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Integral Calculus Lec 1

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27 views3 pages

Integral Calculus Lec 1

Uploaded by

Michael Gboneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integral Calculus for Undergraduate Students

Lecture 1
Michael SB. Gboneh
Instructor
Department of Mathematics
University of Liberia

March 21, 2024

0.1 Indefinite Integral


Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. In differentiation we are
given a function and is asked to find its derivative or differential coefficient.
In integration, the derivative of some function is given and we are asked to
find that function.

A function F(x) is said to be the integral, primitive or antiderivative of


the function f(x) on the interval [a, b] if

d
[F (x)] = f (x), ∀xϵ[a, b]
dx
Z
=⇒ f (x)dx = F (x) + c

1. c is the constant of integration. The presence of c justifies the name


indefinite integral.
R
2. is elongated S and represent the summation . It is the symbol of
integration.

3. f(x) is the integrand, the function to be integrated.


R
4. dx is called integral with respect to x.

5. x is the variable of integration.

6. F(x) is the indefinite integral.

7. The integral of a function may or may not exist. If the integral exist,
it is not unique and any two integral of a function differ by constant.

1
8. The geometric meaning of the integral is the area of some region

Note the following representations:

d
1. dx [f (x)dx]
= f (x)
R
2. d( f (x)dx) = f (x)dx

3. f ′ (x)dx = f (x) + c
R

R
4. df (x) = f (x) + c

0.2 Elementary Formulas


Integral of a constant
Z
kdx = kx + c

k is a constant

0.2.1 Example Problems


Find the indefinite integral of each .

Z Z Z Z
1
1) 3dx 2) −2dx 3) dx 4) dx (1)
5
1
R R R R
1) 3dx 2) −2dx 3) 5 dx 4) dx

Try yourself
3
R R R
1) −100dx 2) 25dx 3) 4 dx

The second formula we will consider called the Power rule and is given
below:

Power Rule

xn+1
Z
xn dx = +c n ̸= −1
n+1

2
0.2.2 Example Problems
Find the indefinite integral of each .
2
x5 dx 3x−4 dx x5 dx
R R R R
1) 2) 3) x 3 dx 4)
3 −2
x5 dx x5 dx
R R R RR
5) 6) 7) 4x 2 dx 8) x 5 dx
R√ R √ R √
3 R 1
9) xdx 10) 3
x 11) x7 12) √
3 5
x

Try yourself
Z √ Z Z
5 2 2
1) x7 dx 2) dx 3) x 3 dx
3x−5

0.3 Extension of the Power Rule


Extension of the Power Rule

(ax + b)n+1
Z
(ax + b)n dx = +c n ̸= −1
a(n + 1)

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