Practical 1 :- Implement Star, Bus , Ring ,Mesh topologies using LAN Connection using Cisco Packet

Tracer tool
Ans:-

1. Star Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer

Steps to Implement Star Topology:

 Devices Needed:
o 1 Switch or Hub (center device)
o Multiple PCs or End Devices (usually 4 to 5 for demonstration)
 Implementation:
1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
2. Drag and drop a Switch from the devices panel.
3. Place PCs (or other end devices) on the workspace.
4. Connect each PC to the switch using Copper Straight-Through Cables (Click on each device, select
"FastEthernet," and then choose the correct port to connect).
5. Configure IP addresses on each PC:
 Go to each PC → Desktop → IP Configuration.
 Assign unique IPs to each PC (for example, 192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3, etc.).
6. Test connectivity using the Ping command:
 Go to one of the PCs and use the ping command to check connectivity to other devices.

Example Star Topology:

 Switch (central) connected to:

o PC1
o PC2
o PC3
o PC4

This configuration forms a Star Topology, where all devices are connected to a central switch.

2. Bus Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer

Steps to Implement Bus Topology:

 Devices Needed:
o 1 Hub or Switch (optional for end devices, if you want)
o Several PCs
 Implementation:
1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
2. Drag and drop several PCs into the workspace.
3. Use the Cable tool (straight-through or coaxial) to connect the PCs in a linear fashion.
4. You don't need a central switch or router in a pure bus topology, just connect them serially.
5. Assign IP addresses to each PC:
 Go to each PC → Desktop → IP Configuration.
 Assign them IP addresses within the same network range (e.g., 192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3, etc.).
6. Test connectivity using the Ping command from one PC to another.

Example Bus Topology:

 PC1 → Cable → PC2 → Cable → PC3 → Cable → PC4

This configuration simulates a Bus Topology, where all devices share a single backbone cable.

3. Ring Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer

Steps to Implement Ring Topology:

 Devices Needed:
o Multiple PCs or End Devices
 Implementation:
1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
2. Drag and drop several PCs into the workspace.
3. Use the Cable tool to connect the PCs in a circular manner. Each PC should be connected to two other
PCs (one on each side).
4. Assign IP addresses to each PC:
 Go to each PC → Desktop → IP Configuration.
 Assign unique IPs to each PC within the same subnet.
5. To simulate the "ring" behavior, you could either use a hub/switch or directly connect each device in a
loop.
6. Test the connectivity by using Ping.

Example Ring Topology:

 PC1 → Cable → PC2 → Cable → PC3 → Cable → PC4 → Cable → PC1

This setup forms a Ring Topology, where each device is connected to two other devices, forming a loop.

4. Mesh Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer

Steps to Implement Mesh Topology:

 Devices Needed:
o Multiple PCs (at least 4 devices to demonstrate full mesh)
o Switch (optional for connecting more devices, if needed)
 Implementation:
1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
2. Drag and drop PCs into the workspace.
3. Connect each PC to every other PC using Copper Straight-Through Cables.
 For example, if you have 4 PCs, you will need to create connections between:
 PC1 to PC2, PC1 to PC3, PC1 to PC4
 PC2 to PC3, PC2 to PC4
 PC3 to PC4
4. Assign unique IP addresses to each PC within the same subnet.
5. Test the connectivity using the Ping command.

Example Mesh Topology:

 PC1 connected to:

o PC2, PC3, PC4
 PC2 connected to:
o PC3, PC4
 PC3 connected to:
o PC4
This forms a Full Mesh Topology, where each device has a direct connection to every other device in the network.

Final Steps for All Topologies:

 Verify Connectivity:
o After configuring all devices and connections, test the network by selecting one of the PCs and using
the ping command to check if all other devices are reachable.
 Document Configuration:
o Record your IP addressing scheme, network devices used, and any other configuration details to keep
track of your setup.

Summary:

 Star Topology: Central switch/hub connects all devices.

