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    Heat - Lec 01

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    jackeyops

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    Heat - Lec 01

    Uploaded by

    jackeyops
    5 views21 pages

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    Heat - lec 01

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    5 views21 pages

    Heat - Lec 01

    Uploaded by

    jackeyops

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    Heat

    Dr.H

    Tanta, 2023
    What will we learn?

    ❖ What is Temperature?
    Measure the average kinetic energy of the molecules
    in a substance, measured in degrees Celsius (°C),
    Kelvin (K)

    ❖ What is Heat?
    Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warm
    object to a cold object, measured in joules (J).
    Introduction

    ❖ In the absence of chemical or phase changes,


    Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
    energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
    ❖ The greater the kinetic energy, the higher the
    temperature.
    High kinetic energy Low kinetic energy
    faster molecules slower molecules
    Introduction

    ❖Temperature is an INTENSIVE property.


    Meaning, temperature does not depend on the amount
    (or size) of the sample you have.

    If we took a cup of ocean water and took the


    temperature of it, it would be the same as the
    temperature of the entire ocean!
    What is Temperature?

    ❖ In Thermal Contact, Heat can be exchanged.


    ❖ In Thermal Equilibrium, No heat transfer in thermal
    contact.

    Heat:
    Energy exchange due to a
    temperature difference
    flows from a high
    temperature object to a
    lower temperature object
    What is Temperature?

    Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


    If object A and object B are separately in thermal
    equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B in
    thermal equilibrium with each other.
    TA = TC
    B TB = TC
    A C

    TA = TB
    Heat
    Thermometers
    Thermometers
    Many physical properties can be used
    ❖ Volume of a liquid
    ❖ Length of a solid
    ❖ Pressure of a gas held at constant volume
    ❖ Volume of a gas held at constant pressure
    ❖ Electric resistance of a conductor
    ❖ Color of a very hot object
    Thermometers

    ➢ Liquid thermometers work because of thermal


    expansion. Thermal expansion is the increase of
    volume of a substance due to an increase in
    temperature.

    ➢ Many thermometers use either mercury or alcohol


    because they remain in the liquid form over a large
    range of temperatures.
    Thermometers
    Liquid Thermometers
    ❖ Expansion of mercury or alcohol.
    Thermometers Scales

    second point
    4
    3 Five units
    2
    1
    One point
    Thermometers Scales
    We need 2 points

    Freezing point of pure water

    Boiling point of pure water


    Thermometers Scales
    We measure temperature on 3 main scales.

    ❖ Fahrenheit,

    ❖ Celsius, and

    ❖ Kelvin (absolute).
    Thermometers Scales
    Fahrenheit Scale
    ❖ Developed in early 1700s by the German
    physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1686-1736.
    ❖ Freezing point of pure water
    = 32oF
    ❖ boiling point of pure water at sea level
    = 212oF
    ❖100oF was to be body temperature (slight
    mistake)
    ❖ F scale used in US for surface
    temperature except in METARS.
    Thermometers Scales

    Celsius Scale
    ❖ Celsius (or centigrade) is a temperature
    scale named after the Swedish astronomer
    Andres Celsius, 1701-1744.
    ❖ Developed in late 1700s
    ❖ Also called Centigrade scale.
    ❖ Freezing point of pure water
    = 0oC
    ❖ Boiling point of pure water at sea level
    = 100oC
    Thermometers Scales

    Kelvin Scale
    ❖ William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
    suggested a temperature scale that did not
    require the use of negative numbers, 1824-1907
    ❖ Freezing point of pure water
    = 273oK
    ❖ boiling point of pure water at sea level
    = 373oK
    ❖Absolute zero – molecules stop moving.
    ❖ Kelvin scale used for all scientific equations,
    such as gas law, etc.
    Thermometers Scales

    Absolute zero Water Freezes Water Boils


    0 K 273 K 373 K
    -273 C 0 C 100 C
    -460 F 32 F 212 F
    Temperature Conversions
    F − 32 C −0 K − 273
    = =
    212 − 32 100 − 0 373 − 272

    F − 32 C K − 273
    = =
    180 100 100

    F C K
    Temperature Conversions
    F − 32 C K − 273
    = =
    180 100 100
    F − 32 C F − 32 K − 273
    = =
    180 100 180 100

    K − 273
    F − 32 =
    180
    C
    C
    = F − 32 =
    9
    (K − 273)
    100 100 100 5

    9
    F = C + 32 C = K − 273 F=
    9
    (K − 273) + 32
    5 5

    C=
    5
    (F − 32) K = C + 273 K=
    5
    (F − 32) + 273
    9 9
    Problems
    Example 5

    At What temperature have the F and C scales the same


    reading?
    9 4
    F = C + 32 x = −32
    5 5

    9 5
    x = x + 32 x = −32  = −40
    5 4
    9
    x − x = −32 −40 F = −40 C
    5

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