Thermo-Fluid Dynamics Group

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Technical University of Munich

Note:
• During the attendance check a sticker containing a unique code will be put on
this exam.
• This code contains a unique number that associates this exam with your
registration number.
• This number is printed both next to the code and to the signature field in the
attendance check list.

Engineering Thermodynamics

n
Exam: MW1408 / Endterm Date: Thursday 3rd August, 2017

tio
Examiner: Prof. Wolfgang Polifke, Ph. D. Time: 11:00 – 12:30

P1 P2
lu P3
So
I
e

Working instructions
pl

• This exam consists of

– a booklet of 16 pages
– with a total of 3 problems and
m

– 3 pages of extra space for solutions,

– and a problem sheet of 3 pages.
Please make sure now that you received a complete copy of the exam.
Sa

• Detaching pages from the exam is prohibited.

• Do not write with red or green colors nor use pencils.

• The total number of achievable points in this exam is 90 credits.

• Allowed resources:
– a non-programmable calculator
– the ETD-Handout by the Fachschaft MSE including your handwritten notes
– and one extra copy of the formula collection from the Handout.
• Turn off all electronic devices, put them into your bag and close the bag.

– Page 1 / 16 –
 1 Short Questions (27 credits)
Steamtables are attached at the end of this problem! Please write numerical values with four signif-
icant digits!
Consider an adiabatic, open system of constant volume with one port. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energy, the total energy balance for the system is:

dU
= ṁh
dt

a) Why do you have to take into account the enthalpy h (and not internal energy u) in the convection term?
0
Give the proper names of the quantities involved. Explain the physical mechanism of the work.
1

Enthalpy is internal energy plus flow work:

n
2

3 h = u + pv

tio
The (flow) work is required to move mass into the system against the pressure at the system’s
boundary.

0
lu
b) The coefficient of performance of an ideal heat pump is COP = 4. Ambient temperature is T∞ = 275 K.
So
Compute the temperature level of heat rejection Treject of the heat pump. You may neglect kinetic and potential
1 energy here.

2
Definition of COP in heat pump:
3 |q− | Q̇reject
COP = =
w ẆS
4
Closed, steady systemfor heat pump: total energy balanceand entropy balance
e

5
0 = Q̇input − Q̇reject + ẆS
6
pl

Q̇input Q̇reject
7 0= −
T∞ Treject
8 Solve for Treject :
m

COP
Treject = T∞ = 366.7 K
COP − 1
Sa

– Page 2 / 16 –
In a piston-cylinder arrangement a thick layer of oil (moil = 0.2 kg) covers the piston. The rest of the volume is
filled with Argon. Neglect the potential energy of the gas, but not the one of the oil. Also neglect all kinetic
energies. The gravitational acceleration is g = 9.81 sm2 .

Argon

z2
oil z1

n
Figure 1.1: Cylinder and piston

tio
c) If the piston is moved up by ∆zcomp = z2 − z1 = 300 mm, the system is compressed. During the compression
0
a volume change work of WV = 2 J is performed. How much compression work WC was performed?
1

Internal energy balance for closed, adiabatic system:

lu
2

∆U = Q + WV 3

Total energy balance for closed, adiabatic system: 4

So
∆U + ∆Φ = Q + WC 5

Insert: 6
WC = WV + ∆Φ = WV + moil g∆zcomp = 2.589 J
7
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 3 / 16 –
 The same arrangement is turned upside down and filled with saturated water and saturated steam. For
obvious reasons you can neglect potential energy in the following two subproblems. Also neglect all kinetic
energies. The total mass is m = 0.1 kg, the total volume is V1 = 0.002 m3 and the pressure is p1 = 200 kPa.

V1
sat.
steam V2
(unknown)
sat.

n
water

tio
Figure 1.2: Cylinder and piston for water

d) What is the temperature T1 inside the cylinder?

