he normal to these plane at a i nt is 110. In the same way we ed coordinate of the point is 1°¢ points corresponding to different sets of parallel] crystal, ‘The collection of these reciprocal points ding to direct lattice of the crystal. The distances ) are called the reciprocal lattice vectors ag The reciprocal lattice point E for (110) planes is on distance M/di1o and the assign can locate all the reciprocal lattice and equidistant planes in the whole forms the reciprocal lattice corresponding OA = a, OB = and OF = (7 +0" shown in Fig 2.4. 2s Definition of reciprocal lattice { dhe reciprocal lattice corresponding to a Bravais lattice point Ft is oe Gs the set of all wave vectors & that give plane waves of the form dF? with the periodicity () of the Bravais lattice on ie. elf (Ft) = elf? (2.11) for any # and all R in the Bravais lattice or cif y gibt x gil? ie, fF =1 (2.12) So the reciprocal lattice vector is represented by a set of lattice vectors R satisfying eqn (2.12), for all A in the Bravais lattice. Since e'"" = 1, where n is an integer we can write ofA = 6, ic, k- R= 2nn ) (2.13) 2.5 Reciprocal lattice vector - The reciprocal lattice vector a*,5* and & are defined in terms of the primitive trans- lation vectors @, 5 and @ of the direct lattice as follows (2.14) (2.18) From eqn (2.15) | Tt b=a-2=0 2.16 i.e. @ is perpendicular to the plane defined by 6 and & It i Se itelines oa = by b and & It is, therefore, parallel to tt T=A(bx 2) a ' t where A is a scalar quantity.(saben husics ata y we allel ints bn an rte! Structure Anata yy oe ; Rays 569 Now from eqn (2.14), we have (2) @ Fa A (5,2 f= A(bx 2) an, (2.18) 1 (2.19) From eqns (2.17) and (2.19) (2.20) Ina similar way (2.21) (Bx a) (2.22) aw a@xb Fad) Some authors prefer to define Primitive translation vectors a,5, € of the direct lattice Of the reciprocal lattice in the following way (2.23) and primitive translation vectors (2.24) The common denominator in each case is a iG x a) =V (2.25) it cell i rect lattice. imitive unit cell in the direct where V is the volume of the primi at sn zB and Zin the direct lattice have the dimension of [lengt th ie i The vec 5 nd in en dn gh Te the reciprocal lattice ,570 Andamentals of Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics & Solid State Physics is a lattice in the real space but the reciprocal lattice is a lattice in the Fourier space [ef. eqn (2.13)]. Choosing @,6* and & tive vectors a, 6, @ of a given crysti represented by the reciprocal lattice vector Ga har + Ko + where h,k,1 are integers and @*,5*,<* are the primitive translation vectors of the reciprocal lattice. as the three reciprocal axes, any arbitrary set of primi- ‘al leads to the same set of reciprocal lattice points (2.26) ‘The reciprocal lattice vector G represents a set of points in the reciprocal lattice planes which are called the reciprocal points. If T be the crystal translation vector then GF = In x integer = 2nN (2.27) or OF = 1 (2.28) But oF = 005 (G-T) +isin (4-7) = cos(2nN) + isin(2nN) =1+0=1 B cos (G-7) = 1=c0s0° @F=0 (2.29) Eqn (2.29) shows that G is perpendicular to T.) 2.5.1 Properties of the reciprocal lattice ~ Reciprocal lattice is an invariant geometrical object and its properties are fundamental in the theory of solids. Some of the geometrical properties are as follows: (i) Every reciprocal lattice vector is normal to a lattice plane of the crystal lattice. Proof. Let Gana +h +E be a reciprocal lattice vector and (hkl) be a set of parallelattice planes in the direct lattice then (2.30)got Crystal Structure Analysis by X-Rays " : : , 573 35-2 Reciprocal lattice to SC lattice (jj and & be taken i,j aD as the unit ee Zimple cubic lattice then °"'°"* ORs Primitive translation vectors @,6 and é (2.36) It is evident from eqn (2.36) that all the three reciprocal lattice vectors are equal in magnitude which means the reciprocal lattice to SC lattice is also SC but with lattice constant equal to 2%. 2.5.3 Reciprocal lattice to BCC lattice ~ The primitive translation vectors of a body centered cubic lattice Fig 2.6 are a= $ (i+3-8) (i+5+8) 0-348) vectors along the edges of the cube and a is (237) = 3 i) where i,j and k are the orthogonal unit the length of the cube edge-574 Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics & Solid State Physig, Fig 2.6 Primitive translation vectors of a BCC lattice The volume of the primitive unit cell is #-Bxe'=$(i+j-A)-[E(i45+8) x (i-i+8)] (2.38) These are also the primitive translation vectors of an FCC lattice. Hence the reciprocal lattice to a BCC lattice is FCC lattice.sg Otel Structure Anaiyts by x payy en Proce gh Reciprocal lattice to ROG lattice ~~ imitive translation vector, rem Sof an FCC lattice are shown in Fig 2.7 and given by cite (2.39) Fig 2.7 Primitive translation vectors of an Fc¢ lattice ‘Volume of the unit cell is given by cok out URED xe 5 (E43) -S [Gx 8) x (é 1 80445). 2 (i452) The primitive translation vectors of the reciprocal lattice are @(j.3 5 vxe § (i+3-8) a = Qn = ag =A @-0xe (2.40)576 Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics & Solid State Physics tive translation vectors of an FCC lattice. Thus the recip. These are also the primi 'C lattice. rocal lattice to an FCC lattice is a BC —_%* —