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Lecture 3 - Notes

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Lecture 3 - Notes

Uploaded by

allwyn2ebenezer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Branching and Looping

• Visual Basic includes a number of features that allow us to select among


alternative pathways, or to repeat the execution of a particular block of
statements.
• Example: we can choose to execute one of several different blocks of
statements, depending on the value of an expression. This process is known as
selection. Or, we can choose one of two different paths, depending on the
outcome of a logical test (i.e., depending whether a logical expression is true or
false). This process is known as branching.
• Many programs require that a group of instructions be executed repeatedly, until
some particular condition has been satisfied. This process is known as looping.
• Sometimes the number of passes through the loop will be known in advance
(unconditional looping).
RELATIONAL OPERATORS AND
LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS
• In order to carry out branching operations in Visual Basic, we must be able to express
conditions of equality and inequality. To do so, we make use of the following
relational operators (also called comparison operators):
• Equal: =
• Not equal: <>
• Less than: <
• Less than or equal to: <=
• Greater than: >
• Greater than or equal to: >=
• These operators are used to compare numeric quantities (i.e., constants, numeric
variables or numeric expressions) or strings, thus forming logical expressions that are
either true or false. The operands within a logical expression must be of the same
type; i.e., both must be numeric or both must be strings.
• Several logical expressions involving strings are presented below. All variables
represent strings. Each logical expression will be either true or false, depending on
the particular strings that are assigned to the string variables.
Student = "Smith"
char <> "w"
Target < City
• The first expression will be true if the string assigned to Student is "Smith";
otherwise, the expression will be false. Similarly, the second expression will be true
if the string assigned to char is not "w", and the last expression will be true if the
string assigned to Target comes earlier in the alphabet than the string assigned to
City. Thus, if Target represents "Philadelphia" and City represents "Pittsburgh", the
expression will be true.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
• In addition to the relational operators, Visual Basic contains several logical
operators. They are And, Or, Xor (exclusive Or), Not, Eqv (equivalent) and Imp
(implies). The first three operators (And, Or and Xor) are used to combine logical
expressions, thus forming more complex logical expressions.
• And will result in a condition that is true if both expressions are true.
• Or will result in a condition that is true if either expression is true, or if they are both
true
• Xor, however, will result in a condition that is true only if one of the expressions is
true and the other is false.
• Not is used to reverse (negate) the value of a logical expression (e.g., from true to
false, or false to true).
• Eqv will result in a condition that is true if both expressions have the same logical
value (either both true or both false);
• Imp will always result in a true condition unless the first expression is true and the
second is false.
• EXAMPLE 3.3
• Shown below are several logical expressions that make use of logical operators.
X = 27 And Student = "Smith"
X > 0 And Student <= "Smith"
C < Sqr(A + B) Or FLAG <> CUTOFF
C < Sqr(A + B) Xor FLAG <> CUTOFF
Not(Student = "Smith") And (Account = "CURRENT")
(Student = "Smith") Eqv (Account = "CURRENT")
(Student = "Smith") Imp (Account = "CURRENT")
The complete hierarchy of arithmetic, relational and logical operators is as follows:
Operation Operator
1. Exponentiation ^
2. Negation (i.e., preceding a numeric −
quantity with a minus sign)
3. Multiplication and division */
4. Integer division \
5. Integer remainder Mod
6. Addition and subtraction +−
7. Relational = <> < <= > >=
8. Logical Not Not
9. Logical And And
10. Logical Or Or
11. Logical Xor Xor
12. Logical Eqv Eqv
13. Logical Imp Imp

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