IELTS Topic Wise Writing Vocabulary

IELTS
Topic-Wise Writing
Vocabulary
from the publisher, except for brief quotations used for publishable articles or reviews.
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Contents
One of the Building Blocks of Language is Vocabulary
Vocabulary for IELTS
Quick Tips
Lesson 1: Accommodation
Lesson 2: Business
Lesson 3: Childhood
Lesson 4: Communication
Lesson 5: Crime & Punishment
Lesson 6: Environment
Lesson 7: Fuels & Energy
Lesson 8: Health & Fitness
Lesson 9: History
Lesson 10: Information Technology
Lesson 11: Mental & Physical Development
Lesson 12: Modern Times
Lesson 13: School Life
Lesson 14: Space
Lesson 15: Arts
Lesson 16: Media
Lesson 17: Travel
Lesson 18: Urbanisation
Lesson 1: Accommodation
1. Balcony – an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the

outside wall of a building on an upper level
2. Brick – a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and
houses
3. ceiling - the upper surface of a room that you see when you look above
you
4. concrete - a very hard building material made by mixing together
cement, sand, small stones, and water
5. cottage - a small house, usually in the countryside
6. gadget - a small device or machine with a particular purpose
7. housing - buildings for people to live in
8. landmark - a building or place that is easily recognized
9. lift shaft - a vertical shaft in a building through which a lift moves to
different levels.
10. occupant - a person who lives or works in a room or building
11. platform - a flat raised area or structure
12. quarry - a large artificial hole in the ground where stone, sand,
etc. is dug for use as building material
13. residence - a home; the place where someone lives
14. steel - a strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon
15. timber - wood that is prepared for use in building, etc
16. airy - with a lot of light and space
17. conventional - traditional and ordinary
18. cosy - comfortable and pleasant, especially (of a building)
because of being small and warm
19. cramped - not having enough space or time.
20. disposable - used once then thrown away
21. exterior - outer; on or from the outside
22. futuristic - relating to the future, or very modern or advanced
23. high-rise - a tall modern building with many floors
24. mass-produced - produced in large numbers using machinery
25. multi-storey - a building that has several floors
26. ornate - having a lot of decoration
27. prefabricated - built from parts that have been made in a
factory and can be put together quickly
28. spacious - large and with a lot of space
29. state-of-the-art - very modern and using the most recent ideas
and methods
30. ultra-modern - extremely modern; advanced
31. automate - to change a factory, office, or process so that
machines do the work instead of people
32. condemn - to criticize something or someone strongly, usually
for moral reasons
33. demolish - knock down, destroy thoroughly
34. devise - to invent something, esp. with intelligence or
imagination
35. haul - to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty
36. hoist - to lift something heavy, often with special equipment
37. renovate - to repair and improve something, especially a
building
38. skyward - in the direction of the sky
39. warehouse - a large building for storing things before they are
sold, used, or sent out to shops
40. tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
41. spring system - is an elastic object used to store mechanical
energy.
42. mesh - to join together in the correct position
43. ratchet - a part of a machine that allows movement in one
direction only.
44. unveil - to show or make something known for the first time
45. slack - not tight; loose
46. contraption - device
47. tenant - a person who rents a room, a building, or land
48. screw - a thin pointed piece of metal like a nail with a raised
spiral line
49. heading - words written or printed at the top of a text as a title
50. obsession - something or someone that you think about all the
time
51. consolidate - to combine into a single unit; to group together or
join.
52. indebted - grateful because of help given
53. depict - to represent or show something in a picture, story,
movie, etc.; portray
54. mixed success - successful only on few issues not on all of them
55. appliance - a device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially
an electrical one that is used in the house
56. team up - to join another person, or form a group with other
people, in order to do something together
57. surround - to be around something on all sides
58. combustion - the process of burning
59. self-propelled - able to move by its own power
60. stack - to arrange things in an ordered pile
61. marvel - a wonderful and surprising person or thing
62. apparent - easily seen or perceived, easily understood
63. hose - a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto
fires, gardens, etc.