0

lu
Steam tables:
T1 = 393.4 K
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 4 / 16 –
e) The system is isentropically compressed to p2 = 230 kPa, what is the quality x2 of the mixture? You may
0
assume that state 2 is still in the two-phase region.
1
0 3 00 3
Steam tables: v1 = 0.001 061 mkg , v 1 = 0.8857 m
kg 2

0
V1
− v1 3
m
x1 = 00 0 = 0.021 41
v 1 − v1 4
0 00
Steam tables: s1 = 1.53 kgkJK , s 1 = 7.127 kJ
kg K
5

0 00 kJ 6
s2 = s1 = (1 − x1 )s1 + x1 s 1 = 1.65
kg K 7
0 00
kJ kJ

n
Steam tables: s2 = 1.578 kg K
, s 2 = 7.08 kg K 8

0
s2 − s2
x2 = 0 = 0.013 05

tio
00
s 2 − s2

lu
So
e
pl
m

Table 1.1: Water: saturated, pressure table

Sa

0 00 0 00 0 00
p T v v h h s s
[kPa] [◦C] 3
[m /kg] [m3 /kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kg K)] [kJ/(kg K)]
200 120.2 0.001 061 0.8857 504.7 2706 1.53 7.127
210 121.8 0.001 062 0.8461 511.3 2708 1.547 7.111
220 123.2 0.001 063 0.8101 517.6 2711 1.563 7.095
230 124.7 0.001 065 0.777 523.7 2713 1.578 7.08
240 126.1 0.001 066 0.7467 529.6 2715 1.593 7.066
250 127.4 0.001 067 0.7187 535.3 2716 1.607 7.052
260 128.7 0.001 068 0.6927 540.9 2718 1.621 7.039
270 130 0.001 07 0.6687 546.2 2720 1.634 7.027
280 131.2 0.001 071 0.6462 551.4 2722 1.647 7.015
290 132.4 0.001 072 0.6253 556.5 2723 1.66 7.003

– Page 5 / 16 –
 2 Hot Air Balloon (32 credits)
Kinetic energies may be neglected throughout! Potential energies are represented by explicitely
given body forces. Always assume a uniform thermodynamic state in the balloon. Always assume
ideal gas behavior with constant heat capacities! Please write down your results with four signifi-
cant digits!

Qloss

n
tio
lu
mass exchange
So
mS
Figure 2.1: Hot air balloon

Hot air balloons can fly because of the difference in density of their content and the environment. Let us
e

consider a hot air balloon with a volume of V = 3000 m3 . It has a structural weight (including hull, basket
and passengers, but not the air in the hull) of mS = 300 kg. In all operational scenarios considered here, the
balloon constantly loses heat at a flow rate of Q̇loss = 150 kW to the environment.
pl

The air in the balloon and in the environment has an isentropic exponent of κ = 1.4 and a specific gas
constant of R = 287 kgJ K . The ambient air has a temperature of T∞ = 290 K (independent from altitude). The
gravitational acceleration is g = 9.81 sm2 .
m

Hull volume V 3000 m3

Structure mass mS 300 kg
Heat loss of the balloon Q̇loss 150 kW
Isentropic exponent of air κ 1.4
Sa

Specific gas constant of air R 287 kgJ K

Ambient temperature for all altitudes T∞ 290 K
Ambient pressure on the ground (for z = 0) pground 100 kPa
High altitude zhigh 500 m
Low altitude zlow 300 m
Gravitational acceleration g 9.81 sm2

Table 2.1: Known values

– Page 6 / 16 –
a) Derive the barometric formula for ideal gases p = p(z) and compute the atmospheric pressures phigh =
0
p(zhigh ) and plow = p(zlow ) at altitudes zhigh = 500 m and zlow = 300 m. First use a steady-state momentum
balance in vertical direction for a volume element of air of the height ∆z . Assume that there is no movement 1
in the fluid. Rewrite it as a differential equation by using infinitesimal quanitities in z and p . Assume
constant temperature and integrate the equation. As boundary condition for the integration assume that 2
p(z = 0) = pground = 100 kPa.
3
(Fallback Values: phigh = 96.16 kPa and plow = 98.46 kPa)
4
Integral momentum balance: 5
Z Z Z Z
d 6
ρwj dV + ρwj wi dAi = σji dAi + ρfi dV
dt V ∂V ∂V V
7
Simplifications: d /dt = 0 , wi = 0, σji = −δji p (no viscous stresses, because no velocity):

n
Z Z 8

0=− δji pdAi + ρfi dV 9

∂V V

tio
Only z -direction: 10
0 = (pbottom − ptop )A − ρgA ∆z
11
Set up the differential equation (ptop − pbottom becomes dp , ∆z becomes dz ):
12
dp
= −ρg

lu
13
dz
14
Insert ideal gas lawwith constant temperature T∞ :
dp g
So
=− p
dz RT∞

