Department of Chemistry

Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharthnagar

Syllabus for B.Sc.

Subject: Chemistry
Modified on August 10, 2023, Board of Studies

Year Semester Paper & Code Paper Name Credits/Marks

B020101T Fundamentals of Chemistry 4/75
I
B020102P Quantitative Analysis 2/25
st
I B020201T Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 4/75
II
B020202P Biochemical Analysis 2/25
B020301 T Chemical Dynamics & Coordination Chemistry 4/75
III
B020302P Physical Analysis 2/25
nd
II B020401T Quantum Mechanics and Analytical Techniques 4/75
IV
B020402P Instrumental Analysis 2/25
B020501 T Organic Synthesis-A 4/75
B020501 P Practical-I 2/25
V
B020502T Rearrangements and Chemistry of Group Elements 4/75
rd
III B020502P Practical-II 2/25
B020601T Organic Synthesis-B 4/75
B020601P Practical-I 2/25
VI
B020602T Chemical Energetics and Radiochemistry 4/75
B020602P Practical-II 2/25
Marking Distribution out of 100: - 25 Marks for internal Assessment +25 Marks External Practical Exam+ 50
Marks for theory paper.

Purpose of the Program

The purpose of the undergraduate chemistry program at the university and college level is to provide
the key knowledge base and laboratory resources to prepare students for careers as professionals in various
industries and research institutions.

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Program's Outcomes

1. Students will have a firm foundation in the fundamentals and application of current chemical and
scientific theories including those in Analytical, Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry.
2. Students will be able to design and carry out scientific experiments as well as accurately
record and analyze the results of such experiments.
3. Students will be skilled in problem solving, critical thinking and analytical reasoning as
applied to scientific problems.
4. Students will be able to explore new areas of research in both chemistry and allied fields of
science and technology.
5. Students will appreciate the central role of chemistry in our society and use this as a basis for
ethical behavior in issues facing chemists including an understanding of safe handling
of chemicals, environmental issues and key issues facing our society in energy, health and
medicine sector.
6. Students will be able to explain why chemistry is an integral activity for addressing social,
economic, and environmental problems.
7. Students will be able to function as a member of an interdisciplinary problem solving team.

Program Specific outcomes

Ist year Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry
Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry will give the student a basic
knowledge of all the fundamental principles of chemistry like molecular polarity
, bonding theories of molecules, periodic properties of more than 111
elements, mechanism of organic reactions, stereochemistry, basic
mathematical concepts and computer knowledge, chemistry of carbohydrates,
proteins and nucleic acids, medicinal chemistry, synthetic polymers, synthetic
dyes, Student will be able to do to qualitative, quantitative and biochemical analysis
of the compounds in the laboratory. This certificate course is definitely going to
prepare the students for various fields of chemistry and will give an insight into all
the branches of chemistry and enable our students to join the knowledge and
available opportunities related to chemistry in the government and private sector
services particularly in the field of food safety, health inspector, pharmacist etc.

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 Have a broad foundation in chemistry that stresses scientific reasoning and
analytical problem solving with a molecular perspective
IInd year DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL DYNAMICS AND ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and Analytical Techniques
will provide the theoretical as well as practical knowledge of handling chemicals,
apparatus, equipment and instruments. The knowledge about feasibility and
velocity of chemical reactions through chemical kinetics, chemical
equilibrium, phase kinetic theories of gases, solid and liquid states, coordination
chemistry, metal carbonyls and bioinorganic will enable the students to work as
chemists in pharmaceutical industries. The knowledge about atomic structure,
quantum mechanics, various spectroscopic tools and separation technique will
make the students skilled to work in industries: Achieved the skills required to
succeed in the chemical industry like cement industries, agro product, paint
industries, rubber industries, petrochemical industries, food processing industries,
fertilizer industries, pollution monitoring and control agencies etc. Got exposures of
a breadth of experimental techniques using modem instrumentation. Learn the
laboratory skills and safely measurements to transfer and interpret knowledge entirely
in the working environment. monitoring of environment issues: monitoring of
environmental pollution problems of atmospheric sciences, water chemistry and
soil chemistry and design processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
IIIrd Year DEGREE IN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

Degree in Bachelor of Science programme aims to introduce very important aspects

of modern day course curriculum, namely, chemistry of hydrocarbons, alcohols,
carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, phenols, amines, heterocyclic compounds,
natural products main group elements, qualitative analysis, separation techniques
and analytical techniques. It will enable the students to understand the importance
of the elements in the periodic table including their physical and chemical nature
and their role in the daily life and also to understand the concept of chemistry to
inter relate and interact to the other subject like mathematics, physics, biological
science etc.

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 Upon completion of a degree, chemistry students are able to employ critical
thinking and scientific inquiry in the performance, design, interpretation and
documentation of laboratory experiments, at a level suitable to succeed at an
entry-level position in chemical industry or a chemistry graduate program
Various research institutions and industry people in the pharmaceuticals,
polymers, and food industry sectors will surely value this course.

Year Sem. Course Code Paper Title Credits

Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry

6020101 Fundamentals of Chemistry Theory 4

1 I
6020102P Quantitative Analysis Practical 2
13020201T Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Theory 4
1 II
8020202P Biochemical Analysis Practical 2

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 Semester: I
Paper-I (Theory)
Course Title: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Credit: 4
Chemistry
Course Code: B020101T Paper Title: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Course outcome
There is nothing more fundamental to chemistry than the chemical bond. Chemical bonding is the
language of logic for chemists. Chemical bonding enables scientists to take the 100-plus elements
of the periodic table and combine them in myriad ways to form chemical compounds and materials.
Periodic trends, arising from the arrangement of the periodic table, provide chemists with an
invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's properties. These trends exist because of the similar
atomic structure of the elements within their respective group families or periods, and because of the
periodic nature of the elements. Reaction mechanism gives the fundamental knowledge of
carrying out an organic reaction in step-by-step manner. This course will provide a broad
foundation in chemistry that stresses scientific reasoning of an analytical problem solving with a
molecular perspective. Students will gain an understanding of Molecular geometries, physical and
chemical properties of the molecules.

 Current bonding models for simple inorganic and organic molecules in order to predict
structures and important bonding parameters.
 The chapter recapitulation of basics of organic chemistry gives the most primary and utmost
important knowledge and concepts of organic chemistry.
 This course gives a broader theoretical picture in multiple stages in an overall chemical
reaction. It describes reactive intermediates, transition states and states of all the bonds
broken and formed. It enables to understand the reactants, catalyst, stereochemistry and
major and minor products of any organic reaction.
 It describes the types of reactions kinetic and thermodynamic aspects one should know for
carrying out any reaction and the ways how the reaction mechanism can be determined.
 The chapter’s stereochemistry gives the clear picture of two-dimensional, three-dimensional
structure of the molecules, and their role in reaction mechanism.

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Syllabus
Unit I: Molecular polarity and Weak Chemical Forces:
Resonance, resonance energy, formal charge, dipole moment and molecular Structure
(diatomic and polyatomic molecules), Percentage ionic character from polarizing power and
polarizability. Fajan's rules and consequences of polarization. Hydrogen bonding, Van der
Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, induced dipole interaction. Effects
of weak chemical forces, melting and boiling points, solubility, energetics of dissolution
process. Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle, solvation energy, and solubility of ionic solids.
Unit II: Simple Bonding theories of Molecules
Atomic orbitals, Aufbau principle, multiple bonding (σ and π bond approach) and bond lengths,
the valence bond theory (VBT), concept of hybridization, hybrid orbitals and molecular
geometry, Bent's rule, Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), shapes of the
following simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons: H2O,
NH3, PCI5, SF6, SF4, CIF3, I3- CIF2-, SO42- and H3O+. Molecular orbital theory (MOT).
Molecular orbital diagrams, bond orders of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules
and ions (N2, O2, C2, B2, F2, CO, NO, and their ions)
Unit III: Periodic properties of Atoms (with reference to S & P-block):
Brief discussion, factors affecting and variation trends of following properties in groups and
periods. Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect, Slater rules, Atomic and
ionic radii, electronegativity, Pauling's/ Allred Rochow's scales, ionization enthalpy, electron
gain enthalpy.
Unit IV: Recapitulation of basics of Organic Chemistry: Hybridization, bond lengths and
bond angles, bond energy, localized and delocalized chemical bonding, van der waals
interactions, inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes, hyperconjugation,
dipole moment; electronic, displacements: inductive, electromeric, resonance/ mesomeric
effects and their applications

Unit V: Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Curved arrow notation, drawing electron

movements with allows, half-headed and double-headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic
bond fission, types of reagents-electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions,
energy considerations. reactive intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, free radicals,
carbenes, arynes and nitrenes (with examples). assigning formal charges on intermediates and

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other ionic species. Methods of determination of reaction mechanism (product analysis,
intermediates, isotope effects, kinetic and stereochemical studies).

