using Voltage source of 1V , then find the current Io 𝑹𝑻𝒉 =
𝑰𝟎
𝑽𝟎
¤ Using Current source of 1A, find the current Vo 𝑹𝑻𝒉 =
𝟏𝑨
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem gives us a method for simplifying a network.
So, any linear network can be replaced by a current source IN in parallel
with an impedance ZN.

Black Box Circuit

a a
Thévenin
IN ZN Equivalent
Circuit
b
b

Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

 Norton Equivalent Circuits
To find IN
Known Circuit
1- Detach the load resistor

2- Short circuit the output

Find ISC througth the shorted output ISC

IN = ISC (By using NA ,MA,…)

To find ZN
Same procedure as for ZTH
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Superposition Theorem
• Superposition says that a circuit with multiple
sources can be solved by this process:

1.) Set all sources = 0, except one.

2.) Solve necessary currents and voltages, using

only that source.

3.) Repeat Step 2 for each source.

4.) “Superimpose” the solutions onto each

other.

• Use the symbol prime ( ′ ) to differentiate I1 = I’1 +I’’1

variables with the same name.
I2 = I’2 +I’’
Dr. Mohamed
2 KHEBBAB
 Millman ’s Theorem
Millman’s theorem states that : If there are n voltage sources V1, V2… Vn
with internal impedances Z1, Z2… Zn ,respectively connected in parallel
then these voltage sources can be replaced by a single voltage
source Vm and a single series impedance Zm.
#branch
Vk # Source
 Zk
  I Si Zm 
1

1
#branch
Ym
Vm  Y
1 1
#branch
1 k
1 Z 1
k

Y :The admittance [Siemens] Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB

Maximum power transfer theorem

To get the maximum power from a source, the load resistor must be equal to the
Thevenin’ resistor RL  0  PT  0
PT  RL  I 2
RL    PT  0
a PT
Pmax
PT RL

RL
b
RL=0 RTH RL=∞ Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB
 Maximum power transfer theorem
To get the maximum power from a source, the load impedance must be equal to
conjugate of the Thevenin’ impedance
→𝑅 =𝑅
Z*TH=ZL
𝑉
RTH-jX →𝑃 =𝑅 ⋅
𝑅 +𝑅
a

VTh RL +jX
PT 𝑉
𝑃 =
4𝑅
b
Dr. Mohamed KHEBBAB