 Bus Topology: Devices are connected in a single linear fashion.
 Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a loop.
 Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.
Practical 2 :- Implement Star, Bus , Ring ,Mesh topologies and do Data Tranfer using File Transfer Protocl (FTP)
using Cisco Packet Tracer tool.
Ans:-

1. Star Topology with FTP

Devices Needed:

 1 Switch (central device)

 4 PCs
 1 FTP Server

Steps to Implement Star Topology with FTP:

1. Create the Star Topology:

o Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
o Drag and drop 1 Switch into the workspace.
o Drag and drop 4 PCs onto the workspace.
o Connect each PC to the Switch using Copper Straight-Through Cables.
 For example: PC1 → Switch (port 1), PC2 → Switch (port 2), etc.
2. Assign IP Addresses:
o Click on each PC → Desktop → IP Configuration.
o Assign IP addresses in the same subnet, such as:
 PC1: 192.168.1.2
 PC2: 192.168.1.3
 PC3: 192.168.1.4
 PC4: 192.168.1.5
o All PCs should have the subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
3. Setting up the FTP Server:
o Drag and drop an FTP Server into the workspace.
o Set the FTP Server IP address to 192.168.1.6.
o Configure the FTP server:
 Click on FTP Server → Config tab.
 Set the username and password (e.g., admin / admin123).
 Add a sample file in the /files directory of the FTP server.
4. File Transfer Using FTP:
o On PC1, go to Desktop > FTP.
o Enter the FTP server IP address (192.168.1.6), the username (admin), and the password (admin123).
o After connecting, you can upload/download files.
 Upload a file: Click Upload, select a file from PC1, and upload it to the server.
 Download a file: Select a file from the FTP server and download it to PC1.
5. Test Connectivity:
o Use ping from one PC to another (e.g., PC1 ping PC2) to ensure network connectivity.

2. Bus Topology with FTP

Devices Needed:

 3-4 PCs
 1 Hub or just connect the PCs using Copper Coaxial Cables.

Steps to Implement Bus Topology with FTP:

 1. Create the Bus Topology:
o Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
o Drag and drop 3-4 PCs into the workspace.
o Use a Copper Coaxial Cable to connect the PCs in a linear fashion (this simulates the bus).
 PC1 → Cable → PC2 → Cable → PC3 → Cable → PC4.
2. Assign IP Addresses:
o On each PC, go to Desktop > IP Configuration and assign IP addresses in the same subnet:
 PC1: 192.168.1.2
 PC2: 192.168.1.3
 PC3: 192.168.1.4
 PC4: 192.168.1.5
3. Setting up the FTP Server:
o Drag and drop an FTP Server into the workspace and set the IP address to 192.168.1.6.
o Configure FTP on the server as explained in the Star Topology section above.
4. File Transfer Using FTP:
o Open Desktop > FTP on PC1 and enter the FTP server's IP, username, and password.
o You can upload or download files from the server as needed.
5. Test Connectivity:
o Use ping from one PC to another to ensure they can communicate.

3. Ring Topology with FTP

Devices Needed:

 4 PCs
 Hub or Switch

Steps to Implement Ring Topology with FTP:

1. Create the Ring Topology:

o Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
o Drag and drop 4 PCs into the workspace.
o Connect the PCs in a ring (PC1 → PC2 → PC3 → PC4 → PC1).
o Use Copper Straight-Through Cables to form the loop.
2. Assign IP Addresses:
o Assign IP addresses on each PC using Desktop > IP Configuration:
 PC1: 192.168.1.2
 PC2: 192.168.1.3
 PC3: 192.168.1.4
 PC4: 192.168.1.5
3. Setting up the FTP Server:
o Drag and drop an FTP Server onto the workspace with the IP 192.168.1.6.
o Configure the FTP server with a username and password, just like in the Star topology.
4. File Transfer Using FTP:
o On PC1, go to Desktop > FTP and enter the FTP server’s IP, username, and password.
o Once connected, you can upload and download files between the FTP server and PC1.
5. Test Connectivity:
o Test the network by pinging PCs and ensure the loop topology is correctly set up and functional.