Unit VI: Stereochemistry- concepts of isomerism, Types of isomerism-

Elements of Symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic center, optical activity,

properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers,
disastereorners, threo and erythro diastereomcrs, meso compounds, resolution of enantionrner,
inversion, retention a racemization. Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D &
L and R & S systems of nomenclature, geometric isomerism, determination of configuration of
geometric isomers, E & Z system of nomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic
compounds. Conformational isomerism-conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane;
conformations of cyclohexane, axial, and equatorial bonds, conformation of mono substituted
cyclohexane derivatives, Newman, projection and Sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying
wedge formulae, difference between configuration and conformation.

Unit VII: Basic Computer System (in brief)-

Hardware and Software; Input devices, Storage devices, Output devices, Central Processing Unit
(Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit); Number system (Binary, octal and Hexadecimal Operating
System); Computer Codes (BCD and ASCII); Numeric/String Constants and variables Operating
Systems (DOS, WINDOWS, and Linux); Software languages: low level and High Level languages
(Machine language, Assembly language; QBASIC, FORTRAN and C++); Software Products
(Office, chemsketch, scilab, rnatlab, hyperchem, etc:), internet application.
Unit VIII: Mathematical Concepts for Chemistry
Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation
of functions like Kx; ex, Xn sin x, log x, maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity
relations, integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations, factorials,
probability

Suggested Readings:
1.Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2010
2.Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A.Keiter, R. L., Medhi, O.K. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Education 2006.
3. Douglas, B.E. and Mc Daniel, D.H., Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford,
1970
4.Shriver, D.D. & P. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, 1994.
7
5.Day, M.C. and Selbin, J. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, ACS Publications 1962.
6.Singh J.,Yadav L.D.S.,Advanced Organic Chemistry,Pragati Edition
7.Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
8.Carey, F. A., Guiliano, R. M.Organic Chemistry, Eighth edition, McGraw Hill Education,
2012.
9.Loudon, G. M. Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2008.
10.Clayden, J., Greeves, N. &Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, 2- edition, Oxford University
Press,2012 .
11. Graham Solomons, T.W., Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12.Sykes, P. A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education, 2003
13.Francis, P. G. Mathematics for Chemists, Springer, 1984

Semester-I
Paper-2 (Practical)
Course Title: Quantitative Analysis
Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Credit: 2
Chemistry
Course Code: B020102P Course Title: Quantitative Analysis

Course outcomes:
Upon completion of this course the students will have the knowledge and skills to: understand
the laboratory methods and tests related to estimation of metals ions and estimation of acids and
alkali contents in commercial products.

 Potability tests of water samples.

 Estimation of metal ions in samples

 Estimation of alkali and acid contents in samples

 Estimation of inorganic salts and hydrated water in samples

Unit I: Water Quality analysis
1. Estimation of hardness of water by EDTA.

2. Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD).

3. Determination of Biological oxygen demand (BOD).

Unit II: Estimation of Metals ions
1. Estimation of ferrous and ferric ion by dichromate method.

2. Estimation of copper ion using thiosulphate.

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8
Unit III: Estimation of acids and alkali contents
1. Determination of acetic acid in commercial vinegar using NaOH.

2. Determination of alkali content - antacid tablet using HCI.

3. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4.

Unit IV: Estimation of inorganic salts and hydrated water
1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.
2. Estimation of calcium content in chalk as calcium oxalate by permanganometry.
3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr's salt by titrating with KMnO4.

Suggested Readings:
1. Mendham, J. Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009_
2. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3 -5.
3. Harris, D.C. Exploring Chemical Analysis, 9th Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2016.

4. Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age International Publisher,
2009.
5. Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage
Learning India Edition.

Semester-II
Paper-1
Course Title: Bioorganic and Materials Chemistry
Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Credit: 4
Chemistry
Course Code: B020201T Course Title: Bioorganic and Materials
Chemistry
Course outcomes:
Biomolecules are the important for the functioning of living organisms. These molecules perform
or trigger important biochemical reactions in living organisms. When studying biomolecules, one
can understand the physiological function that regulates the proper growth and development of a
human body. This course aims to introduce the students with basic experimental understanding of
carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and medicinal chemistry. Upon completion of this
course students may get job opportunities in food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries.

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Syllabus
Unit I: Chemistry of Carbohydrates:
Classification of carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars, general properties of glucose
and fructose, their open chain structure. Epimers, mutarotation and anomers. Mechanism of
mutarotation, determination of configuration of glucose (Fischer's proof). Cyclic structure of glucose.
Haworth projections. Cyclic structure of fructose. Inter conversions of sugars (ascending and
descending of sugar series, conversion of aldoses to ketoses). Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein
rearrangement; stepping-up (Kiliani Fischer method) and stepping-down (Ruff's &Wohl's methods)
of aldoses; end-group interchange of aldoses, Linkage between monosachharides, structure of
disacharrides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding their
structure elucidation.
Unit II: Chemistry of Proteins:
Classification of amino acids, zwitter ion structure and Isoelectric point. Overview of primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Determination of primary structure of
peptides, determination of N-terminal amino acid (by DNFB and Edman method) and C-terminal
amino acid (by thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides
(upto dipeptides) by N-protection & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid phase synthesis. Protein
denaturation/ renaturation Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes
and cofactors and their role in biological reactions, specificity of enzyme action (Including
stereospecifity), enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of inhibition (Competitive
and Non -competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibition).
Unit III: Chemistry of Nucleic Acids:
Constituents of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine (Structure only),
Nucleosides and Nucleotides (nomenclature), Synthesis of nucleic acids, Structure of
polynucleotides, structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA (types of RNA), Genetic
Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, transcription and translation.
Unit IV: Introductory Medicinal Chemistry:
Drug discovery, design and development; basic retrosynthetic approach. Drug action-receptor
theory. Structure -activity relationships of drug molecules, binding role of -OH group, -NH2
group, double bond and aromatic ring. Synthesis of the representative drugs of the following
classes: analgesics agents, antipyretic agents, anti inflarmmatory agents (Aspirin, paracetamol);
antibiotics (Chloramphenicol); antibacterial and antifungal agents (Sulphonamides;
Sulphanethoxazol, Sulphacetamide); antiviral agents (Acyclovir), Central Nervous System
10
agents (Phenobarbital, Diazepam), Cardiovascular (Glyceryl trinitrate),HIV-AIDS related
drugs (AZT-Zidovudine) .
Unit V: solid State:
Definition of space lattice, unit cell. Laws of crystallography - (i) Law of constancy of
interfacial angles, (ii) Law of rationality of indices and iii) Symmetry elements in crystals and
law of symmetry, X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg equation, Determination
of crystal structure of NaCI, KC1 and CsCl (Laue's method and powder method).
Unit VI: Introduction to Polymer:
Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers and their characteristics, Classification of polymers:
Natural synthetic, linear, cross linked and network, plastics, elastomers, fibres, Homopolymers
and Co-polymers, Bonding in polymers: Primary and secondary bond forces in polymers;
cohesive energy, and decomposition of polymers. Determination of molecular mass of
polymers: number average molecular mass (Mn) and weight average molecular mass (Mw) of
polymers and determination by (i) Viscosity (ii) Light scattering method (iii) Gel permeation
chromatography (iv) Osmometry and Ultracentrifugation.
Silicones and Phosphazencs: Silicones and Phosphazencs as examples of inorganic
polymers, nature of bonding in triphosphazenes.
Unit VII: Kineties and Mechanism of Polymerization:
Polymerization techniques, Mechanism and kinetics of copolymerization, Addition or chain-
growth polymerization, Free radical vinyl polymerization, ionic vinyl polymerization, Ziegler-
Natta polymerization and vinyl polymers, Condensation or step growth-polymerization,
Polyesters, polyamides, phenol formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins
And polyurethane, Natural and synthetic rubbers, Elementary idea of organic conducting
polymers.
Unit VIII: Synthetic Dyes:
Colour and constitution (electronic concept), classification of dyes, chemistry and
synthesis of methyl orange, congo red, malachite green, crystal violet,
phenolphthalein, fluorescein, alizarin and indigo.
Suggested Readings:
1. D
. avis, B. G., Fairbanks, A. J., Carbohydrate Chemistry, Oxford Chemistry Primer ,Oxford University
Press.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd.(Pearson Education).
3. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry 7th ED.,W.H. Freeman.
4. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th ED.,W.H. Freeman.