64. drapery - cloth arranged in folds
65. blast - a sudden strong blow of air
66. overriding - more important
67. acquisition - the process of getting something
68. incorporation - the act of including something
69. turmoil - a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety
70. masculine - of man; male
71. rough and ready - produced quickly, with little preparation
72. stark - extreme
73. pejorative - insulting, disapproving
74. cherished - bringing the pleasure of love
75. utopian - romantic
76. blur - to make something hard to see
77. deployment - the use of something or someone in an effective
way
78. rosy - optimistic, bright, happy
79. exhort - to strongly encourage or persuade someone to do
something
80. self-indulgent - allowing yourself to have or do anything that
you enjoy
81. free rein - the freedom to do, say, or feel what you want
82. spa - a town where water comes out of the ground and people
come to drink it or lie in it because they think it will improve their
health
83. discotheque - disco
84. ebb - to becomes less strong or disappear
85. hectic - full of busy activity
86. imperative - extremely important or urgent
87. envisage - to have a mental picture of; visualize.
88. consumerism - the state of an advanced industrial society in
which a lot of goods are bought and sold
Some questions asked in previous IELTS Writing Paper that you would be
able to write with the help of the vocabulary in this lesson:
1. In some countries prisoners are allowed comfortable accommodation,
good food, and healthcare. Do you think this is appropriate? To what
extent do you agree or disagree? Give specific reasons and examples to
support your position.
2. People are more mobile nowadays. They seldom live in one city all of
their lives. Why do you think this is happening? What are the
consequences of this trend? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of this situation. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your
opinion
3. In some countries prisons are overcrowded which leads to many
expenses for the government. To lessen the cost for prisoners' cost of
living, reduced sentences are implemented. What do you suggest could
be done? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
4. Some parents allow their teenage children to live independently, away
from home. Other parents don't want their teenage children to live away
from them. Which do you think is better and why? Use specific reasons
and details to support your answer.
5. In some countries, people live with their parents and siblings until their
old age. Do you think there are more advantages or disadvantages to
this behaviour? Discuss your opinion and provide specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
Lesson 2: Business
1. boss - manager; the person who is in charge of an organization and who

tells others what to do
2. campaign - a plan consisting of a number of activities directed toward
the achievement of an aim
3. career - the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life
4. clerk - a person who works in an office, dealing with records or
performing general office duties
5. colleague - someone you work with
6. credibility - the fact that someone can be believed or trusted
7. employee - someone who is paid to work for someone else
8. goods - things for sale, or the things that you own
9. job satisfaction - the feeling of pleasure and achievement which you
experience in your job when you know that your work is worth doing
10. labourer - a person who does physical work, especially
outdoors
11. manual worker - a worker who does physical work
12. manual work - work involving the hands, as opposed to an
office job, for example
13. niche - a job, position, or place that is very suitable for someone
14. occupation - a person's job
15. overtime - time worked in addition to your usual job hours
16. perk - an advantage
17. profession - any type of work, esp. one that needs a high level
of education or a particular skill
18. prospects - the possibility of being successful, especially at
work
19. qualification - an ability, characteristic, or experience that
makes you suitable for a particular job or activity
20. retirement - the act of leaving your job and stopping working,
usually because you are old
21. share - one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company
is divided into, and that can be bought by members of the public
22. shift work - a system in which different groups of workers work
somewhere at different times of the day and night
23. supervisor - a person whose job is to supervise someone or
something
24. takeover - a situation in which a company gets control of
another company by buying enough of its shares
25. wages - the money earned by an employee, esp. when paid for
the hours worked
26. casual - not regular or fixed
27. demanding - needing a lot of time, attention, or energy
28. hospitality - the act of being friendly and welcoming to guests
and visitors:
29. monotonous - not changing and therefore boring
30. retail - the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in
shops
31. endorse - to state publicly that you approve of or support
someone or something
32. invest (in) - to spend money on something which you believe
will make a profit
33. shelf stacker - shelf filler; someone whose job is to put goods
on the shelves in a supermarket
34. redundant - having lost your job because your employer no
longer needs you
35. next to nothing - very little; hardly anything; almost nothing
36. workplace - a building or room where people perform their
jobs, or these places generally
37. cosmetics - substances that you put on your face or body that
are intended to improve your appearance
38. skincare - things that you do and use to keep your skin healthy
and attractive
39. dermatologist - a doctor who studies and treats skin diseases
40. invaluable - extremely useful
41. work ethic - the belief that work is morally good
1. Do you think businesses should hire employees who will spend their
entire lives working for the company? Explain why do you agree or
disagree. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
2. Countries should restrict foreign companies from opening offices and
factories in order to protect local businesses. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons and specific examples to explain your answer.
