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Elements and Compounds

• Element: contains only one kind of atoms and cannot be divided into
simpler substances by chemical means. E.g. sodium is only made of
sodium atoms.
Chemical Bonding • Compounds: is made of atoms of different elements, bonded
By Martin Nasser together.
• Mixtures: contains two or more elements or compounds that are not
chemical bonded together.

Differences between compounds and

Chemical compounds
mixtures:
Why do elements form bonds?
Atoms in elements always seek stability by sharing, losing or gaining of
electrons in order to obtain a full outer shell of electrons similar to
elements in group VIII (Noble gases).

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Why do elements form bonds? Chemical bonding

Atoms lose and gain of electrons to form stable Atoms share electrons to form stable
ions. molecules.
Chemical bonding : strong forces that hold atoms (or ions) together in
the various structures.
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Metallic bonds

Note: An atom becomes an ion when it loses or

gains electrons.
An ion is a charged particle. It is charged
because it has an unequal
number of protons and electrons.

Covalent bond Simple molecular elements

Covalent bond : chemical bonding formed by sharing of one or more These include diatomic molecules for example elements like hydrogen
pairs of electrons between two atoms. (H2), chlorine ( Cl2) and oxygen (O 2). Two atoms bond together by
Note that covalent bonds forms between non-metals. sharing their electrons. The orbits overlap with each other and the
molecule is formed.
Examples include:
• Simple molecular elements
• Simple covalent compounds

Note: The bond is formed by sharing of a pair of electrons between two

atoms, leading to a noble gas electronic configuration.

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Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Dot-and-Cross Diagrams

Dot-and-cross Diagrams can be drawn showing the outer electrons When molecules of oxygen (O 2) or nitrogen (N2) are formed, more
only, because the inner electrons are not involved in the bonding. electrons have to be used in bonding if the atoms are to gain a share of
eight electrons. These molecules are held together by a double bond
(O 2) or a triple bond (N2) .

Simple covalent compounds Simple covalent compounds

• Examples of compounds include Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), methane
(CH4) and ammonia (NH3).

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Simple covalent compounds Simple Covalent Compounds

Physical properties of simple covalent

Ionic bonds
compounds
Properties of simple covalent compounds Reasons for these properties Ionic bonding are formed in compounds between metals and non-
metals.
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming ions.
Often liquids or gases at room temperature They are made of simple covalent molecules. These ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces of
and have low melting and boiling points The forces between the molecules attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
(intermolecular forces) are only very weak.
Not much energy is needed to move the
molecules further apart.

Do not conduct electricity There are no free electrons or ions present

to carry the electrical current.

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Important features of ionic bonding are: More examples of ionic bonding :

• The electrons involved in the formation of ions are those in the outer
shell of atoms.
• Metal atoms lose their outer electrons to become positive ions
(cations). In this way they achieve the more stable electron
arrangement.
• Atoms of non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions (anions).
Also achieving a more stable electron arrangement.

General physical properties of ionic

Structure of ionic compounds
compounds:
Ionic compounds are solids at room temperature. Properties of typical ionic compounds Reasons for these properties
The ions arrange themselves into a regular lattice structure .
They have high melting points and boiling points. Ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic
In this regular arrangement, each ion is surrounded by ions of opposite forces. Large amounts of energy are needed to
charge. separate them
The whole structure is held together by the electrostatic forces of They are crystalline solids at room temperature. There is a regular arrangement of the ions in a lattice.
Ions with opposite charge are next to each other.
attraction that occur between particle of opposite charge.
They are often soluble in water. (not usually soluble in Water is attracted to charged ions and therefore many
organic solvents e.g. ethanol, methylbenzene) ionic solids dissolve.
They conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in In liquid or solution, the ions are free to move about.
water ( not when in solid) They can move towards the electrode when a voltage
is a applied.

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Giant structures Giant covalent structure

• Giant covalent structure: a substance where large numbers of atoms
Giant covalent are held together by covalent bonds forming a strong lattice
structure.
structure Diamond: Each carbon atom is attached to four other carbon atoms in
Giant a tetrahedral structure.

Structure General properties of diamond:

Giant Metallic It•s very hard, has a very high melting point and
does not conduct electricity.
Lattices

Giant covalent structure Structure of graphite

Graphite:
In graphite, each carbon is covalently bonded to 3 other carbons,
forming layers of hexagonal rings, which have no covalent bonds
between the layers.
• The layers can slide over each other due to no covalent bonds
between the layers, but weak intermolecular forces(Van der Waals
force of attraction. Meaning that graphite is soft and slippery.
• One electron from each carbon atom is delocalized. This makes
graphite similar to metals, because of its delocalized electrons. It can
conduct electricity • unlike Diamond.

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Properties and uses of diamond, graphite and

Silicon (IV) oxide : Silica
silicon dioxide:
In this structure, each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, but each
oxygen atom is only bonded to two silicon atoms. That is why the formula for
the structure is SiO 2.
Note that both diamond and Silicon (IV) oxide
structures have a rigid tetrahedral arrangement
of atoms, which held together by strong
covalent bonds. As a result they show the same
physical properties. They are :
• very hard
• High melting points
• Insoluble in water
• Don•t conduct electricity

Metallic bonding Metallic bonding

Metallic Structure: a regular lattice of positive metal ions surrounded Metallic bonding: an electrostatic force of attraction between the
by a sea of delocalized electrons. mobile •sea••of electrons and the regular array of positive ions within a
Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular solid metal.
pattern. Physical properties of metals:
The electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalized and so Most metal have a high melting and boiling points.
are free to move through the whole structure. Metals are good conductors of electricity. (as the mobile electrons can
The sharing of delocalized electrons gives rise to strong metallic bonds. move through the structure)
Metals are malleable and ductile. ( as when a force is appiled, the
layers slide over each other new bonds are easily formed)

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Malleable and ductile

• Malleable : the property that metals can be bent and beaten into
sheets.
• Ductile: the property that metals can be drawn and streched into
wires. Thank you