Group2 (1) - 1
Group2 (1) - 1
Group2 (1) - 1
ON
Submitted By-
B.Mohan Sundar
Lecturer(Chemistry)
CERTIFICAT
This is to certify that this “CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT on
the topic “Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf(Aniseed),
Ajwain(Carom) and Elaichi(Cardamom)”has been successfully
completed by B.Mogan Sundar of class – XII-Science under the
guidance of K.Siva Shanthi
Examiner
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere thank to our chemistry
Roll No-
Index
Aim of the experiment
Extraction of essential oils present
in Saunf(Aniseed), Ajwain(Carom)
and Elaichi(Cardamom)
INTRODUCTION
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are
also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea etc. Essential oils are made up of highly volatile substances
which can be extracted from numerous plant species. Distillation based recovery processes such as steam and
vacuum distillation are preferred for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Virtually all naturally
occurring essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons such as camphene, pinene, limonene, phellandrene cedrene,
and oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, lactones, phenols and organic
acids. The essential oil get their odours from the oxygenated compounds contained in them and these confer
stability on the oil against oxidation. The hydrocarbons are less stable and they are responsible for the degradation
observed in the oils. The hydrocarbons contained in the essential oils are often removed so that the oils can be
more stable and still retain their odours and flavours .
THEORY
Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a separation or extraction process) for
a temperature-sensitive plant such as natural aromatic compounds. It once was a
popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds but has become
obsolete by vacuity distillation.Steam distillation still important in certain
industrial sectors. Steam distillation is one of ancient and official approved
methods for isolation of essential oils from plant materials. The plant materials
charged in the alembic are subjected to the steam without maceration in water.
Theinjected steam passes through the plants from the base of the alembic to the
top. Steam distillation is a method where steam flows through the material as
shown in diagram below. This steam functions as agents that break up the pores
of the raw material and release the essential oil from it. The system yields a
mixture of a vapour and desired essential oil. This vapour is then condensed
further and the essential oil is collected. The principle of this technique is that the
combined vapour pressure equals the ambient pressure at about 100 °C so that
the volatile components with the boiling points ranging from 150 to 300 °C can be
evaporated at a temperature close to that of water. Furthermore, this technique
can be also carried out under pressure depending on the essential oils extraction
difficulty.
We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out from flowers, spices
and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due to volatile oils present
in them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants are called essential oils.
Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose,
sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are a few familiar examples of
valuable essential oils. The term “essential oils”literally means “oils derived from
the essence” of plants. Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant odours and
flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some are used in medicines
(e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants (e.g.,
citronella).Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures of ester,
alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are essentially
non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such as
petroleum ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in all parts of the plant,
but they are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are obtained from
the plants by the process of steam distillation and extraction. The technique of
steam distillation permits the separation of volatile components from non-volatile
materials without raising the temperature of the distillation above 100° C. Thus
steam distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of essential oils.
CAROM OIL(AJWAIN)
Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the crushed seeds of ajwain by the
method of steam distillation.
Chemical composition: The main constituents of the ajwain oil are thymol,
gamma-terpinene, pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene, alpha thujene, beta-
myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol.There are variations in the
composition of ajwain oils
depending upon the region where it is cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil
collected from Southern India is rich in thymol.
Uses:
It is used as digestive aid. One can treat indigestion, ulcers, and various other
bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain seeds and essential oil.
Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using steam distillation method. For this,
seeds of the fruit are used just before they ripe. The yield through this process is
normally 1 to 5 per cent.
Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for treatment of sciatica, coughs,
abdominal pains, spasm and nervous disorders.
ANISEED OIL(SAUNF)
Color: Clear .
To add a richer and more robust scent, Aniseed Essential Oil is also often added
to cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, creams, soaps, and
perfumes.
Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and
fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.
Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid having the characteristic odor and
taste of the fruit. The yield of oil generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1 per cent. Higher
values up to 6 per cent have been reported from Syrian aniseed. Crushing of fruits
prior to distillation gives better yields of oil. The material should be distilled soon
after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to evaporation. Aniseed oil is a
highly refractive liquid, which solidifies on cooling. The congealing point depends
much on the anethole content and is a valuable criterion for evaluating the oil.
Exposure of the oil to air causes polymerization, and some oxidation also takes
place with the formation of anisaldehyde and anisic acid.
The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to the extent
of 80 to 90 per c mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil
also contains methyl chavicol, p methoxyphenyl acetone, and small amount of
terpenes and sulfur containing compounds of disagreeable odour.
REQUIREMENTS
• Steam generator (Copper Vessel),
• Round bottom flask (500 ml),
• Conical flask,
• Condenser,
• Glass tubes,
• Iron stand,
• Sand bath,
• Separatory funnel,
• Tripod stands,
• Burners,
• Saunf(Aniseed) .
• Ajwain(Carom)
• Cardamom(Elaichi)
• Petroleum ether(60-80°C)
PROCEDURE
•Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup.
•Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce
steam.
•A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed through the round
bottom flask.
•A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more
steam is passed, the steam volatile components of saunf pass through the
condenser along with steam. These contents on condensation are collected in the
receiver.
•The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to
prevent excessive condensation of steam.
•Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it with
the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
•Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath.
The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
OBSERVATION
RESULT
Essential oils present in aniseed, carom and cardamom are