4. Mesh Topology with FTP

Devices Needed:
  4 PCs
 Switch (optional, but can be used for simplicity)

Steps to Implement Mesh Topology with FTP:

1. Create the Mesh Topology:

o Open Cisco Packet Tracer.
o Drag and drop 4 PCs into the workspace.
o Connect each PC to every other PC using Copper Straight-Through Cables (i.e., PC1 to PC2, PC3,
and PC4, PC2 to PC3 and PC4, etc.).
o For Full Mesh: Ensure every PC is connected directly to all others.
2. Assign IP Addresses:
o Assign IP addresses to each PC:
 PC1: 192.168.1.2
 PC2: 192.168.1.3
 PC3: 192.168.1.4
 PC4: 192.168.1.5
3. Setting up the FTP Server:
o Drag and drop an FTP Server into the workspace and set its IP to 192.168.1.6.
o Create FTP credentials as described in previous topologies.
4. File Transfer Using FTP:
o Open Desktop > FTP on PC1 (or any other PC).
o Enter the FTP server’s IP and credentials to establish the connection.
o You can upload or download files from the FTP server.
5. Test Connectivity:
o Test full mesh connectivity by pinging the FTP server from any PC and ensuring all connections are
working correctly.

Final Testing and Troubleshooting Tips:

 Ping between PCs: Always test connectivity between PCs using the ping command from the command prompt
on each device. This will ensure that the devices are properly connected.
 FTP Connection: If you cannot connect to the FTP server, make sure:
o The server’s IP is correctly configured.
o The FTP username and password are correct.
o The devices are in the same subnet (same network).
 Check Cables: Ensure that you are using Copper Straight-Through Cables where necessary. For bus
topologies or switches, the cable type might differ based on the physical layer.
Practical 3 :-. Configure Wireless LAN (WLAN) Connection Using Cisco Packet Tracer
Ans:-

Steps for Configuring a Wireless LAN (WLAN) in Cisco Packet Tracer

Devices Needed:

 Wireless Router (e.g., Cisco 881 or 800 series router with wireless capabilities)
 Wireless End Devices (e.g., Laptops or PCs with wireless network interfaces)
 Wires and Cables (for connecting router to other devices like the Internet or network resources)

1. Add the Wireless Router

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new project.

2. From the Device Type section, under Routers, drag and drop a Wireless Router (e.g., Cisco 881W Router)
onto the workspace.
3. Once the router is placed, click on the router to open its settings.
4. Go to the Physical tab (to view the router’s physical interfaces) and ensure the router has a wireless interface
(this may be called Dot11Radio0 or similar).

2. Configure Wireless Settings on the Router

1. Access Router Configuration:

o Click on the router to open the CLI (Command Line Interface) or GUI.
o You can also configure the wireless router using the GUI under the Config tab.
2. Enable the Wireless Interface:
o Go to the Config tab (if using GUI) or use CLI commands to enable the router’s wireless interface.
 In the Config tab, find the Wireless0 or Dot11Radio0 interface and enable it by clicking the
checkbox for On.
 Configure the wireless SSID (Service Set Identifier), which is the network name visible to
wireless devices. Set a name, e.g., MyWirelessNetwork.
3. Configure Wireless Security (Optional):
o You can enable WPA2 encryption and set a Passphrase under the Security tab for the router's wireless
interface.
 Choose WPA2 Personal for strong encryption and set a Passphrase (e.g.,
MySecurePassword).
4. Assign IP Settings for the Wireless LAN:
o On the router’s Wireless0 (or Dot11Radio0) interface, assign a static IP address that will act as the
default gateway for wireless clients.
 Example: 192.168.1.1 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0.

3. Add Wireless End Devices (PCs or Laptops)

1. Add Wireless Laptops or PCs:

o From the End Devices section, drag and drop Laptops (or PCs with wireless adapters) onto the
workspace.
o These devices will connect wirelessly to the router.
2. Configure the Wireless Network on Laptops:
o Click on each Laptop (or PC).
 o Go to the Desktop tab and click on PC Wireless (in Laptops, you’ll see the Wi-Fi network option
under the wireless settings).
3. Connect to the Wireless Network:
o The laptop will automatically scan for available wireless networks.
o Select the SSID (e.g., MyWirelessNetwork) you configured on the router.
o If you have configured security (like WPA2), you will need to enter the Passphrase (e.g.,
MySecurePassword).
4. Obtain IP Address Automatically:
o Once connected to the network, the laptop should automatically request an IP address via DHCP from
the router. If you configured the router’s DHCP, it will assign an IP address within the subnet (e.g.,
192.168.1.2 for the first laptop, 192.168.1.3 for the second laptop, etc.).