Integration: separation of variables:

dp g
=− dz
p RT∞
g
ln(p) + const = − z
RT∞
e

g
p = exp(− z) · const
RT∞
pl

Insert boundary condition:

g
p = pground · exp(− z)
RT∞
Insert values for z :
m

phigh = 94.28 kPa

plow = 96.53 kPa
Sa

– Page 7 / 16 –
 There are two (vertical) forces acting on the balloon in flight: The buoyancy (de: hydrostatischer Auftrieb)
force of the air displaced by the balloon (Fb,hot = ρ∞ V · g ) and the gravity force of the air in the balloon and
the balloon’s structural mass (Fg = −(mhot + mS ) · g ). Here mhot is the mass of air in the balloon, and ρ∞ is
the density fo the air outside the balloon. You may assume that the pressure inside the balloon is the same
as outside (and uniform).

b) Compute the temperatures Thigh and Tlow in the balloon required to maintain the altitudes of z = zhigh and
0
z = zlow .
1 (Fallback values: Thigh = 321.3 K and Tlow = 319 K)

2 P
Momentum balance must be zero in order to maintain altitude F = Fb,hot + Fg = 0:
3
0 = Fbuoyancy,hot + Fg,S + Fg,hot = (ρ∞ V − mS − mhot ) · g
4

n
The mass of air inside the balloon is:
5 p(z)V
mhot =
RT (z)
6

tio
The density ouside the balloon is:
7 p(z)
ρ∞ =
RT∞
8
Insert and solve for T (z)
p(z) mS p(z)
= +

lu
RT∞ V RT (z)
1
1 mS R
= T (z)
T∞
− Vp(z)

Insert altitudes:
So
Thigh = 318.1 K
Tlow = 317.4 K
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 8 / 16 –
c) How long does it take until the balloon has descended from zhigh to zlow ? Assume a slow descent, so that
0
buoyancy and gravity forces are always in equilibrium. Remember the thermodynamic state in the balloon is
uniform. 1

2
Total energy balance(integrated over time):
3
∆Uhigh −low = mlow cv Tlow − mhigh cv Thigh = ∆mcp T∞ − ∆t · Q̇loss
4
Missing values mhigh and mlow can be obtained from ideal gas law:
5
phigh V
mhigh = 6
RThigh

plow V 7
mlow =
RTlow

n
8
Insert and solve for ∆t :
9
(mlow − mhigh )cp T∞ − mlow cv Tlow + mhigh cv Thigh

tio
∆t = = 44.98 s 10
Q̇loss

lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 9 / 16 –
3 Afterburner (31 credits)
Kinetic energies are important when considering thrust! They may NEVER be neglected in this
problem! Potential energies may be neglected throughout! Always assume ideal gas behavior with
constant heat capacities! Please write down your results with four significant digits!
A turbojet engine as commonly used in older fighter aircraft can be modelled by the Brayton cycle with the
state changes:

• 0 – 2: isentropic compression
• 2 – 3: isobaric heat addition
• 3 – 6: isentropic expansion
• 6 – 0: isobaric heat rejection

n
For short-term thrust increase these engines are equipped with afterburners. An afterburner adds heat to
the gas downstream of the turbine. Therefore, when the afterburner is engaged, the cycle is modified to:

tio
• 0 – 2: isentropic compression
• 2 – 3: isobaric heat addition
• 3 – 4: isentropic expansion
• 4 – 5AB: isobaric heat addition
• 5AB – 6AB: isentropic expansion
• 6AB – 0: isobaric heat rejection
lu
So
Note that the nozzle cross section area must be adapted (A6,AB 6= A6 ), when the afterburner is engaged, in
order to maintain the same thermodynamic cycle in the rest of the engine and to keep the mass flow rate
constant.