11
5. Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd .(Pearson
Education).
6. Patrick, G. L. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Oxford University Press, UK,2013.
7. Singh, H. & Kapoor, V.K. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ,Vallabh Prakashan ,Pitampura ,New
Delhi 2012.
8. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin's Physical Chemistry Ed., Oxford University Press 13 (2006).
9. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).
10.Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
11.R.B. Seymour & C.E. Carraher: Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction ,Marcel Dekker Inc.New York,1981.
12.G. Odian: Principles of Polymerizaiion, 4th Ed. Wiley, 2004.
13.F.W. Billmeyer: Textbook of Polymer Science, 2. Ed,Wiley Interscience,1971.
14.P. Ghosh: Polymer Science & Technology, Tata McGraw-Hill Education ,1991.

Semester-II
Paper-2 (Practical)
Course Title: Biochemical Analysis
Certificate in Bioorganic and Medicinal Credit: 2
Chemistry
Course Code: B020202P Course Title: Biochemical Analysis
Course outcomes:
This course will provide basic qualitative and quantitative experimental knowledge of
biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids as drug molecules.
Upon successful completion of this course students may get job opportunities in food, beverage
and pharmaceutical industries.
Syllabus
Unit I: Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Carbohydrates:
1. Separation of a mixture of two sugars by ascending paper chromatography
2. Differentiate between a reducing/ non-reducing sugar
3. Synthesis of osazones.
Unit II: Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of proteins, amino acids and Fats:
1. Isolation of protein.
2. Determination of protein by the Biuret reaction.
3. TLC separation of a mixture containing 2/3 amino acids
4. Paper chromatographic separation of a mixture containing 2/3 amino acids
5. Action of salivary amylase on starch

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6. To determine the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
7. To determine the saponification value of an oil/fat.
8. To determine the iodine value of an oil/fat
Unit III: Determination and identification of Nucleic Acids:
1. Determination of nucleic acids
2. Extraction of DNA from onion/cauliflower
Unit IV: Synthesis of Simple drug molecules:
1. To synthesize aspirin by acetylation of salicylic acid and compare it with the ingredient
of an aspirin tablet by TLC.
2. Synthesis of barbituric acid
3. Synthesis of propranolol
Suggested Readings:
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012).
2. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education.
3. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Revised by G. Svehla.
4. Vogel, A.I. A Textbook- of-Quantitative Analysis, ELBS, 1986
5. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Rogers, V.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Vogel 's
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS.
6. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.
7. Cooper, T.G. Tool of Biochemistry. Wiley-Blackwell (1977).
8. Wilson, K. & Walker, J. Practical Biochemistry. Cambridge University Press (2009).
9. Varley, H., Gowenlock, A.H & Bell, M: Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Heinemann,

Year II Sem. Course Code 1 Paper Title Credits

Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and Analytical Techniques

III B020301 T Chemical Dynamics & Coordination Theory 4

B020302P Physical Analysis Practical 2
IV B020401 T Chemistry
Quantum Mechanics and Analytical Theory 4
B020402P Instrumental Analysis Practical 2
Techniques
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 Semester-III
Paper-I Theory
Course Title: Chemical Dynamics & Coordination
Chemistry
Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and
Credits:4
Analytical Techniques
Course Title: Chemical Dynamics &
Course Code : B020301 T
Coordination Chemistry
Course outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to
describe the characteristic of the three states of matter and describe the different physical
properties of each state of matter. kinetic theory of gases, laws of crystallography, liquid state
and liquid crystals, conductometric, potentiometric, optical methods, polarimetry and
spectrophotometer technique to study chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium. After the
completion of the course, Students will be able to understand. metal- ligand bonding in
transition metal complexes, thermodynamic and kinetic a s p e c t s o f m e t a l c o m p l e x e s .
Syllabus
U n i t I : Chemical Kinetics:
Rate of a reaction, molecularity and order of reaction, concentration dependence of rates,
mathematical characteristic of simple chemical reactions — zero order, first order, second order,
pseudo order, half-life and mean life. Determination of the order of reaction — differential
method, method of integration, half-life method and isolation method. Brief outline of
experimental methods of studying chemical kinetics: Conductometric, potentiometric,
optical methods, polarimetry and spectrophotometer
Theories of chemical kinetics:
Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy.
simple collision theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium
hypothesis). Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and thermodynamic.
aspects (no derivation).
Unit II: Chemical Equilibrium:

14
Equilibrium constant and free energy, thermodynamic derivation of law of mass action. Le-
Chatelier's principle, reaction isotherm and reaction isochore -Clapeyron- Clausius equation
and its applications.
Unit III: Phase Equilibrium:
Statement and meaning of the terms-phase, component and degree of freedom, derivation of Gibbs
phase rule, phase equilibria of one component system— water, CO2 systems. Phase equilibria of
two components Systems Solid - liquid equilibria, simple eutectic — Bi-Cd, Pb- Ag systems.
Unit IV: Kinetic theories of gases:
Gaseous State: Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, Van der Waals
equation of state.
Critical phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of Van
der Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and Van der Waals constants, the law
of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.
Molecular Velocities: Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell's distribution of molecular
velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter. Liquefaction of gases
(based on Joule-Thomson effect).
Unit V: Liquid State:
Liquid State: Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural
differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals: Difference between liquid
crystal, solid and liquid. Classification, structure of nematic and cholesterol phases.
Thermography and seven segment cell.
Liquids in solids (gels): Classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general
application
Unit VI: Coordination Chemistry:

Coordinate bonding: double and complex salts. Werner's theory of coordination

complexes, classification of ligands, ambidentate ligands, chelates, coordination numbers,
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination complexes (up to two metal centers), Isomerism in
coordination compounds, constitutional and stereo isomerism, geometrical and optical
isomerism in square planar and octahedral complexes.

