EXPLAIN GOVERNMENT

PROGRAMS AND
INITIATIVES IN
ADDRESSING SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES E.G. LOCAL,
NATIONAL, GLOBAL
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS
OBJECTIVES
The learners demonstrate the understanding of:

1. cultural, social, political institutions as sets of norms

and patterns of behavior that relate to major social
interest.
2. social stratification as the ranking of individuals
according to wealth, power, and prestige.
3. social and political inequalities as features of
societies and the global community.
 RECAP
IDENTIFY IN WHAT CLASS DOES THE FOLLOWING BELONG TO: (UPPER, MIDDLE, AND
LOWER CLASS)
 SOCIAL INEQUALITY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for
different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Social inequality has
several important dimensions. Income is the earnings from work or investments, while
wealth is the total value of money and other assets minus debts. Other important
dimensions include power, occupational prestige, schooling, ancestry, and race and
ethnicity.

Let's examine the two prevailing explanations of poverty: blaming the poor and
blaming society. One approach to explain poverty is blaming the poor - that the poor
are responsible for their own poverty. There is some evidence to support this theory,
because the main reason people are poor is the lack of employment. According to this
view, society has plenty of opportunities for people to realize their dream, and people
are poor because they lack the motivation, skills, or schooling to find work. Another
approach to explain poverty is blaming the society - that society is responsible for
poverty. While it is true that unemployment is a main contributor to poverty, the
reasons people don't work are more in line with this approach. Loss of jobs is a major
contributor to poverty. There simply isn't enough work to support families.
 INCOME/POVERTY INEQUALITY
Income, affluence, and poverty are also important factors that define social inequality.
Those belonging to the upper class un society have larger and steadily increasing
incomes compared to the lower classes, who have low incomes. The distribution of
wealth and income remains highly unequal in many societies, and globalization
contributed to widening the gap between rich and poor. The Philippines records 25%
of Filipinos are poor. Poverty can be defined accordingly.

➤ Absolute poverty refers to the lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe
housing, and access to health care services needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.
➤ Relative poverty refers to the ability to obtain basic necessities, but unable to
maintain for average standard of living.
➤ Subjective poverty refers to the individual's evaluation and perception of his or her
actual income against expectations.
PHILIPPINES' CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER (CCT)
PROGRAM
PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4PS)
ABOUT

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a human development program of the national

government that invests in the health and education of poor households, particularly of
children aged 0-18 years old.

Patterned after the conditional cash transfer scheme implemented in other developing
countries, the pantawid pamilya provides cash grants to beneficiaries provided that
they comply with the set of conditions required by the program.

On april 17, 2019, the republic act no. 11310 institutionalizing or an act the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino program was signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte making
Pantawid Pamilya the National Poverty Reduction Strategy of the government.
OBJECTIVES
• Social Assistance - to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their
immediate need (short term poverty alleviation)
• Social Development - to break the intergenerational poverty cycle through
investments in human capital.

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
1. To improve the health of young children and mothers by promoting preventive
health care
2. To increase the enrollment and attendance rate of children in Day Care,
Kindergarten, elementary, and secondary schools
3. To contribute to the reduction of incidence of child labor
4. To raise the average consumption rate in food expenditure of poor households
5. To encourage parents to invest in their children's health, nutrition and education
6. To enhance the performance of parenting roles of beneficiaries and their
participation in community development activities.
THE CONDITIONALITIES

1. Pregnant women must avail pre- and post-natal care and be attended during
childbirth by a trained health professional
2. 0-5 year old children must receive regular preventive health check-ups and vaccines
parents must attend family development sessions (FDS)
3. 6-14 years old children must receive deworming pills twice a year
4. All child beneficiaries (0-18 years old) must enroll in school and maintain a class
attendance of at least 85% per month
GENDER INEQUALITY
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, called sexism, are major
contributing factors to social inequality. Almost all societies have some sexual division
of labor. The emphasis of gender inequality is born out of the deepening division in
the roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the economic, political, and
educational spheres. Women are under-represented in political activities and decision-
making processes in almost every part of the world. Gender discrimination,
particularly the lower status of women, has been the topic of government agencies
and international bodies like united nations.

The Philippines remains the top country in Asia in terms of closing the gender gap,
according to the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 of the World Economic Forum. The
Global Gender Gap Report 2020 measured countries on their progress towards gender
parity in four dimensions: economic participation and opportunity, educational
attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment.
 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
IN THE PHILIPPINES

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) - refers to the development perspective and

process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization
of human potentials. It seeks to achieve determination and actualization of human
potentials. It seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be
reflected in development choices and contends that women are active agents of
development, not just passive recipients of development.

Philippine plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a national plan that
addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women.
Approved and adopted by former president Fidel V. Ramos as executive no. 273, on
September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for women,
1989-1992 adopted by executive no. 348 of February 17, 1989.
Republic act no. 9710, otherwise known as the magna carta of women was approved
on august 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and
equity measures to enable women's participation in the formulation, implementation
and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local development.