3. People are more aware of fashion nowadays and it continues to be a
huge business, with a lot of advertising involved and millions of dollars
of being paid to models. Discuss whether this is a good or bad trend.
Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
4. Countries should restrict foreign companies from opening offices and
factories in order to protect local businesses. Do you agree or disagree?
Lesson 3: Childhood
1. adolescence - the period of time in a person's life when they are

developing into an adult
2. adulthood - the part of someone's life when they are an adult
3. bond - a close connection joining two or more people
4. brotherhood - friendship and loyalty
5. character - the particular combination of qualities in a person or place
that makes them different from others
6. childhood - the time when someone is a child
7. conflict - an active disagreement, as between opposing opinions or
needs
8. fatherhood - the state or time of being a father
9. instinct - the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without
having to think or learn about it
10. interaction - an occasion when two or more people or things
communicate with or react to each other
11. motherhood - the state or time of being a mother
12. nature - the type or main characteristic of something
13. resemblance - a way in which two or more things are alike
14. rivalry - a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete
with each other for the same thing
15. sibling - a brother or sister
16. temperament - a person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it
permanently affects their behaviour
17. ties - the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or
special connections with places
18. upbringing - the way in which someone is treated and trained
as a child
19. extended family - a family unit that includes grandmothers,
grandfathers, aunts, and uncles, etc. in addition to parents and children
20. family gathering - when family members meeting together
21. immediate family - closest relations, such as your parents,
children, husband, or wife
22. maternal instinct - the natural tendency that a mother has to
behave or react in a particular way around her child or children
23. sibling rivalry - competition and arguments among brothers
and sisters
24. stable upbringing - having a safe and secure family in your
childhood
25. striking resemblance - impressive similarity
26. close-knit - involving groups of people in which everyone
supports each other
27. maternal - behaving or feeling as a mother does toward her
child
28. parental - relating to parents or to being a parent
29. rewarding - satisfying or beneficial
30. accommodate - to provide someone with a room or place to
sleep, live, or sit
31. adopt - to take somebody else's child into your family and
become its legal parent(s)
32. break down - of a relationship, agreement, or process) cease to
continue; collapse
33. endure - last; keep on; undergo; bear; stand
34. establish - to start having a relationship with, or communicating
with another person, company, country, or organization
35. have something in common - to share interests, experiences, or
other characteristics with someone or something
36. inherit - derive (a quality, characteristic, or predisposition)
genetically from one’s parents or ancestors
37. chaotic - disorganized
38. nurture - to feed and care for a child, or to help someone or
something develop by encouraging that person or thing
39. alike - similar to each other
40. play a role - to be involved in something, especially in a way
that is important
41. relate to somebody - to understand someone and be able to
have a friendly relationship with them
42. paddling pool - a pool that is not deep that small children can
play in
43. sophisticated - (1) Having a thorough knowledge of the ways of
society. (2) Highly complex or developed.
44. tone - the general character or attitude of a person, situation, etc.