QCC
e

2 3
x QAB
pl

5AB 6AB
0 1 4 5 6
x
m
Sa
ati ic
on

pre pic

le
r

ine
r
sta ntrop

sso

sto

er

ozz
erb ic
com ntro

urb

urn
aft obar
bu
gn

ic n
ise

ic t
com
ise

is

op
op

ntr
ric

ntr

ise
ba

ise
iso

Figure 3.1: Control volume and geometry

– Page 10 / 16 –
a) Draw the cycle without afterburner in a p -v - and in a T -s -diagram. Add the steps for afterburner operation
0
in both diagrams.
1

2
p T 3 5AB
p p s
3
2 3
2 4 p 4

s s 5
s p 5AB
4 s s 6

p 6AB
0 6 p 6AB p 7

0 p 6

n
8

v s 9

tio
10

11

12

lu
So
e

Consider a fighter aircraft flying at a speed of w0 = 300 ms in an environment of air (κ = 1.4, cv = 717.5 kgJ K ,
T0 = 249 K, p0 = 47.2 kPa). With the afterburner switched off, the exhaust jet has a temperature of T6 =
pl

504.9 K.The heat flow rate provided in the combustion chamber is Q̇CC = 70 MW. The mass throughput of the
engine is ṁ = 106.5 kg
s
and the thrust without afterburner operation is Fdry = 68.55 kN.
Downstream of the turbine the temperature is T4 = 943.9 K and the cross sectional area is A4 = 0.72 m2 .
m

b) Compute the pressure p4 downstream of the turbine, assuming an isentropic expansion in the nozzle.
0
(Fallback value: p4 = 422.4 kPa)
1

Isentropic expansion:
Sa

 κ
 κ− 2
T4 1

p4 = p0 = 421.6 kPa
T6

– Page 11 / 16 –
 c) Compute the velocity w4 downstream of the turbine.
0
(Fallback value: w4 = 105 ms )
1

2 Mass flow definition and ideal gas law:

3 ṁ ṁRT4 m
w4 = = = 95
A4 ρ 4 A4 p4 s
4

n
tio
For a steep ascent with constant velocity w0 the pilot engages the afterburner. It provides heat at a flow rate
of Q̇AB = 150 MW to the gas, so that it exits the nozzle at a temperature of T6,AB = 1252 K. In order to keep

lu
the mass flow rate constant, the cross sectional area of the nozzle is adapted.

d) Compute the thrust of the engine with afterburner, FAB = ṁ(w6,AB − w0 ).

0
(Fallback values: FAB = 133.7 kN, w6,AB = 1.474 km
s
)
So
1

2 Total energy balance:

s 
3 w 2 Q̇AB

km
w6,AB = 2 cp (T4 − T6,AB ) + 4 + = 1.486
4 2 ṁ s

Thrust:
e

5
FAB = ṁ(w6,AB − w0 ) = 126.3 kN
6
pl
m
Sa

– Page 12 / 16 –
e) Compute the cross sectional area A6,AB required for operation with afterburner engaged.
0

1
Mass flow rate definition, ideal gas law:
2
ṁ ṁRA T6,AB
A6,AB = = = 0.5452 m2
ρ6,AB w6,AB p0 w6,AB 3

n
tio
The power provided to the aircraft is its velocity times the engine thrust P = w0 F .

f) Compute the efficiencies in both operating points ηdry and ηAB .

0

1
Definition:

lu
Fdry w0
ηdry = = 0.2938 2
Q̇CC
Definition: 3
FAB w0
ηAB = = 0.1722
So
4
Q̇CC + Q̇AB
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 13 / 16 –
Additional space for solutions–clearly mark the (sub)problem your answers are related to and strike
out invalid solutions.

n
tio
lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 14 / 16 –
 n
tio
lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 15 / 16 –
 n
tio
lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 16 / 16 –