Astm D661

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D661 − 93 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for

Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D661; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5.1.1 Irregular Pattern Type—Cracking in which the breaks

1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the degree of in the film are in no definite pattern.
cracking of exterior paints by comparison with photographic 5.1.2 Line Type—Cracking in which the breaks in the film
standards. are generally arranged in parallel lines, usually either horizon-
tally or vertically, over the surface of the film. These breaks
2. Referenced Documents often follow the line of brush marks.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 5.1.3 Sigmoid Type—Cracking in which the breaks in the
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of film form a pattern consisting of curves meeting and
Exterior Paints intersecting, usually on a relatively large scale.
2.2 Other Standards:
Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects Handbook3 6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards
3. Terminology 6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of

this test method and are provided in the Pictorial Standards of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Coating Defects Handbook are representative of the degree of
3.1.1 cracking, n—that phenomenon manifested in paint cracking of exterior paint films. Fig. 1 is for illustration
films by a break extending through to the surface painted. purposes only and should not be used for evaluation.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Where this is difficult to determine, the
break should be called a crack only if the underlying surface is 6.2 The use of the photographic reference standards3 illus-
visible. The use of a magnification of 10 diameters is recom- trated in Fig. 1 requires the following precautions:
mended in cases where it is difficult to differentiate between 6.2.1 The accompanying photographic reference standards
cracking and checking (see Test Method D660). show line-type cracking only. Irregular and sigmoid-type
cracking may also be interpreted from these photographs.
4. Significance and Use 6.2.2 Care must be taken not to confuse various types of
4.1 Cracking failure of paint films can occur in use. This test failure that may be present on the same surface. This is
method provides a means of evaluating the degree of the failure particularly true in observing cracking and checking. Cracking
by comparing the pictorial standards. may very often be an advanced stage of checking and is very
often in evidence along with checking and other failures.
5. Types of Cracking 6.2.3 It must be realized that the degree of failure will vary
5.1 Three types of cracking are recognized: over any given area. Therefore, an average portion of the film
should be used for comparison. On larger surfaces it is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
recommended that ratings be made at several locations and the
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of mean and range reported.
Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects. 6.2.4 Paint films may collect excessive quantities of dirt,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
which may mask the type and degree of failure. If necessary,
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D661 – 93 (2005).
DOI: 10.1520/D0661-93R11. dirt should be removed by careful and gentle brushing with a
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or moderately soft brush.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM 6.2.5 In examining wood panels for cracking failure, the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. possibility of wood failure should be recognized. This takes the
3
Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards are contained in the form of a cracking or splitting of the wood itself with a
publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defects and may be obtained from the resultant rupture of the paint film. Also, some panels will
Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell,
develop “resin spewing” which will cause early failure by
PA 19422. The silver halide-gelatin photographs are intended to be the only primary
reference standards for this method. The reproductions of them in this test method cracking. These points should be taken into consideration in
are for the purpose of illustration only. any evaluations.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Sep 19 12:39:30 EDT 2018
1
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D661 − 93 (2011)
FIG. 1 Degrees of Cracking
2
D661 − 93 (2011)
6.3 For convenience in recording the data obtained, the 8. Keywords
records should be kept on forms agreed upon between the 8.1 cracking; evaluation; reference standards
purchaser and the seller.
7. Precision and Bias
7.1 No precision or bias statement has been established for
this test method.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
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COPYRIGHT/).
3

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: D661 − 93 (Reapproved 2011)

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope 5.1.1 Irregular Pattern Type—Cracking in which the breaks

3. Terminology 6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of

FIG. 1 Degrees of Cracking

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