45. competency - an important skill that is needed to do a job
46. coordinate - to make various, separate things work together
47. recruitment - the process of employing new people to work for
a company or organization
48. hand down something - to give something to a younger
member of your family when you no longer need it, or to arrange for
someone younger to get it after you have died
49. enrol - officially register as a member of an institution or a
student on a course
1. Things like puzzles, board games and pictures can contribute to a
child’s development. What would you give a child to help him/her
develop and why? Give details and examples in your explanation.
2. Some people believe that children should do organised activities in their
free time while others believe that children should be free to do what
they want to do in their free time. Which viewpoint do you agree with?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Find the
sample answer to this question here.
3. Some people think that children should be homeschooled when they are
very young while others think it is better for them to attend a
kindergarten. Which do you think is better? Use specific reasons and
4. Childcare has always been of primary concern and importance. Do you
think that courses designed to help mothers are necessary or can they
acquire the essential knowledge through personal experience? Use
specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Lesson 4: Communication
1. accuracy - the fact of being exact or correct

2. communication - the imparting or exchanging of information by
speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
3. conjecture - a guess; an opinion or judgment that is not based on proof
4. dialect - regional language
5. fluent - able to speak or write a particular foreign language easily and
accurately.
6. hesitation - the act of pausing before saying or doing something.
7. language barrier - absence of communication between people who
speak different languages
8. linguist - someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them
very well
9. linguistics - the scientific study of the structure and development of
language in general
10. means - a method or way of doing something
11. sign language - a system of communication for people who
cannot hear that uses hand and finger movements
12. vocabulary - all the words that exist in a particular language or
subject
13. incoherent - expressing yourself in a way that is not clear
14. inherent - existing as a natural or basic part of something
15. clarify - to make something clear or easier to understand by
giving more details
16. comprehend - to understand something completely
17. converse - to have a conversation with someone
18. define - to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase
is
19. demonstrate - to show or make something clear
20. emerge - to become known or develop as a result of something
21. evolve - to develop gradually; to rise to a higher level
22. gesture - to use movement to express a thought or a feeling
23. illustrate - make clear or explain by stories, examples,
comparisons, or other means
24. imply - to suggest something in an indirect way or without
actually saying it
25. signify - to be a sign of something
26. stutter - to speak or say part of a word with difficulty, esp. by
repeating it several times or by pausing before it
27. there's something to be said for - said to mean that something
has advantages
28. needless to say - of course
29. have the say - to be involved in making a decision about
something
30. when all is said and done - when everything is finished and
settled; when everything is considered.
31. having said that - despite what has just been said
32. to say the least - to not describe something in the strongest way
you could, often in order to be polite
33. you can say that again - I completely agree with you
34. that is to say - used when explaining more clearly what you
have just said
35. marine - related to the sea or sea transport
36. odd - strange or unexpected
37. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction
38. recap - to repeat the main points of an explanation or
description
39. connotation - suggested or implied meaning of an expression;
V. connote
40. intimate - to make clear what you think or want without saying
it directly
41. narrate - to tell a story, often by reading aloud from a text, or to
describe events as they happen
42. profound - very great or intense
43. youngster - a young person or a child
44. merely - only; just
45. intrigue - fascinate; to interest someone, often because of an
unusual or unexpected quality
46. pinpoint - to discover or establish something exactly
47. idle speculation - speculation that is unlikely to be true
48. ancestor - a person related to you who lived a long time ago
49. wander - to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any
clear purpose or direction
50. chit-chat - informal conversation about matters that are not
important
51. Homo sapiens - modern humans considered together as a
species
52. string together - to arrange a group of things into a series
53. grunt - to make a short, low sound instead of speaking, usually
because of anger or pain
54. archaic - ancient
55. hyoid - a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
56. larynx - an organ in the throat which contains the vocal cords (=
tissue that moves to produce the voice)
57. ritual - a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed
regularly, especially as part of a ceremony
58. burial - the act of putting a dead body into the ground, or the
ceremony connected with this
59. hearth - the area in front of a fireplace.