Unit VII: Theories of Coordination Chemistry:

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(i) Metal- ligand bonding in transition metal complexes: limitations of valance bond theory,
an elementary idea of crystal field theory, crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planner complexes, factors affecting the crystal-field parameters.
(ii)Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of metal complexes: A brief outline of
thermodynamic stability of metal complexes and factors affecting the stability, stability
constants of complexes and their determination, substitution reactions of square planar
complexes
Unit VIII: inorganic Spectroscopy and Magnetism:
(I) Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes, types of electronic transitions, selection
rules for d-d transitions, spectroscopic ground states, spectrochemical series, orgel-energy level
diagram for d1 and d9 states, discussion of the electronic spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ complex ion.
(II) magnetic properties of transition metal complexes, types of magnetic behaviour. methods of
determining magnetic susceptibility, spin-only formula, l-s coupling, correlation of µs and µeff
values, orbital contribution to magnetic moments, application of magnetic moment data for 3d-metal
complexes. physical properties and molecular structure: optical activity, polarization - (Clausius
- Mossotti equation), orientation of dipoles in an electric field, dipole moment, induced dipole
moment, measurement of dipole moment-temperature method and refractivity method, dipole
moment and structure of molecules, magnetic properties paramagnetism, diamagnetism and
ferromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility; its measurements and its importance.
Suggested Readings:

1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin's Physical Chemistry Ed., Oxford University Press 13
(2006)
2. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).
3. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
4. Cotton,F.A, Wilkinson,G and Gaus,P. L ,Basic Inorganic Chemistry ,3 rd Edition ,Wiley
1995.
5. Lee,J.D, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 4 th Edition ELBS,1977.

6. Douglas,B, McDaniel ,D and Alexander,J ,Concepts of Model of Inorganic Chemistry ,John

Wiley & Sons ; 3rd edition , 1994
7. Shriver,D.E Atkins,P.W and Langford,C .H , Inorganic Chemistry ,Oxford University
Press,1994.
8. Porterfield ,WW, Inorganic Chemistry ,Addison Wesley 1984.

16
9. Sharpe,A .G, Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS,3 rd edition ,1993
Miessler,G.L,Tarr,D.A, Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall ,2001.

Semester - III
Paper –II (Practical)
Course Title: Physical Analysis
Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and Credits:2
Analytical Techniques
Course Code : B020302P Course Title: Physical Analysis
Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to
calibrate apparatus and prepare solutions of various concentrations, estimation of components
through volumetric analysis; to perform dilatometric experiments: one and two component
phase equilibrium experiments.
Syllabus
Unit I: Strengths of Solution

Calibration of fractional weights, pipettes and burettes. Preparation of standards solutions.

Dilution -0.1 M to 0.001 M solutions.

Mole Concept and Concentration: Mole Concept, molecular weight, formula weight, and
equivalent weight. Concentration units: Molarity, Formality, Normality, Molality, Mole
fraction, Percentage by weight, Percentege by volume, Parts per thousand, Parts per million,
Parts per billion, pH, pOH, milli equivalents, Milli moles
Unit II: Surface Tension and Viscosity:
1. Determination of surface tension of pure liquid or solution
2. Determination of viscosity of pure liquid or solution
Unit III: Boiling point and Transition Temperature:
1. Boiling point of common organic liquid compounds [ANY FIVE] n-butylalcohol,
cyclohexanol, ethyl methyl. ketone, cyclohexanone, acetylacetone, isobutyl methyl ketone, isobutyl
alcohol, acetonitrile, benzaldehyde and acetophenone. [Boiling points of the chosen organic
compounds should preferably be within 180°C].
2.Transition Temperature, Determination of the transition temperature of the given substance by
thermometric /dialometric method (e.g. MnCl2.4H2O/SrBr2. 7H2O)

17
Unit IV: Phase Equilibrium:
1.To study the effect of a solute e.g. NaCI. succinic acid) on the critical solution temperature of
two partially miscible liquids (e.g. phenol water system) and to determine the concentration of that
solute in the given phenol-water system
2.To construct the phase diagram of two component (e.g. diphenylamine — benzophenone) system
by cooling curve method.
Suggested Readings:
1. Skoog.D.A., West.D.M and Holler.F.J., "Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction
,7thedition, Saunders College publishing, Philadelphia, (2010).
2. Larry Hargis.G" Analytical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques, Pearson 1988.

Semester-IV
Paper-I Theory
Course Title: Quantum Mechanics and Analytical
Techniques
Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and Credits:4
Analytical Techniques
Course Code : B020401T Course Title: Quantum Mechanics and
Analytical Techniques
Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to describe
atomic structure, elementary quantum mechanics, wave function and its significance; Schrodinger
wave equation and its applications; Molecular orbital theory, basic ideas — Criteria for forming
molecular orbital from atomic orbitals, molecular spectroscopy, rotational spectrum, vibrational
electronic spectrum: photo chemistry and kinetics of photo chemical reaction.
Analytical chemistry plays an enormous role in our society, such as in drug manufacturing,
process control in industry, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food production, and
forensic. surveys. it is also of great importance in different research areas. analytical chemistry is
a science that is directed towards creating new knowledge so that chemical analysis can be
improved to respond to increasing or new demands.

 Students will be able to explore new areas of research in both chemistry and allied fields
of science and technology.

18
  Students will be able to function as a member of an interdisciplinary problem solving
team.

 Students will be skilled in problem solving, critical thinking and analytical reasoning
as applied to scientific problems.

 Students will gain an understanding of how to determine the structure of organic

molecules using IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques.

 To develop basic skills required for purification, solvent extraction, TLC and column
chromatography.

Syllabus
Unit I: Atomic Structure: Idea of de-Broglie matter waves, Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, atomic orbitals, Schrodinger wave equation, significance of ψ and ψ2, quantum
numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves, shapes of
s, p, d, orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund's multiplicity rule.
Unit II: Elementary Quantum Mechanics: Black-body radiation, Planck's radiation law,
photo-electric effect, heat capacity of solids, Bohr's model of hydrogen atom (no derivation)
and its defects, Compton effect. de-Broglie hypothesis. Heisenberg uncertainty. principle.
Hamiltonian Operator. Schrodinger wave equation (time dependent and time independent) and its
importance, physical interpretation of the wave function, postulates of quantum mechanics,
particle in a one dimensional box. Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom, separation into three
equations (without derivation), quantum numbers and their importance, hydrogen like wave
functions, radial wave functions; angular wave functions. Molecular orbital theory, basic ideas
— Criteria for forming MO from AO, construction of MO by LCAO – H2 + ion, calculation of
energy levels from wave functions, physical picture of bonding and anti-bonding wave
functions, concept of σ, σ*, π, π* orbitals and their characteristics.
Unit III: Molecular Spectroscopy: Introduction: Electromagnetic radiation, regions of the
spectrum, basic features of different spectrometers, statement of the Born-Oppenheimer
approximation, degrees of freedom.
Rotational Spectrum: Diatomic molecules. Energy levels of a rigid rotor (semi-
classical principles), selection rules, spectral intensity, distribution using population distribution

19
(Maxwell Boltzmann distribution) determination of bond length, qualitative description of non- rigid
rotor isotope effect.
Vibrational Spectrum: Infrared spectrum: Energy levels of simple harmonic oscillator
selection rules, pure vibrational spectrum, intensity, determination of force constant and
qualitative relation of force constant and bond energies, effect of anharmonic motion and isotope
on the spectrum, idea of vibrational frequencies of different functional groups.

Raman spectrum: Concept of polarizability, pure rotational and pure vibrational, Raman spectra
of diatomic molecules, selection rules. Electronic Spectrum: Concept of potential energy curves
for bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, qualitative description of selection rules and
Franck-Condon principle.

Unit IV: UV-Visible Spectroscopy:

Origin of spectra, interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy and
selection rules. Types of electronic transitions, λmax, chromophores and auxochromes,
bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts, Intensity of absorption; application of Woodward Rules
for calculation of λmax for the conjugated dienes: alicyclic, homoannular and heteroannular;
extended conjugated systems distinction between cis and trans isomers.
Unit V: Infrared Spectroscopy:
IR Spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations; Hooke's law
selection rule, IR absorption positions of various functional groups; Effect of H-bonding,
conjugation, resonance and ring size on IR absorptions; Fingerprint region and its significant
application in functional group analysis and and interpretation of I.R. spectra of simple organic
compounds

Unit VI: 1H-NMR Spectroscopy (PMR):

NMR Spectroscopy: introduction; nuclear spin; NMR active molecules; basic principles of
Proton Magnetic Resonance; choice of solvent and internal standard; equivalent and non.--
equivalent protons; chemical shift and factors influencing it; ring current effect; significance
of the terms: up/downfield, shielded and deshielded protons; spin coupling and coupling
constant (1st order spectra); relative intensities of first-order multiplets: Pascal's triangle;
chemical and magnetic equivalence in NMR; anisotropic effects in alkene, alkyne,
aldehydes and aromatics; NMR peak area, integration; relative peak positions with coupling
patterns of common organic compounds; interpretation of NMR spectra of simple

20
compounds. Applications of IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy for identification of simple
organic molecules.

Unit VII: Introduction to Mass Spectrometry:

Principle of mass spectrometry, the mass spectrum, mass spectrometry diagram, molecular
ion, metastable ion, fragmentation process, McLafferty rearrangement.
Unit VIII: Separation Techniques:
Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique. Mechanism
of extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation. Technique of extraction, batch,
continuous and counter current extractions. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent
extraction, extraction of metal ions from aqueous solution, extraction of organic species from
the aqueous and non-aqueous media.
Chromatography: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique.
Mechanism of separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange. Development of
chromatograms: frontal, elution and displacement methods.
Suggested Readings:

1. Alberty,R A, Physical Chemistry,4 th editionWiley Eastern Ltd ,2001.

2. Atkins,P W,the elements of physical chemistry,Oxford ,1991.
3. Barrow,G.M,International student Edition .McGraw Hill, McGraw-Hi11,1973.
4. Cotton,F.A, Wilkinson,G and Gaus,P. L ,Basic Inorganic Chemistry,3rd Edition
,Wiley 1995.
5. Lee,J.D, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 4 th Edition ELBS,1977.
6. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., Organic Chemistry, Second edition, Oxford
University Press 2012.
7. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., Morrill, T. C. Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds, John Wiley and Sons, INC, Fifth edition.
8. Pavia, D. L. et al. Introduction to Spectroscopy, 5th Ed. Cengage Learning India
Ed.
9. Willard, H.H. et al.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth Publishing
Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
10. Christian, G.D. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
11. Harris, D.C.: Exploring Chemical Analysis, 9th Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman,
2016.
12. Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age International
Publisher, 2009.

21
 Semester IV
Paper-2 (Practical)
Course Title: Instrumental Analysis
Diploma in Chemical Dynamics and Credit:2
Analytical Techniques
Course Code: B020402P Course Title: Instrumental Analysis
Course outcomes: Upon completion of this course, chemistry majors are able to employ
critical thinking and scientific inquiry in the performance, design, interpretation and
documentation of laboratory experiments at a level suitable to succeed at an entry-level
position in chemical industry or a chemistry graduate program.
 Students will be able to explore new areas of research in both chemistry and allied
fields of science and technology.
 Students will be able to function as a member of an interdisciplinary problem solving
team.
 Students will be skilled in problem solving, critical thinking and analytical reasoning as
applied to scientific problems.
 Students will gain an understanding of how to determine the structure of organic
molecules using IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques.
 To develop basic skills required for purification, solvent extraction, TLC and
column chromatography.

Unit I: Molecular Weight Determination

1.Determination of molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by Rast method/ Beckmann
freezing point method.
2.Determination of the apparent degree of dissociation of an electrolyte (e.g., NaC1) in
aqueous solution at different concentrations by ebullioscopy.
Unit II: Spectrophotometry
1.To verify Beer - Lambert Law for KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 and determining the concentration of
the given solution of the substance from absorption measurement.
2.Determination of pKa values of indicator using spectrophotometry.
3.Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD).
4. Determination of Biological oxygen demand (BOD).

22
Unit: III spectroscopy
1. Assignment of labelled peaks in the IR spectrum of the same compound explaining
the relative frequencies of the absorptions (C-H, O-H, N-H, C-O, C-N, C-X, C=C,
CO, -N=O C=C, C=N stretching frequencies; characteristic bending vibrations are
included Spectra to be provided).
2. Assignment of labelled peaks in the 1H NMR spectra of the known organic
compounds explaining the relative values and splitting pattern.
3. Identification of simple organic compounds by IR spectroscopy and NMR.
spectroscopy (Spectra to be provided).
Unit IV: Chromatographic Separations
1. Paper chromatographic separation of following metal ions:
(i) Ni (II) and Co (II). (ii) Cu(II) and Cd(II)
2. Separation of a mixture of o-and p-nitrophenol or o-and p-aminophenol by thin layer
Chromatography (TLC)
3. Separation and identification of the amino acids present in the given mixture by paper
chromatography. reporting the Rf values
4. TLC separation of a mixture of dyes (fluorescein and methylene blue)
Suggested Readings:
I. Mendham, J., A. I. Vogel 's Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 2009.
2. Willard, H.H. et at.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
3. Christian, G.D. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
4. Harris, D.C.Exploring Chemical Analysis, 9th Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2016.
5. Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age International
Publisher, 2009.
6. Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Cengage Learning India Edition.
7. Mikes, 0. & Chalmes, R.A. Laboratory Handbook of Chromatographic & Allied
Methods, Elles Harwood Ltd. London.
8. Ditts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry: Methods of separation. Van Nostrand, New York,
1974.

23
Year 3 Sem. Course Code 1 Paper Title Credit
Degree in Bachelor of Science
s
B020501 T Organic Synthesis-A Theory 4
B020501P Qualitative Analysis Practical 2
V Rearrangements and Chemistry of Group
B020502T Theory 4
Elements
3 B020502P Chemistry Practical Practical
B020601T Organic Synthesis-B Theory 4
B020601P Analytical Methods Practical 2
VI
B020602T Chemical Energetics and Radiochemistry Theory 4
B020602P Analytical Methods Practical 2

Semester V,
Paper-1 (Theory)
Course Title: Organic Synthesis-A
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit:4
Course code: B020501T Organic Synthesis-A
Course outcomes: Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas.
They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers,
rubbers, solvents and industrial chemicals. This course will provide a broad foundation for the
synthesis of hydrocarbons. Hydroxy and carbonyl compounds are industrially important
compounds The industries of plastics, fibers, petroleum and rubbers will specially recognize
this course.
 Students will gain an understanding of which are used as solvents and raw material for
synthesis of drug and other pharmaceutically important compound&
 Synthesis and chemical properties of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Synthesis and chemical properties of alcohols, halides carbonyl compounds, carboxylic
acids and esters.
 How to design and synthesize aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
 How to convert aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons to other industrially important
compounds.

24
 Functional group interconversion.

Unit I: Chemistry of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes:

A) Alkanes: Classification of carbon atom in alkanes, General methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties of alkanes: Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Free
radical substitutions: Halogenation -relative reactivity and selectivity.
B) Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions, Baeyer's strain
theory and its limitations. Chair, Boat and Twist boat forms of cyclohexane with energy
diagrams ring strain in small rings, theory of strain less rings. The case of cyclopropane ring,
banana bonds.
Unit II: Chemistry of Alkenes:
Methods of formation of alkenes. Addition to (−C≡C−): mechanism (with evidence wherever
applicable), reactivity, regioselectivity (Markownikoff and anti-Markownikoff additions) and
stereoselectivity; reactions: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration,
oxymercuration, demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, epoxidation, syn and anti-
hydroxylation, ozonolysis, addition of singlet and triplet carbenes; Simmons-Smith
cyclopropanation reaction; electrophilic addition to diene (conjugated dienes and allene);
radical addition: HBr addition: mechanism of allylic and benzylic bromination in competition
with brominations across C=C; use of NBS; interconversion of E- and Z- alkenes; contra-
thermodynamic isomerization of internal alkenes.
Unit III: Chemistry of Alkynes:
Methods of formation of alkynes, Addition to C=C, mechanism reactivity, regioselectivity and
stereoselectivity, reactions: hydrogenation, halogenations, hydrohalogenation, hydration,
oxymercuration demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, dissolving metal reduction of
alkynes (Birch), reactions of terminal alkynes by exploring its acidity, inter conversion of
terminal and non-terminal alkynes.
Unit IV: Aromaticity and Chemistry of Arenes:
Nomenclature of benzene derivatives, MO picture of benzene, Aromaticity: Huckel's rule,
aromatic character of arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions. Electrophilic aromatic
substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft's alkylation/acylation with
their mechanism. Directing effects of the groups. Birch reduction, Methods of formation and

25
chemical reactions of alkylbenzenes, alkynylbenzenes and biphenyl, naphthalene and
anthracene.
Unit V: Chemistry of Alcohols:
Classification and nomenclature, monohydric alcohols - nomenclature, methods of formation
by reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters, hydrogen bonding, acidic
nature, reactions of alcohols. dihydric alcohols- nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical
reactions of vicinal glycols, oxidative cleavage [Pb(OAc)4 and HIO4] and pinacol pinacolone
rearrangement, trihydric alcohols - nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions of
glycerol.
Unit VI: Chemistry of Phenols:
Nomenclature, structure and bonding, preparation of phenols, physical properties and acidic
character, Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols, resonance stabilization of
phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols- electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and
carboxylation. Mechanisms of Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Gatterman
synthesis, Hauben Hoesch reaction, Lederer-Manasse reaction and Reimer-Tiemann reactio
Unit VII: Chemistry of Ethers and Epoxides:
Nomenclature of ethers and methods of their formation, physical properties, Chemical
reactions- cleavage and autoxidation, Ziesel's method. Synthesis of epoxides, Acid and base-
catalyzed ring opening of epoxides, orientation of epoxide ring opening, reactions of Grignard
and organolithium reagents with epoxides.
Unit VIII: Chemistry of Organic Halides
Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of formation, chemical reactions,
mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides, SN2 and SN1 reactions with
energy profile diagrams, polyhalogen compounds: chloroform, carbon tetrachloride; methods
of formation of aryl halides, nuclear and side chain reactions; The addition-elimination and the
elimination-addition mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, Relative
reactivities of alkyl halides vs allyl, vinyl and aryl halides, Synthesis and uses of DDT and
BHC.
Suggested Readings:
1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
2. Sykes, P. A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education, 2003.

26
3. Carey, F. A., Guiliano, R. M Organic Chemistry, Eighth edition, McGraw Hill
Education, 2012.
4. Loudon, G. M. Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2008,
5. Clayden, J., Greeves, N. &Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, 2' edition, Oxford University
Press, 2012.
6. Graham Solomons, T.W., Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. Smith, J. G. Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
8. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Wiley.

Semester V,
Paper-III (Practical -I)
Course Title: Qualitative Analysis
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit: 2
Course Code: B020501P Course Title: Qualitative Analysis
Course outcomes:
Upon completion of this course the students will have the knowledge and skills to: understand
the laboratory methods and tests related to inorganic mixtures and organic compounds.
• Separation of two components of organic mixture.
• Elemental analysis in organic compounds.
• Identification of functional group in organic compounds.
• Identification of organic compound.
Unit I: Elemental analysis and identification of functional groups
1.Detection of extra elements (N, S and halogens) in a given organic compound.
2. Functional groups analysis (phenolic, carboxylic, carbonyl, esters, in simple organic
compounds.
Unit II: Separation and identification of binary organic mixture.
1. Separation of binary organic mixture containing two solid components using water.
2. Identification of organic compounds in the given binary mixture.
3. Determination of melting point and preparation of suitable derivatives of given
compounds.
Unit III. Preparation of the following compounds:

27
 1. Soap from linseed oil or mahua oil or neem oil or coconut oil.
2. Phenyl benzoate from phenol.
Unit IV. Preparation of the following compounds:
1. Oxalic acid from cane sugar.
2. Benzoic acid from ethyl or methyl benzene.
Suggested Readings: •
1. Svehla, G. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Pearson Education, 2012.
2. Mendham, J. Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009.
3. Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. & Smith, P.W.G., Textbook
of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 1996.
4. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry Orient-Longman, 1960.. .
5 Harris, D.C.Exploring Chemical Analysis, 9Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2016.
6. Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age InterEnvironment
Publisher, 2009.

Semester-V
Paper-2 (Theory)
Course Title: Rearrangements and Chemistry of Group
Elements
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit: 4
Title: Rearrangements and Chemistry of
Course Code: B020502T
Group Elements
Course outcomes:
This paper provides detailed knowledge of synthesis of various class of organic compounds
and functional groups inter conversion. Organic synthesis is the most important branch of
organic chemistry which provides jobs in production & QC departments related to chemicals,
drugs, medicines, FMCG industries etc.
 It relates and gives an analytical aptitude for synthesizing various industrially
important compounds.

28
  This paper also provides a detailed knowledge on the elements present in our
surroundings, their occurrence in nature. Their position in periodic table, their
physical and chemical properties as well as their extraction.
 This paper also gives detailed understanding of the s, p, d and f block elements and
their characteristics
Syllabus
Unit I: Rearrangements:
A detailed study of the following rearrangements: Pinacol-pinacolone, Demjanov, Benzil
Benzilic acid, Favorskii, Hofman, Curtius, Schmidt, Baeyer-Villiger and Fries
rearrangement .
Unit II: Catalysis:
General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and
examples) and heterogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and their industrial
applications, Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts. Phase transfer catalysts, application of
zeolites as catalysts. Enzyme catalysis; Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot,
turn-over number.
Unit III: Chemistry of Main Group Elements:
S-Block Elements: Comparative study, diagonal relationship, salient features of hydrides,
solvation, and complexation tendencies including their function in bio-systems, an introduction
to alkyls and aryls.
p-Block Elements: Comparative study (including diagonal relationship) of groups 13-17
elements, compounds like hydrides, oxides, oxyacids and halides of group I 3-16, hydrides of
boron-diborane and higher boranes, borazine, borohydrides, fullerenes, carbides,
fluorocarbons, silicates (structural principle), tetrasulphur tetra nitride, basic properties of
halogens, interhalogens and polyhalides.
Chemistry of Noble Gasses: Chemical properties of the noble gases, chemistry of xenon,
structure and bonding in xenon compounds.
Unit IV: Chemistry of Transition Elements:
Chemistry of Elements of First Transition Series -Characteristic properties of d-block
elements. Binary compounds (hydrides, carbides and oxides) of the elements of the first
transition series and complexes with respect to relative stability of their oxidation states,
coordination number and geometry.

29
Chemistry of Elements of Second and Third Transition Series- General characteristics,
comparative treatment of Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, Mo/W in respect of ionic radii, oxidation states,
magnetic behavior, spectral properties and stereochemistry.
Unit V: Chemistry of Lanthanides:
Electronic structure, oxidation states and ionic radii and lanthanide contraction, complex
formation, occurrence and isolation, ceric ammonium sulphate and its analytical uses.
Unit VI: Chemistry of Actinides: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and magnetic
properties, chemistry of separation of Np, Pu and Am from U.
Unit VII: Metal Carbonyls:
Metal carbonyls: 18-electron rule, preparation, structure and nature of bonding in the
mononuclear and dinuclear carbonyls.
Unit VIII: Bioinorganic Chemistry:
Essential and trace elements in biological processes, metalloporphyrins with special reference
to heamoglobin and myoglobin. Biological role of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions with
special reference to Ca2+. Nitrogen fixation.
Suggested Readings:
1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
2. Sykes, P. A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education,
2003.
3. Carey, F. A., Guiliano, R. M.Organic Chemistry, Eighth edition, McGraw Hill
Education, 2012.
4. Loudon, G. M. Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2008.
5. Clayden, J., Greeves, N. &Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, 2' edition, Oxford
University Press, 2012.
6. Graham Solomons, T.W., Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. Smith, J. G. Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
8. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition,Wiley.
9. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2010.
10. Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A., Keiter, R. L., Medhi, O.K. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles
of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Education 2006.
11. Douglas, B.E. and Mc Daniel, D.H., Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry
,Oxford ,1970.
12. Shriver,D.D. & P. Atkins, Inorganic Chprnivtry 2nd Ed, Oxford University
Press,1994.
13. Day, M.C. and Selbin, J. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry,ACS Publications 1962.
14. Francis, P. G. Mathematics for Chemists, Springer, 1984
15. Prakash Satya,Tuli G.D.,Basu S.K.Madan R.D.,Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
,S.Chand publishing.