4. Configure Router’s DHCP Settings (Optional)

If you want the wireless router to assign IP addresses dynamically (using DHCP) to connected devices:

1. Go to the Router Configuration:

o Click on the router → Config tab.
2. Enable DHCP on the Router:
o Under DHCP settings, check DHCP Service to On.
o Configure the DHCP Pool:
 Network Address: 192.168.1.0
 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
 Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 (the router’s wireless IP).
 Start IP Address: 192.168.1.2
 End IP Address: 192.168.1.100

This allows the router to dynamically assign IP addresses to any wireless device that connects.

5. Test Connectivity Between Devices

1. Test Wireless Connection:

o Once the wireless laptops/PCs are connected to the router’s wireless network, they should be able to
ping the router’s IP address (192.168.1.1).
o Open Command Prompt on the Laptop (or PC) and type ping 192.168.1.1 to verify connectivity to
the router.
2. Test Communication Between Devices:
o To test if the devices can communicate with each other, try pinging from one laptop to another.
 Example: From Laptop 1 (192.168.1.2), ping Laptop 2 (192.168.1.3).

6. (Optional) Configure Static IP on Laptops (if not using DHCP)

If you do not want to use DHCP on the router, you can manually assign static IP addresses to the laptops:

1. Go to Desktop > IP Configuration on each laptop.

2. Assign an IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.2 for the first laptop, 192.168.1.3 for the second laptop) and set the
Default Gateway to 192.168.1.1.
Final Check:

 Wireless network connection: Ensure the wireless laptops/PCs are successfully connected to the wireless
router.
 IP address configuration: Ensure the devices have IP addresses in the same subnet as the router (e.g.,
192.168.1.x).
 Ping test: Check if the devices can communicate with each other and with the router.
Practical 4 :-. To construct a VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) and make PC Communication among a VLAN .
Ans:-
Requirements

• Windows pc – 6 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 6 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer ofdata
packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory

A VLAN is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if
they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments.
Because VLANs are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

VLANs define broadcast domains in a Layer 2 network. A broadcast domain is the setof all
devices that will receive broadcast frames originating from any device within the set. Broadcast domains
are typically bounded by routers because routers do not forward broadcast frames. Layer 2 switches create
broadcast domains based on the configuration of the switch. Switches are multiport bridges that allow you
to create multiple broadcast domains. Each broadcast domain is like a distinct virtual bridge within a
switch.
The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group of devices networked together. The devices can
use a single Internet connection, share files with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even
controlled by one another.

Input Details for VLAN 10

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 10.0.0.1 IP Address : 10.0.0.2 IP Address : 10.0.0.3

Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask :

255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50

Input Details for VLAN 20

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 20.0.0.1 IP Address : 20.0.0.2 IP Address : 20.0.0.3

Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask :

255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gate way : 20.0.0.50 Gate way : 20.0.0.50 Gate way : 20.0.0.50

CONFIGURATION OF THE SWITCHPORT FOR VLAN:

Switch>en
Switch#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? Enter
configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#ex
Switch(config)#vlan 20
Switch(config-vlan)#ex
Switch(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if-range)#ex Switch(config)#interface
range fastEthernet 0/4-6 Switch(config-if-
range)#switchport access vlan 20Switch(config-if-
range)#ex
Switch(config)#exSwitch#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
VLAN OUTPUT: (PINGING FROM PC0)

C:\>PING 10.0.0.2

Pinging 10.0.0.2 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 10.0.0.2:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
Practical 5:- To Construct Inter-VLAN and make PC communication among VLAN .

Ans:-
Requirements

• Windows pc – 4 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 4 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer ofdata
packets in real and simulation mode.
Theory
Inter-VLAN routing can be defined as a way to forward traffic between different VLAN by
implementing a router in the network. As we learnt previously, VLANs logically segment the switch into
different subnets, when a router is connected to the switch, an administrator can configure the router to
forward the traffic between the various VLANs configured on the switch. The user nodes in the VLANs
forwards traffic to the router which then forwards the traffic to the destination network regardless of the
VLAN configured on the switch.

The use of VLANs means that users would not be able to communicate across departments, i.e.
a user in FINANCE, would not be able to send a message to a user in SALES since they are on different
broadcast domains.
1. Understand the Scenario:

 You have multiple VLANs (e.g., VLAN 10, VLAN 20, etc.).
 PCs in different VLANs need to communicate with each other.
 To enable communication between different VLANs, you need a router or a Layer 3 switch.