60. groom - to clean an animal, often by brushing its fur
61. social grooming - is an activity in which individuals in a group
clean or maintain one another's body or appearance.
62. alliance - a union or association formed for mutual benefit,
especially between countries or organizations.
63. opiate - a drug with morphinelike effects, derived from opium.
64. banter - conversation that is not serious and is often playful
65. smattering - a slight knowledge of something, or a small
amount
66. gurgle - (of babies) to make a happy sound with the back of the
throat
67. cling - to hold on tightly to somebody/something
68. soothe - to make someone more calm and more relaxed
69. primate - any member of the group of animals that includes
human beings, apes, and monkeys.
70. nomadic - a person who does not stay long in the same place; a
wanderer
71. maiden - a girl or young unmarried woman;
1. E-mail is now the easiest way to communicate with families and friends
all over the world. Some people say that it does not have the sincerity of
handwritten letters. Do you agree or disagree? Give specific details and
examples to support your opinion.
2. With the speed and ease of viral communication do you think it will
totally replace papers and letters in their old form? If that happens, will
it be for the better? Explain and provide specific reasons and examples
to support your opinion.
3. There are opinions that technology and science are beneficial but also
destructive. Due to technological advancement, mankind has
irrevocably ruined nature and environment and affected the climate. To
what extent do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your position.
4. In the future people will not need to have schools, galleries, museums or
libraries because everything from education to culture and entertainment
will be available online. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
5. Being literate in technology or the internet is so popular that many
believe that it will no longer be necessary to read conventional books as
the main source of material for education. To what extent do you agree
or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
position.
6. Advancement in technology helps to improve the standard of life.
Meanwhile, according to data, while the average change in society in
developing countries is positive, in richer countries this can be exactly
the opposite. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this?
Lesson 5: Crime & Punishment
1. appreciate - to recognize how good someone or something is and to

value him, her, or it
2. arson - the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or
destroy something, especially a building
3. authority - the official power to make decisions for other people
4. convict - someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime
5. criminal - someone who commits a crime
6. deterrent - a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage
someone from doing something
7. fine - an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not
obeying a rule or law
8. fraud - the crime of getting money by deceiving people
9. imprisonment - the state of being in prison, or the time someone
spends there
10. inequality - an unfair situation, in which some groups in society
have more money, opportunities, power etc than others
11. intent - the fact that you want and plan to do something
12. intrusion - an occasion when someone goes into a place or
situation where they are not wanted or expected to be
13. kidnap - to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in
order to get money for returning them; ransom
14. motive - a reason for doing something
15. offense - a specific act that breaks the law
16. pickpocketing - the crime of stealing things out of people's
pockets or bags, especially in a crowd
17. prosecutor - a person, especially a public official, who
institutes legal proceedings against someone.
18. recklessness - lack of regard for the danger or consequences of
one's actions
19. smuggling - the crime of taking goods or people into or out of a
country illegally
20. swearing - rude or offensive language that someone uses,
especially when they are angry
21. the accused - the person who is on trial in a law court
22. vandalism - the crime of intentionally damaging property
belonging to other people
23. violation - an action that breaks a law, agreement, rule, etc.