30
 Semester V,
Paper-4 (Practical-II)
Course Title: Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit: 2
Course Code: B020502P Course Title: Qualitative & Quantitative
Analysis
Course outcomes:
Upon completion of this course the students will have the knowledge and skills to understand
the laboratory methods and tests related to Qualitative & Quantitative analysis of inorganic
metal ion and mixtures and students should be able to quantify the product obtained through
gravimetric Analysis;
 Qualitative Inorganic Analysis.
 Gravimetric Analysis.
 Volumetric Analysis.
Syllabus
Unit I: Semi microanalysis analysis of cation
cation analysis, separation and identification of ions from Groups I, II, III, IV, V and VI,
Unit II: Semi microanalysis analysis of anion
anion analysis, mixture containing 6 radicals -2, -4 or +4, -3 or +3
Unit III: Gravimetric analysis-
(i) Estimation of Zn as zinc oxide from the zinc chloride or zinc sulphate solution.
(ii) Estimation of copper as cupric oxide in a solution of copper sulphate.
Unit IV: Volumetric analysis-
(i)To determine the strength in gm/litre of a given solution of Ferrous ammonium sulphate
(Mohrs salt) being provided with approx. N/30 KMnO4 solution.

Suggested Readings:
1. Svehla, G. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Pearson Education, 2012.
2. Mendham, J. Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009.
3. Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. & Smith, P.W.G., Textbook
of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 1996.

31
 Semester-VI
Paper-I
Course Title: Organic Synthesis B
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit:4
Course Code:B020601T Course Title: Organic Synthesis B
Course outcomes:
This paper provides detailed knowledge of synthesis of various class of organic compounds
and functional groups inter conversion. Organic synthesis is the most important branch of
organic chemistry which provides jobs in production & QC departments related to chemicals,
drugs, medicines, FMCG industries.
The study of natural products and heterocyclic compounds offers an excellent strategy toward
identifying novel biological probes for a number of diseases. Historically, natural products
have played an important role in the development of pharmaceutical drugs for a number of
diseases including cancer and infection.
• It relates and gives an analytical aptitude for synthesizing various industrially important
compounds.
• Learn the different types of alkaloids, terpenes and their chemistry and medicinal
importance.
• Explain the importance of natural compounds as lead molecules for new drug discovery.

Unit I: Reagents in Organic Synthesis:

A detailed study of the following reagents in organic transformations: Oxidation with DDQ,
CAN and SeO2, mCPBA, Jones Oxidation, PCC, PDC, PFC, Collins reagent and ruthenium
tetraoxide. Reduction with NaBH4, LiA1H4, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction,
Wilkinson's catalyst, Birch reduction, DIBAL-H .
Unit II: Organometallic Compounds:
Organomagnesium compounds: The Grignard reagents, formation, structure and chemical
reactions, organozinc compounds: formation and chemical reactions, organolithium
compounds: formation and chemical reactions.
Unit III: Chemistry of Aldehydes and ketones:
Nomenclature and structure of the carbonyl groups, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones with
particular reference to the synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and

32
ketones uses 1, 3-dithianes, synthesis of ketones from nitrites and from carboxylic acids,
Physical properties, Mechanism of nucleophillic additions to carbonyl group with particular
emphasis on benzoin, aldol, Perkin and Knoevenagel condensations, Condensation with
ammonia and its derivatives. Wittig reaction, Mannich reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes,
Cannizzaro reaction, MPV, Clemmensen, Wollf-Kishner, LiAlH4 and NaBH4 reductions.
Halogenation of enolizable ketones, An introduction to ά, β unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
Unit IV: Carboxylic acids and their Functional Derivatives:

Nomenclature and classification of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Preparation and,
reactions. Acidity (effect of substituents on acidity) and salt formation, Reactions: Mechanism of
reduction, substitution in alkyl or aryl group. Preparation and properties of dicarboxylic acids
such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic and phthalic acids and unsaturated
carboxylic acids such as acrylic, crotonic and cinnamic acids reactions. Action of heat on
hydroxy and amino acids, and saturated dicarboxylic acids, stereospecific addition to maleic and
fumaric acids. Preparation and reactions of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters,
acid and alkaline hydrolysis of ester, transesterification.
Unit V: Organic Synthesis via Enolates:

Acidity of α-hydrogens, alkylation of diethyl malonate and ethyl acetoacetate, Synthesis of

ethyl acetoacetate: the Claisen condensation, Keto-enol tautomerism of ethyl acetoacetate.
Alkylation of 1, 3-dithianes, Alkylation and acylation of enamines.
Unit VI: Organic Compounds of Nitrogen:
Preparation of nitroalkanes and nitroarenes, Chemical reactions of nitroalkanes.
Mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution in nitroarenes and their reductions in acidic, neutral
and alkaline media, Picric acid, Halonitroarenes: reactivity, Structure and nomenclature of
amines, physical properties, Stereochemistry of amines, Separation of mixture of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines. Structural features effecting basicity of amines. Amine salts as
phase-transfer catalysts, Preparation of alkyl and aryl amines (reduction of nitro compounds,
nitrities), reductive amination of aldehydic and ketonic compounds, Gabriel phthalimide
reaction, Hofmann bromamide reaction. Reactions of amines, electrophilic aromatic substituton
in aryl amines, reactions of amines with nitrous acid. Synthetic transformations of aryl diazonium
salts, azo coupling.
Unit VII: Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Molecular orbital picture and aromatic characteristics of pyrrole, furan, thiophene and pyridine,

33
Methods of synthesis and chemical reactions with particular emphasis on the mechanism of
elcetrophilic substitution, Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction in pyridine
derivatives, Comparison of basicity of pyridine, piperidine and pyrrole. Introduction to
condensed five and six membered heterocycles, Preparation and reactions of indole, quinolone
and isoquinoline with special reference to Fisher indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis and
Bischler-Nepieralski synthesis, Mechanism of electrophilc substitution reactions of indole,
quinoline and isoquinoline.
Unit VIII: Natural Products:
Alkaloids & Terpenes: Natural occurrence, General structural features, their physiological
action, Hoffmann's exhaustive methylation, Emde's modification; Medicinal importance of
Nicotine, Hygrine, Quinine, Morphine, Cocaine, and Reserpine, natural Occurrence and
classification of terpenes, isoprene rule.
Suggested Readings:
16. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
17. Sykes, P. A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education,
2003.
18. Carey, F. A., Guiliano, R. M.Organic Chemistry, Eighth edition, McGraw Hill
Education, 2012.
19. Loudon, G. M. Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2008.
20. Clayden, J., Greeves, N. &Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford
University Press, 2012.
21. Graham Solomons, T.W., Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
22. Smith, J. G. Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
23. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition, Wiley.
24. Acheson, R.M. Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, John
Welly& Sons (1976).
25. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
26. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products),
27. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
28. Singh, J.; Ali, S.M. & Singh, J. Natural Product Chemistry, Pragati Prakashan (2010).