2. Requirements:

 VLAN Configuration: You need to configure VLANs on your switch.

 Router or Layer 3 Switch: To enable Inter-VLAN Routing, you will either need a router or a Layer 3 switch.
 Access Ports: Configure access ports on the switch to assign PCs to VLANs.

3. Basic Configuration Steps:

Step 1: Configure VLANs on the Switch

Create the VLANs on your switch, for example, VLAN 10 and VLAN 20.

Switch(config)# vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)# name HR
Switch(config-vlan)# exit
Switch(config)# vlan 20
Switch(config-vlan)# name IT
Switch(config-vlan)# exit

Step 2: Assign Ports to VLANs

Assign specific switch ports to each VLAN. For instance, if you want port 1 to belong to VLAN 10 (HR) and port 2 to
belong to VLAN 20 (IT):

Switch(config)# interface range fa0/1 - 2

Switch(config-if-range)# switchport mode access
Switch(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 10 # Assign port 1 to VLAN 10
Switch(config-if-range)# exit
Switch(config)# interface fa0/2
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20 # Assign port 2 to VLAN 20
Switch(config-if)# exit

Step 3: Enable Routing on the Layer 3 Switch or Router

If you are using a router to route between VLANs, you can connect the router to a trunk port on the switch and
configure Sub-Interfaces on the router for each VLAN. If you are using a Layer 3 switch, it can route internally
between VLANs.

Using Router (Router-on-a-Stick Configuration):

1. Configure Sub-Interfaces on Router: On the router, configure sub-interfaces for each VLAN. For example,
for VLAN 10 (HR) and VLAN 20 (IT):

Router(config)# interface gig0/0.10 # Sub-interface for VLAN 10

Router(config-if)# encapsulation dot1Q 10 # VLAN 10 tag
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface gig0/0.20 # Sub-interface for VLAN 20
Router(config-if)# encapsulation dot1Q 20 # VLAN 20 tag
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Router(config-if)# exit

Trunk Port on Switch: You need to set the port connecting to the router as a trunk port. This will allow traffic from
multiple VLANs to traverse between the switch and the router.

Switch(config)# interface gig0/1 # Assuming this is the trunk port to the router
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1Q
Switch(config-if)# exit

Using Layer 3 Switch:

If you're using a Layer 3 switch, enable routing and configure SVI (Switched Virtual Interfaces) for each VLAN.

Enable Routing on the Switch:

Switch(config)# ip routing

Configure SVIs for Each VLAN:

Switch(config)# interface vlan 10

Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
Switch(config-if)# exit

Switch(config)# interface vlan 20

Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
Switch(config-if)# exit

Step 4: Configure PCs' IP Addresses

Set the IP address and default gateway for each PC. For example:

 PC1 (VLAN 10):

o IP Address: 192.168.10.2
o Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
o Default Gateway: 192.168.10.1 (Router or Switch IP)
 PC2 (VLAN 20):
o IP Address: 192.168.20.2
o Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
o Default Gateway: 192.168.20.1 (Router or Switch IP)

Step 5: Test the Connectivity

 Test the communication between PCs in different VLANs (e.g., from PC in VLAN 10 to PC in VLAN 20).
 You can use the ping command to verify if the PCs can communicate across VLANs:
PC1 (VLAN 10)> ping 192.168.20.2 # Ping PC in VLAN 20

If everything is correctly set up, the ping should succeed, indicating that Inter-VLAN routing is working.

Practical -5 :- To construct simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of AddressResolution
Protocol (ARP)

PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4

IP Address : IP Address : IP Address : IP Address : IP Address :
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4 10.0.0.5
Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask: Subnet Mask :
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Gate way : Gate way : Gate way : Gate way : Gate way :
10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50
OUTPUT:

ARP CATCH TABLE OF PC1 (IP: 10.0.0.2):

C:\>arp -a

Internet Address Physical Address Type

10.0.0.1 0001.42c1.0547 dynamic

10.0.0.3 0001.6402.dab3 dynamic

10.0.0.4 0001.43e2.332b dynamic10.0.0.5
0001.9665.3174 dynamic

SWITCH MAC ADDRESS TABLE: