Template: Study Material

<Program Code: CO/CM/CW/DE/EJ/ET/EN/EX/EQ/IE/IS/IC/MU >: <Course Code:22320><Course Name: Digital

Techniques><Topic Name: Logic gates and Logic families>.<UO2a.1.><study Material>

<Course <Date:03/07/2020> <Mentor : Mr. K. P. Akole>

Expert: Mr. <Co-ordinator Mrs Nirmala Kamble>
Mahadeo D.
Narlawar>
Key words Learning Objective:To describe the operation of basic gates,
Logic Gates, universal gates, special gates with its logical expression and truth
Basic Gate, table and implements basic and universal gates using diode and
Universal Gate, transistor.
Special
Purpose Gate,
Truth Table,
Key Questions Concept Map

Do you know
logic gates?

Can we
perform logical
operation
using diode
and transistor?

UO2a.1: Notes Key Definitions/ Formulas

Logic Gate: Basic Gates: Basic gates are those gates
which performs basic operation such as
A logic gate is a basic building block of a digital circuit that has two
Solved word NOT, AND, and OR.
Problem inputs and one output. The relationship between the input and the

output is based on certain logic. These gates are implemented Universal Gates: A universal logic gate is
Give the
reason, NAND using electronic switches like transistors, diodes. The logic gates a logic gate that can be used to construct
and NOR gate
is called as are categorized into basic gates, universal gates and special gates. all other logic gates.
Universal
gate? These logic gates with their logic
By using NAND
gate symbols, logical expression and truth tables are explained
and NOR gate,
we can below.
construct all
other ( Cont. on next page )
logic gates like
NOT, OR and
AND gate.
Therefore it is
Application of Concept/ Examples in real life: Link to YouTube/ OER/ video
called as
www.ee.Surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview
universal gate. o NAND Gates are used in Burglar alarms and buzzers.
/gatesfunc
o They are basically used in circuits involving computation and
www.ee.Surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview
processing.
/boolalgebra
o They are also used in push button switches. E.g. Door Bell.
.
Basic Gate (fundamental Gate):
Basic gates are those gates which performs basic operation such as NOT, AND, and OR

NOT Gate:
The NOT gate is generally known as an INVERTER. It produces the exact reverse output to that of given input. It has only one input
and one output. The output of NOT gate is always the complement of its input.
When low (logic 0) input signal is connected to the input of the NOT gate, then the output will be HIGH (logic 1).
Similarly, if high (logic 1) input signal is connected to the input, then the output will be LOW (logic 0).

Symbol Truth Table

A Q

0 1

Inverter or NOT Gate 1 0

Boolean Expression Q = not A Output read as inverse of A

Transistorized NOT gate:

The NOT gate designed by using transistor is shown below. The input is given to the base of the transistor through a resistor. And
this transistor circuit is driven by a +5 volts voltage.
When the input is connected to low level signal 0 V (logic 0) then the transistor will be reverse biased. So no current will flow
through it, thus it remains in OFF. As there is no current flow through transistor, there will be no voltage drop across the resistor.
So the output will correspond to +5 Volts making the output logic HIGH (logic 1).
But if +5 V (logic 1) connected to the input, the output voltage will become 0.
Pin Diagram: Hex Inverter (7404):

AND Gate:
When any one of the input is connected to low (logic 0) then the output is low (logic 0). When both the inputs to the AND gate
are connected to high (logic 1) then the output is high (logic 1).

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 0

0 1 0

2-input AND Gate 1 0 0

1 1 1
 Boolean Expression Q = A.B Output read as A AND B

AND gate using Diode:

If one of the inputs is logic “0”, the current will flow through the corresponding diode and through the resistor. Thus the diode
anode (the output) will be logic “0”.
When both inputs are at logic “1″, the two diodes are reverse biased and there is no current flowing to ground. Therefore the
output is logic “1” because there is no voltage drop across the resistor R.
Transistorized AND gate:
When any inputs of the AND gate are connected to 0 Volts, then the respective transistor is in OFF state. So no current flows
through the resistor and there is no voltage drop across the resistor. Then the output voltage is equal to the 0 Volts i.e. LOW logic
level.
When both the inputs of the AND gate are connected to supply voltage +5 Volts, then the transistors T1 and T2 are in ON state.
So current flows through the resistor and there is voltage drop across resistor. Then the output voltage equal to supply voltage +5
volts. i.e. HIGH logic level.
Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input AND gate (7408):

OR gate:
When both the inputs of the OR gate are connected to low (logic 0) then the output will be low (logic 0).
When any one of the input is connected to high (logic 1), then the output will be high.

