ABSTRACT

This study considers the Rivlin- Services

Ericksen constitutive equation for Related Articles in ASCI
the Cauchy stress in the equation
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of motion to examine the flow of
an incompressible second-grade View Citation

fluid with an oscillating rigid Report Citation

moving plate. Simple and reliable
numerical procedures are used to
obtain the parameters in the
analytical expressions for the
velocity field and the shearing
stress on the moving plate. The
Doppler effect is noticed from
the increased frequency due to
the motion of the plate. The
thickness of the boundary layer
reduces with an increase in the
magnetic interaction parameter.

How to cite this article:

Swamy N.S., , H.R. Nataraja , K.S. Sai , S.B. Tiwari and B. Nageswara Rao , 2006. Flow of
an Electrically Conducting Second-Grade Fluid under an Oscillating Rigid Moving
Plate. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 1: 184-193.

URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=tasr.2006.184.193

Introduction

Rajagopal (1982), Rajagopal and Na (1983) and Hayat et al. (1998, 1999) have
examined the problems on the oscillation of plates and disks in non-Newtonian
fluids. In these problems, the plates and disks are subjected to various
oscillations in their own planes. Asghar et al. (2002) have shown interest in
investigating the problems in which the boundaries (plates and disks) are
oscillating and moving in the fluid at the same time. Physically, these
correspond to the problem of an oscillating piston moving into a gas with a
constant velocity. Utilizing the perturbation expansion method of Foote et al.
(1987) and Hinch (1992), they have presented analytical solutions for the flow
of a second-grade fluid for a rigid moving plate oscillating in its own plane,
which are valid only for small values of the non-Newtonian parameter. This
paper presents simple and reliable numerical procedures for obtaining the
parameters in the analytical expressions for the velocity field and the shearing
stress on the moving plate applicable for all values of the non-Newtonian
parameter.

Analysis

The constitutive equation for the Cauchy stress tensor (T) in the equation of
motion is (Rivlin and Erickson, 1955):

(1)

Here p is the pressure, I is the unit matrix, A 1 and A 2 are the first two Rivlin-
Ericksen tensors defined by:

(2)

(3)

μ is the viscosity and α 1 and α 2 are material constants satisfying (Dunn and
Fosdick, 1974; Fosdick and Rajagopal, 1979): α 1 ≥ 0, α 1 +α 2 ≥ 0. In the present
study, the velocity, = [u(y,t), 0, 0], which satisfies exactly the continuity
equation.

A rigid plate, initially located at y = 0 and making oscillations of the form U

cosβt in its own plane, is moving into the fluid with a constant velocity, c 0 . The
fluid is occupied in the upper half plane (i.e., y > 0). The conducting fluid is
permeated by an imposed uniform magnetic field, B 0 in the positive y-direction
normal to the plate. The applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the velocity
field. The induced magnetic field is negligible compared with the applied field
so that the magnetic Reynolds number is small. The electric field is assumed to
be zero. With these assumptions, the Maxwell’s equations are decoupled with
the equation of motion. Due to the interaction of the velocity field with the
applied magnetic field, the electromagnetic body force will be present in the
equation of motion. The governing equations for the present moving boundary
value problem in a second-grade fluid obeying (1) are:

(4)

(5)

(6)

Here μ is the velocity component along the flow direction; ρ is the density; β is
the frequency of the oscillating plate; and σ is the electrical conductivity of the
fluid. Specification of an asymptotic boundary condition (6) implies that all
higher derivatives of the dependent variable approaches zero as the specified
value of the independent variable approached.

Defining the moving coordinate (η,τ) by:

and ; and introducing the dimensionless velocity

component,
Eq. (4) and ( 6 ) can be expressed as:

(7)

(8)

(9)
Here, , is the non-Newtonian parameter, , is the frequency

parameter and , is the magnetic interaction parameter.

(10)

One can obtain

(11)

(12)

(13)

Here prime denotes differentiation with respect to η. The characteristic

polynomial of Eq. (11) is of the form

(14)
To satisfy the asymptotic boundary condition (13), the real part of the complex
root from the characteristic Eq. (14) should be negative. When α = 0 the
solution of the problem corresponds to the Newtonian case. If a + ib, is the
required complex root of the characteristic Eq. (14) , then the solution of Eq.
(7) to ( 9 ) can be written in the from

(15)

It should be noted that the real part of the complex root, i.e., a<0. The value of
a and b must satisfy the following two equations:

(16)

(17)

Equations (16) and ( 17 ) are obtained from Eq. (14) by substituting m = a + ib and

equating the resulting real and imaginary parts to zero. When α = 0, Eq.
(14) gives the required complex root, m = a 0 + ib 0 , in which the values of

a 0 and b 0 in terms of n and ω are:

When α ≠ 0, the value of a and b can be obtained by solving the differential
equations:

(18)

(19)

With initial conditions:

(20)

Equation (18) and ( 19 ) are obtained by differentiating Eq. (16) and ( 17 ) with

respect toα. Equation (18) to ( 20 ) are solved by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta

integration scheme (Carnahan et al., 1969) with a fixed step size of 0.001. In
the absence of magnetic field (i.e., n = 0), value of the parameters a and b at
α = 1 for the case of ω = 1 are obtained as -0.79526 and -0.15962, whereas in
the presence of magnetic field (i.e., n = 0.1), these values are -0.81402 and -
0.13714, respectively.

Applying the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure (Carnahan et al., 1969) to

the nonlinear Eq. (16) and ( 17 ), values of a and b can be obtained for the
specified values of α, n and ω. The increments Δa and Δb in a and b for each
iteration are obtained from

(21)

(22)

In this iterative procedure, a 0 and b 0 are assumed as initial values and

updating the values of a and b with the above increments for each iteration
until the values , |Δa| , and , |Δb| , becomes negligibly small (say <10 -6 ).

Table 1 presents the values of the parameters a and b with the magnetic

interaction parameter, n for the specified values of α = 1 and ω = 1. As n

increases, the magnitude of parameter a increases which indicates reduction in
the boundary layer thickness. These values are found to be the same as those
obtained from the numerical solution of differential Eq. (18) and ( 19 ).

IBM scientific subroutine package (Anonymous, 1970) contains the subroutine

POLRT, which can find the complex roots of a polynomial having real
coefficients. An attempt is made to utilize this subroutine for finding the
required complex root of Eq. (14) . A six degree polynomial equation having real
coefficients which gives the roots of Eq. (14) , is obtained by squaring the Eq.
(14) after re-arranging the real and imaginary terms, as:

(23)
For the specified values of α, n and ω, Eq. (23) gives six complex roots. Only
three of them will satisfy Eq. (14) . Among them, the required complex root is
the one whose real part should be negative. It can be seen from the roots of Eq.
(23) presented in Table 2 and 3 for α = ω = 1 and n = 0 and 0.1 that only three

roots among six are satisfied Eq. (16) and ( 17 ). One of the complex roots, whose
real part is negative, is found to be same as those obtained earlier by the
Newton-Raphson iterative procedure as well as from the numerical integration
of Eq. (18) and ( 19 ). All the above three numerical schemes were given the
same values of a and b for the specified values of α, n and ω. Hence, any one
of the numerical schemes can be adopted for obtaining the solution.
Once a and b are known, the velocity, u can be obtained from Eq. (15) .

The expression for the shearing stress, , on the moving

plate is given by:
 (24)

Where, ;
R x = b –α ω a – 2α ab; R y = α – α ω b – α (a 2 – b 2 ).

Table 1: The parameters a and b in the expression (15) for the velocity field
obtained through the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure utilizing
the increments Δa and Δb in Eq. (21) and (22) for α = 1 and ω = 1

Table 2: Complex roots of Eq. (23) for m (≡ a + i b) for α = ω = 1 and n = 0

Table 3: Complex roots of equation (23) for m (≡ a + i b) for α = ω = 1 and n =

0.1

Results and Discussion

This paper examines the flow of an electrically conducting second-grade fluid

with an oscillating rigid moving plate. Parameters a and b in Eq. (15) for the
non-dimensional velocity component (f) are obtained by specifying the values
for the non-Newtonian parameter (α), the frequency parameter (ω) and the
magnetic interaction parameter (n). Figure 1 and 2 show the comparison of a
and b for the specified values of α, n and ω. For very small α, the values of a
and b from the perturbation method (Asghar et al., 2002) compare well with
the present analysis results. For moderately large α, values of a and b obtained
from the expression of Asghar et al. (2002), were not satisfied Eq. (16) and ( 17 ).
Hence, the perturbation solution of Asghar et al. (2002) for the velocity field is
applicable only for small values of α. Using the value of a and b from the
present numerical analysis , in Eq. (15) , velocity profiles are generated and
presented in Fig. 3 and 4 . The discrepancy in the results of Asghar et al. (2002)
is mainly due to the limitation of the perturbation method. The shearing stress
on the moving plate can be obtained using these parameters a and b in Eq.
(24) . Figure 5 and 6 show the variation of the magnitude (R) and the amplitude

(θ) with the non-Newtonian parameter (α) for the specified values of ω = 1 and
n = 0 and 0.1.

The argument of the cosine in the non-dimensional velocity component in Eq.

(15) can be expressed as:
 Fig. 1: Comparison of parameters a and b in Eq. (15) for the non-dimensional
velocity component (f) in the absence of magnetic field (n = 0)

Fig. 2: Comparison of parameters a and b in Eq. (15) for the non-dimensional

velocity component (f) in the presence of magnetic field (n = 0.1)

The frequency of the wave received by the observer at (y, t) is :

 Fig. 3a: Comparison of velocity profiles for α = 1, ω = 1, τ = 0 and n = 0

Fig. 3b: Comparison of velocity profiles for α = 1, ω = 1, τ = 0 and n = 0.1

The values of parameters a and b in Table 1 are negative. The frequency is
increased, from the frequency of the oscillating plate (β) by an additive factor:
 Fig. 4a: Comparison of velocity profiles for α = 1, ω = 1, τ = [π / 4] and n = 0

Fig. 4b: Comparison of velocity profiles for α = 1, ω = 1, τ = [π / 4] and n = 0.1

This increase in frequency is due to the motion of the plate towards the
stationary observer (the Doppler-effect). The magnitude of the parameter (a) is
found to decrease with an increase in the non-Newtonian parameter (α),
whereas the results of Asghar et al. (2002) show initially decrease and latter
on increase withα. However, the magnitude of the parameter (a) increases with
an increase in the magnetic interaction parameter (n), which indicates
reduction in the boundary layer thickness.

Fig. 5: The magnitude (R) and amplitude (θ) in the expression (24) for the shearing
stress on the moving plate in the absence of magnetic field (n = 0 and ω = 1)
 Fig. 6: The magnitude (R) and amplitude (θ) in the expression (24) for the shearing
stress on the moving plate in the presence of magnetic field (n = 0 and ω = 1)
Conclusions

The flow of an incompressible second-grade fluid with an oscillating rigid

moving plate is examined in the presence of a uniform applied magnetic field.
Simple and reliable numerical procedures are used to obtain the parameters
for the derived velocity field expression. It is found that the thickness of the
boundary layer increases with the non-Newtonian parameter and decreases
with the magnetic interaction parameter.

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