A memorandum circular no. 2011-01 dated October 21, 2011 was released addressing to
all government departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State
Universalities and Colleges (SUCS), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations
(GOCCS) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and
procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD
Focal Point System (GFPS).
 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
Racial and ethnic inequality is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions
between racial and ethnic categories within a society and are often recognized based
on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's
place or origin or culture. Racial inequality can result to diminished opportunities for
members of marginalized groups, which in turn lead to cycles of poverty and political
marginalization.

In the Philippines, which is an ethnolinguistic country, ethnicity can be a source of

conflict. An example is the armed conflict in Mindanao where Muslim groups are
fighting for their right to have more autonomy or establish Bangsamoro (Moro state).
Indigenous groups like the Lumads, experience great difficulty in accessing resources,
and availing education, employment, and health services.
Study some concepts below which are helpful in understanding the ethnic and racial
issues.

1. Racism refers to the set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices used to justify the
superior treatment of one racial/ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another
racial/ethnic group.
2. Discrimination refers to the resistance of equality by depriving the minorities of
equal treatment and keeping them in lower status by the dominant members in the
society.
3. Prejudice refers to the negative attitude or preconceived judgment towards others
that label them unfairly.
4. Stereotyping refers to overgeneralizing all members of a particular category as
having the same qualities.
 Law Protecting the Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines

Shown below are some of the basic tenets/provisions of the law to protect and
recognize the rights of the indigenous peoples and groups all throughout the country.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371

“The Indigenous Peoples’ rights Act pf 1997”
SECTION 2. The State shall recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous Cultural
Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/ IPs) hereunder enumerated within the
framework of the Constitution:

a) The State shall recognize and promote the rights of ICCs/ IPs within the framework
of national unity and development;

b) The State shall protect the rights of ICCs/ IPs to their ancestral domains to ensure
their economic, social and cultural well-being and shall recognize the applicability of
customary laws governing property rights or relations in determining the ownership
and extent of ancestral domain;
c) The State shall recognize, respect and protect the rights of ICCs/ IPs preserve and
develop their cultures, traditions and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the
formulation of national laws and policies;

d) The State shall guarantee that members of the ICCs/ IPs regardless of sex, shall
equally enjoy the full measure of human rights and freedoms without distinction or
discrimination;

e) The State shall take measures, with the participation of the ICCs/ IPs concerned, to
protect their rights and guarantee respect for their cultural integrity, and to ensure
that members of the ICCs/ IPs benefit on an equal footing from the rights and
opportunities which national laws and regulations grant to other members of the
population; and

f) The State recognizes its obligations to respond to the strong expression of the ICCs/
IPs for cultural integrity by assuring maximum ICCs/IPs participation in the direction of
education, health, as well as other of ICCs/ IPs in order to render such services more
responsive to the needs and desires of these communities.
SECTION 38. National Commission on Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous
Peoples (NCIP).

To carry out the policies herein set forth, there shall be created the National
Commission on ICCs/ IPs (NCIP), which shall be the primary government agency
responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs to
promote and protect the rights and well-being of the ICCs/ IPs and the recognition of
their ancestral domains as well as the rights thereto.

SECTION 39. Mandate.

The NCIP shall protect and promote the interest and well-being of the ICCs/ IPs with
due regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions and institutions.
Government Project for Peace Process in the Philippines

In a country where conflicts occur from time to time due to rebellion and different
beliefs people do have, it is a must that the government intervenes by approaching the
problem systematically. It is through this method the government can serve its one
function which is to grant justice and have a harmony in its country among its people.

Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (PAMANA)

What is PΑΜΑΝΑ?
The PAyapa at MAsaganang PamayaNAn (PAMANA) Program was launched in 2011 as
a priority program of the Government that supports the Peace Negotiation Track and
contributes to the goal of attaining Just and Lasting Peace.

At present, PAMANA is embodied in Chapter 17 on Attaining Just and Lasting Peace of

the Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022 as the Government's peace and a
development convergence program a to communities in isolated, hard-to-a reach, and
conflict-affected and vulnerable communities.
What are the objectives of PAMANA?

PAMANA aims to contribute to (a) addressing issues of injustices and improve

community access to socio-economic interventions; (b) improving governance by
building the capacity of national government agencies and local government units for
a conflict-sensitive, peace-promoting, culture-sensitive and gender-sensitive approach
to human rights promotion and development; and, (c) empowering communities and
strengthening their capacities to address issues of conflict and peace.
What are the strategic pillars of PAMANA?
The PAMANA framework is anchored on three (3) complementary strategic pillars that
define core interventions to achieve just and lasting peace:
• Pillar 1 - Policy reform and governance interventions addressing issues of injustices relative
to land security, natural resources, identity, and human rights
• Pillar 2 - Capacity-building interventions relative to strengthening government institutions
and empowering communities
• Pillar 3 - Peace-promoting socio-economic interventions What areas are covered by
PAMANA? PAMANA has seven (7) geographical zones which have been selected and
prioritized to complement peace process lines.
1. Cordillera Administrative Region
2. Bicol-Quezon-Mindoro
3. Samar Island
4. Negros-Panay
5. Davao-Davao de Oro-Caraga
6. Central Mindanao
7. Zamboanga-Basilan-Sulu-Tawi-Tawi