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 0

0 1 1

2-input OR Gate 1 0 1

1 1 1

Boolean Expression Q = A+B Output read as A OR B

OR gate using diode:

When both the inputs of the OR gate are connected to 0 Volts, then the diode D1 and D2 are reverse bias i.e. OFF state. So no
current flows through the resistor and there is no voltage drop across the resistor. Then the output voltage is equal to the 0 Volts
i.e. LOW logic level.
If any one of the input is connected to +5 V, then the respective diode will be forward bias i.e. ON state. So the voltage drop across
resistor would be high. So the output voltage of the circuit will be supply voltage +5 V.
Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input OR gate (7432):

Universal Gate:
A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to construct all other logic gates, which can implement any Boolean function
without need to use any other gate type.
The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
NAND Gate:
When any one of the input is connected to low (logic 0) then the output is high (logic 1). When both the inputs to the NAND gate
are connected to high (logic 1) then the output is low
(Logic o).

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 1

0 1 1

2-input NAND Gate

1 0 1
 1 1 0

Boolean Expression Q = A.B Output read as not of A AND B

Transistorized NAND gate:

When any inputs of the NAND gate are connected to 0 Volts, then the respective transistor is in OFF state. So no current flows
through the resistor and there is no voltage drop across the resistor. Then the output voltage is equal to the supply voltage +5
Volts i.e. HIGH logic level.
When both the inputs of the NAND gate are connected to supply voltage +5 Volts, then the transistors T1 and T2 are in ON state.
So current flows through the resistor, transistor. Then the output voltage VCE sat equal to 0 volts. i.e. LOW logic level.

Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input NAND gate (7400):

NOR Gate:
When both the inputs of the NOR gate are connected to low (logic 0) then the output will be high (logic 1).
When any one of the input is connected to high (logic 1), then the output will be low (logic 0).

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 1

0 1 0

2-input NOR Gate 1 0 0

1 1 0

Boolean Expression Q = A+B Output read as not of A OR B

Transistorized NOR gate:

When both the inputs of the NOR gate are connected to 0 Volts, then the transistors T1 and T2 are in OFF state. So no current
flows through the resistor and there is no voltage drop across the resistor. Then the output voltage is equal to the supply voltage
+5 Volts i.e. HIGH logic level.
If any one of the input is connected to +5 V, then the transistors will be ON state. So the voltage drop would be high. So the output
voltage of the circuit will be 0 V i.e. equal to ground voltage.
Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input NOR gate (7402):

Special Purpose Gate:

EX-OR Gate:
When both inputs are same then the output will be low (logic 0) otherwise high logic 1.

B A Q

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1
2-input Ex-OR Gate
1 1 0

Boolean Expression Q = A ⊕ B Output read as A EX-OR B

Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input EX-OR gate (7486):

Ex-NOR Gate:

When both inputs are same then the output will be high (logic 1) otherwise low output ( logic 0).

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 0

0 1 1

2-input Ex-OR Gate 1 0 1

1 1 0

Boolean Expression Q = A ⊕ B Output read as A EX-NOR B

Pin Diagram: Quad 2 input EX-NOR gate (74266):

Tristate Logic:
Three-state logic is logic where it has three states, i.e. logic 0, logic 1 and high-impedance state.

Symbol Truth Table

Enable IN OUT

0 0 Hi-Z

0 1 Hi-Z

1 0 0

1 1 1

Read as Output = Input

Tri-state Buffer
if Enable is equal to “1”

When a logic level “1” is applied to its “enable” control line and the data passes through from its input to its output. When
the enable control line is at logic level “0”, output is disabled and a high impedance condition, Hi-Z is present on the output.
Key Take away from this LO:
Operation of basic gates, universal gate and special gates.
Implementation of basic gates and universal gates using diode and transistor