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HW #1 Recall: Q2 (1 PTS)

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33 views3 pages

HW #1 Recall: Q2 (1 PTS)

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cs68900
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© © All Rights Reserved
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HW #1

Recall
0 1 0 −𝑖 1 0
𝜎"! = $ ' , 𝜎"" = $ ' , 𝜎"# = $ '
1 0 𝑖 0 0 −1
,, 𝐵
[𝐴 ,𝐵
,] = 𝐴 ,−𝐵,𝐴,
, , , , ,
{𝐴, 𝐵} = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴,
𝐴!,! … 𝐴!,% 𝑁

Tr𝐴3 = Tr 4 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 8 = 9 𝐴','
𝐴&,! … 𝐴&,% 𝑖=1

, (! is an operator that satisfies 𝐴%𝐴% −1 = 𝐴% −1 𝐴% = 1)


Inverse of 𝐴%, denoted as 𝐴

Q1 (1 pt). Let V be the space of real polynomials defined on the interval [−1,1].
That is, 𝑉 = +∑𝑁 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 -𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ for 𝑛 = 1,2, … , and 𝑁 is some integer.
!
The inner product is defined to be ⟨𝑓|𝑔⟩ = ∫(! 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
Starting from the non-orthonormal basis 𝑣/ = 𝑥 / for 𝑛 = 1,2, …., use the Gram-Schmidt procedure to
construct the first four vectors in an orthonormal basis.

Q2 (1 pts). Suppose the operators


ℏ
𝑆X 0 = Y [ {|+⟩⟨−| + |−⟩⟨+|}
2
𝑖ℏ
𝑆X 1 = Y [ {−|+⟩⟨−| + |−⟩⟨+|}
2
ℏ
𝑆X 2 = Y [ {|+⟩⟨+| − |−⟩⟨−|}
2
Express 𝑆X 0 , 𝑆X 1 and 𝑆X 2 in terms of 𝜎"3 (𝑘 = 1,2,3).

Q3 (1pt each, 2 pts). Suppose a 2 × 2 𝑋) (not necessarily Hermitian, nor unitary) is written as
𝑋) = 𝑎0 1) + 𝛔 ∙ 𝒂
𝑎! 𝜎"!
𝑎
where 𝑎4 is a number and 𝒂 = f " g and 𝛔 = f𝜎"" g.
𝑎# 𝜎"#
a. How are 𝑎4 and 𝑎3 (𝑘 = 1,2,3) related to 𝑇𝑟(𝑋, ) and 𝑇𝑟(𝜎"3 𝑋
, )?
b. Obtain 𝑎4 and 𝑎3 in terms of the matrix elements 𝑋',5 .

Q4 (1pt). Using the orthonormality of |+⟩ and |−⟩, prove

k𝑆X ' , 𝑆X5 l = 𝑖𝜀'53 ℏ𝑆X 3

ℏ"
n𝑆X' , 𝑆X5 o = p q𝛿
2 '5
Q5 (2 pts). Construct |𝐒 ∙ 𝑛
" ; +⟩ such that
ℏ
𝐒 ∙ 𝑛" |𝐒 ∙ 𝑛" ; +⟩ = |𝐒 ∙ 𝑛" ; +⟩
2
The unit vector 𝑛8 is characterized by the polar angle 𝜃 with respect to the positive z axis and the
azimuthal angle 𝜙 in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane (see below for a figure). Express your answer in terms of |+⟩
and |−⟩, the eigenvectors of 𝑆X 2 . Do this by explicitly solving the eigenvalue problem.

Q6 (2pts). A two-state system is characterized by the Hamiltonian


> = 𝐻11 |1⟩⟨1| + 𝐻22 |2⟩⟨2| + 𝐻12 |1⟩⟨2| + 𝐻21 |2⟩⟨1|
𝐻
where the 𝐻/7 are real numbers with the dimensions of energy, and |1⟩ and |2⟩ are the eigenkets of
some observable (not 𝐻> ). Find the energy eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Do this in two ways: (a)
solve the eigenvalue problem explicitly, and (b) use your result from Q5.

Q7 (1pt+0.5 pt+1 pt =2.5 pts). One example of orthonormal basis for ℝ# is given by
1 0 0
|𝑎! ⟩ = f0g , |𝑎" ⟩ = f1g , |𝑎# ⟩ = f0g
0 0 1
Another example is
1 1 0 1 0
|𝑏! ⟩ = f0g , |𝑏" ⟩ = f1g , |𝑏# ⟩ = f1g
0 √2 1 √2 −1
a. Construct an operator 𝑈> in the matrix form that transforms
> |𝑎𝑘 ⟩ = |𝑏𝑘 ⟩
𝑈
b. Show that 𝑈> is unitary.
c. Let 𝐴 be some operator in ℝ# . Define new operator given by 𝐵) = 𝑈
% > † 𝐴% 𝑈 , )=
>. Show that 𝑇𝑟(𝐴
𝑇𝑟(𝐵, ). Does the equality hold if 𝑈 > is arbitrary unitary operator in ℝ ? &

Q8 (1 pt). A certain observable in quantum mechanics has a 3 × 3 matrix representation as follows:


1 0 1 0
f 1 0 1g
√2 0 1 0
Find the normalized eigenvectors of this observable and the corresponding eigenvalues. Is there any
degeneracy?
Q9 (0.5 pts each 2.5 pts).
a. If 𝐴% is an 𝑁 × 𝑀 matrix and 𝐵) is a 𝑀 × 𝐾 matrix show that (𝐴 ,𝐵, ): = 𝐵 , :.
,: 𝐴
b. If 𝐴% and 𝐵) are an 𝑁 × 𝑁 matrices show that 𝑡𝑟(𝐴 ,𝐵
,) = 𝑡𝑟(𝐵 ,𝐴, ).
c. If 𝐴% and 𝐵) are invertible 𝑁 × 𝑁 matrices show that (𝐴 ,𝐵, )(! = 𝐵 , (! .
,(! 𝐴
d. If 𝑈> is unitary and 𝐵) = 𝑈 > † 𝐴% 𝑈
>, then show that 𝐴% = 𝑈
> 𝐵) 𝑈
>†.
e. If the product 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 of two Hermitian matrices is also Hermitian, show that 𝐴% and 𝐵)
% % )
commute.

Q10 (bonus 1 pt). Let V be the space of functions defined on the interval [0,1].
That is, 𝑉 = {𝑓|𝑓 satszies 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(1) = 0 }
If the operator is given by
𝑑
>=
𝐻
𝑑𝑥
!
The inner product is defined to be ⟨𝑓|𝑔⟩ = ∫4 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
Show that 𝐻> is self-adjoint.

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