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Maths 2

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30 views7 pages

Maths 2

Uploaded by

aliza16203746
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REAL NUMBERS (6 marks)

Prime Factorisation

• Prime Factorisation is the method of expressing a natural number as a


product of prime numbers.
• Example: 36=2×2×3×3 is the prime factorisation of 36.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

• The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that the prime


factorisation for a given number is unique if the arrangement of the prime
factors is ignored.
• Example: 36=2×2×3×3 OR, 36=2×3×2×3
• Therefore, 36 is represented as a product of prime factors (Two 2s and
two 3s) ignoring the arrangement of the factors.

Method of Finding LCM


As we know, the smallest of the common multiples of two or more numbers is
called the lowest common multiple (LCM).
Example: To find the Least Common Multiple (L.C.M) of 36 and 56,
36=2×2×3×3
56=2×2×2×7
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1. The common prime factors are 2×2
2. The uncommon prime factors are 3×3 for 36 and 2×7 for 56.
3. LCM of 36 and 56 = 2×2×3×3×2×7 which is 504

Method of Finding HCF


We know that the greatest number that divides each of the given numbers
without leaving any remainder is the highest common factor (HCF) of two or
more given numbers.
H.C.F can be found using two methods – Prime factorisation and Euclid’s
division algorithm.

Prime Factorisation:

• Given two numbers, we express both of them as products of their


respective prime factors. Then, we select the prime factors that are
common to both the numbers
• Example – To find the H.C.F of 20 and 24
20=2×2×5 and 24=2×2×2×3
• The factor common to 20 and 24 is 2×2, which is 4, which in turn is
the H.C.F of 20 and 24.

Product of Two Numbers = HCF X LCM of the Two Numbers

• For any two positive integers a and b,


a×b=H.C.F×L.C.M.
• Example – For 36 and 56, the H.C.F is 4 and the L.C.M is 504
36×56=2016
4×504=2016
Thus, 36×56=4×504
• Let us consider another example:
For 5 and 6, the H.C.F is 1 and the L.C.M is 30
5 × 6 = 30
1 × 30 =30
Thus, 5 × 6 = 1 × 30
• The above relationship, however, doesn’t hold true for 3 or more numbers

Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q (where p and q are
integers and q≠0.) is an irrational number. Examples √2,π, e and so on.
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EXAMPLES:
1. Find the LCM of 306 and 657, given that HCF (306, 657) = 9.
Solution: Given that, HCF (306, 657) = 9.
We know that HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers
Hence, 9×LCM = 306×657
9×LCM = 201042
LCM = 201042/9 = 22338.
Therefore, LCM of 306 and 657 is 22338.
2. Find the LCM and HCF of 6 and 20 by the prime factorisation method.
Solution: We have: 6 = 21 × 31 and 20 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 22× 51
You can find HCF(6, 20) = 2 and LCM(6, 20) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60,
Note that HCF(6, 20) = 21 = Product of the smallest power of each common
prime factor in the numbers.
LCM (6, 20) = 22 × 31 × 51 = Product of the greatest power of each prime
factor, involved in the numbers.
3. Prove √2 is irrational.

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4. Prove that 3√2 is irrational.

Practice problems:
1. Find the HCF and the LCM of 12, 21 and 15.
2. Find the LCM of smallest two-digit composite number and smallest composite
number.
3. Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.
4. Prove that √5 is irrational.
5. Prove that √3 is irrational.
6. Prove that 5√6 is irrational.
7. If HCF (336, 54) = 6, find LCM (336, 54).

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CASE STUDY
1.

2.

5
3.

6
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