34
 Semester VI
Paper-3 (Practical -I)
Course Title: Organic Synthesis B
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit: 2
Course Code:B020601T Course Title: Organic Synthesis
Course Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to know the synthesis of
organic compounds in the laboratory and to estimate the product yield. The obtained product
will be identified by the different tool.
Unit I: Elemental analysis and identification of functional groups:
1. Detection of extra elements (N, S and halogens) in a given organic compound.
2. Functional groups analysis (carbohydrates, amines, amides, nitro and aniline) in simple
organic compounds.
Unit II: Preparation of p- nitro acetanilide from Aniline.
Unit III: Preparation of phenyl benzoate from phenol by acetylation reaction.
Unit IV: Preparation of Benzil from Benzaldehyde.
Suggested Readings:
1. Skoog D.A., West D.M. and Holler F.J., “Analytical Chemistry: An introduction”, 7th
edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia (2010).
2. Larry Hargis G “Analytical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques” Pearson (1988)

Semester-VI
Paper-2
Course Title: Chemical Energetics and Radio Chemistry
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit :4
Course Code: B020602T Course Title: Chemical Energetics and
Radio Chemistry
Course outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to
describe laws of thermodynamics and its applications, phase equilibria of one and two
component system, electro chemistry, ionic equilibrium applications of conductivity and
potentiometric measurements.

35
Syllabus
Unit I: Thermodynamics-I
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship. Joule's law
Joule-Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature, calculation of w, q, dU & dH for the
expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible process.
Thermochemistry: Standard state, standard enthalpy of formation - Hess's law of heat
summation and its applications heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume.
enthalpy of neutralization. Bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermo-chemical
data, temperature dependence of enthalpy, Kirchhoffs equation.
Unit II: Thermodynamics II
Second Law of Thermodynamics, Need for the law, different statements of the law, Carnot
cycle and its efficiency. Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature, concept of
entropy, entropy as a state function, entropy as a function of V & T, entropy as a function of P
& T, entropy change in physical change, Clausius inequality, entropy as a criterion of
spontaneity and equilibrium. Entropy change in ideal gases and mixing of gases. Gibbs and
Helmholtz Functions, Gibbs function (G) and Helmholtz function (A) as thermodynamic
quantities. A & Gas criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity, their advantage
over entropy change, Variation of G and A with P. V and T, Third Law of Thermodynamics;
Nernst heat theorem, statement and concept of residual entropy. Nernst distribution law
Thermodynamic derivation, applications.
Unit III: Electrochemistry:
Electrical transport: - Conduction in metals and in electrolyte solutions, specific conductance,
molar and equivalent conductance, measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of molar,
equivalent and specific conductances with dilution. Migration of ions and Kohlrausch law
Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation and its limitations. Weak and strong electrolytes.
Ostwald's dilution law, its uses and limitations. Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation for strong
electrolytes (elementary treatment only). Transport number, definition and determination by
Hittorf method and moving boundary method.
Unit IV: Ionic Equilibrium:
Types of reversible electrodes — Gas-metal ion, metal-metal ion, metal insoluble salt-anion
and redox electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, derivation of cell EMF and single
electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode-reference electrodes and their applications,
36
standard electrode potential, sign conventions, Electrolytic and Galvanic cells—Reversible and
irreversible cells, conventional representation of electrochemical cells. EMF of a cell and its
measurement. Calculation of thermodynamic quantities of cell reactions (dG, dH and K).
Definition of pH and Pka, determination of pH using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass
electrodes by potentiometric methods. Buffers Mechanism of buffer action, Henderson-Hazel
equation, application of buffer solution. Hydrolysis of salts.
Unit V: Photo Chemistry:
Interaction of radiation with matter, difference between thermal and photochemical processes
Laws of photochemistry: Grothus-Drapper law, Stark-Einstein law, Jablonski diagram
depicting various processes occurring in the excited state, qualitative description of
fluorescence, phosphorescence, non-radiative processes (internal conversion, intersystem
crossing), quantum yield, photosensitized reactions-energy transfer processes (simple
examples), kinetics of photochemical reaction.
Unit VI: Colligative Properties:
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity and
activity coefficient. Dilute solution, colligative properties, Raoult's law, relative lowering of
vapour pressure, molecular weight determination, Osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its
measurement, determination of molecular weight from osmotic pressure, Elevation of boiling
point and depression of freezing. Thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular
weight and elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point. Experimental methods
for determining various colligative properties. Abnormal molar mass, Van't Hoff factor,
Colligative properties of degree of dissociation and association of solutes.
Unit VII: Surface Chemistry:
Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption; Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption
isotherms; multilayer adsorption and BET isotherm (no derivation required); Gibbs adsorption
isotherm and surface excess, heterogenous catalysis (single reactant).
Colloids: Lyophobic and lyophilic sols, Origin of charge and stability of lyophobic colloids,
Coagulation and Schultz-Hardy rule, Zeta potential and Stern double layer (qualitative idea)
Tyndall effect, Electrokinetic phenomena (qualitative idea only); Stability of colloids and zeta
potential; Micelle formation.
Dipole moment and polarizahility: Polarizability of atoms and molecules, dielectric constant
and polarisation, molar polarisation for polar and non-polar molecules; Clausius-Mosotti

37
equation and Debye equation (both without derivation) and their application; Determination of
dipole moments.
Unit VIII: Radiochemistry:
Natural and induced radioactivity; radioactive decay-α-decay, β-decay, ϒ -decay; neutron
emission, positron emission, electron capture; unit of radioactivity (Curie); half-life period;
Geiger-Nuttal rule, radioactive displacement law, radioactive series, measurement of
radioactivity: ionization chamber, Geiger counters, scintillation counters. Applications: energy
tapping, dating of objects, neutron 'activation analysis, isotopic labelling studies, nuclear
medicine-99 radiopharmaceuticals

Suggested Readings:
1. Foye, W.O., Lemke, T.L. & William, D.A.: Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th
ed., B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Peter Atkins & Julio De Paula, Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University Press
(2010).
3. Metz, C. R. Physical Chemistry 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill (2009).
4. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin's Physical Chemistry Ed., Oxford University Press
13 (2006).
5 Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).
6. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
7. Allen Bard ,J Larry . Faulkner R, Fundamentals of Electrochemical methods —
fundamentals and applications ,new York John ,Wiley &sons , 2001
8. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th ed., New Age International, New
Delhi, 1995.

Semester VI
Paper-4 (Practical-II)
Course Title: Analytical Methods
Degree in Bachelor of Science Credit: 2
Course Code: B020602P Course Title: Analytical Methods
Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to
quantify the product obtained through gravimetric method; determination of Rf values and
identification of organic compounds through paper and thin layer chromatography laboratory
techniques: perform thermo chemical reactions
Unit I: Gravimetric Analysis:
1. Analysis of Ni as Ni (dimethylgloxime)

38
2. Analysis of Ba as BaSO4
Unit II: Paper Chromatography:
Ascending and Circular, Determination of Rf values and identification of organic
compounds: Separation of a mixture of phenylalanine and glycine. Alanine and aspartic acid
Leucine and glutamic acid, spray reagent- ninhydrin.
Unit III: Thin Layer Chromatography:
Determination of Rf values and identification of organic compounds, separation of green leaf
pigments (spinach leaves may be used)
Unit IV: Thermochemistry:
1. To determine the solubility of benzoic acid at different temperatures and to determine
ΔH of the dissolution process
2. To determine the enthalpy of neutralization of a weak acid/weak base versus strong
base/strong acid and determine the enthalpy of ionization of the weak acid/weak base
3. To determine the enthalpy of solution of solid calcium chloride and calculate the lattice
energy of calcium chloride from its enthalpy data using Born-Haber cycle
Suggested Readings:
3. Skoog D.A., West D.M. and Holler F.J., “Analytical Chemistry: An introduction”, 7th
edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia (2010).
4. Larry Hargis G “Analytical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques” Pearson (1988)

39