24. evil - morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant
25. harsh - unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is
necessary
26. intentional - planned or intended; done on purpose; deliberate
27. law-abiding - someone who obeys the law
28. offensive - very rude or insulting and likely to upset people
29. petty - not important and not worth giving attention to
30. punishable - (of an act) subject to a judicial punishment
31. strict - limiting people’s freedom to behave as they wish
beyond what is usual
32. victimless - (of a crime) lacking a victim, or thought not to
involve a victim
33. abide - accept and follow out; remain faithful to; dwell; endure
34. abolish - to put an end to something, such as an organization,
rule, or custom
35. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful
36. deter - to prevent or discourage someone from doing something
37. enforce - to make people obey a rule or law
38. imprison - to put someone in prison
39. offend - to make someone upset or angry
40. perpetrate - to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act
41. resent - to dislike or be angry at something or someone because
you have been hurt or not treated fairly
42. sanction - a strong action taken in order to make people obey a
law or rule, or a punishment given when they do not obey
43. on behalf of - for somebody; instead of somebody
44. insane - mentally ill
45. elusive - difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
46. deem - to consider or judge
47. bully - a person who threatens to hurt someone, often forcing
that person to do something
1. Nowadays you can find instructional videos for just about any crime
you can think of. What possible effects can this have on individuals and
society? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
2. In many countries the age of criminals is getting lower. Give reasons
and solutions to the problem. Support your position with relevant
examples.
3. In most countries military officers retire at the age of 45 while other
people work as long as 65 to 70. Compare these two approaches.
Provide specific reasons and examples to support your position.
4. Some people believe that once a person becomes a criminal, he will
always be a criminal. Do you agree with this statement? Provide
specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
5. In some countries prisons are overcrowded which leads to many
expenses for the government. To lessen the cost for prisoners' cost of
living, reduced sentences are implemented. What do you suggest could
be done? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
6. Some people are afraid to go out for fear of being robbed on the streets.
Still, there are robberies that happen inside houses. What do you think is
the best thing a person can do to ensure his/her own security? Use
specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
7. In some countries prisoners are allowed comfortable accommodation,
good food, and healthcare. Do you think this is appropriate? To what
extent do you agree or disagree? Give specific reasons and examples to
support your position.
Lesson 6: Environment
1. biodiversity - the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

2. deforestation - the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the
destruction of forests by people
3. ecosystem - all the living things in an area and the way they affect each
other and the environment
4. emission - the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
5. erosion - the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and
removed by the waves, rain, or wind
6. exhaust - the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe
the gas flows through
7. food chain - a series of living things in which each group eats
organisms from the group lower than itself in the series
8. fumes - strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke
9. impact - the effect or influence
10. pollutant - a substance that pollutes something, especially water
or the atmosphere
11. refuse - rubbish; matter thrown away or rejected as worthless;
12. achievable - a task, ambition, etc. that is one that is possible to
achieve
13. advantageous - useful
14. at risk - in a dangerous situation
15. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a
long time
16. conceivable - possible to imagine or to believe
17. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction
18. environmentally friendly - not harmful to the environment
19. fruitless - unsuccessful or not productive
20. futile - achieving no result; not effective
21. immune - unaffected; protected from or unable to be influenced
by something.
22. impracticable - (of a course of action) impossible in practice to
do or carry out.
23. improbable - not likely to happen or be true
24. irreparable - impossible to repair or make right again
25. irreplaceable - too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced
by anything else
26. irreversible - not possible to change; impossible to return to a
previous condition
27. liable - legally responsible for the cost of something
28. pervasive - present or noticeable in every part of a thing or
place
29. pointless - having no useful purpose
30. pristine - original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use
31. questionable - not certain, or wrong in some way
32. sustainable - causing little or no damage to the environment
33. taxing - challenging; needing too much effort
34. unattainable - not able to be achieved
35. unlikely - not probable or likely to happen
36. unprecedented - never having happened or existed in the past
37. worthwhile - useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable
reward for the money or time spent or the effort made
38. confront - to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or
person
39. contaminate - to make something less pure or make it
poisonous
40. dispose of something - to get rid of something; throw out or
destroy
41. inexorable - a process that cannot be stopped
42. inevitable - certain to happen and unable to be avoided or
prevented
43. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
44. quest - a long search for something that is difficult to find
45. insurmountable - (especially of a problem or a difficulty) so
great that it cannot be dealt with successfully
46. insoluble - (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to
solve
47. omnipresent - present or having an effect everywhere at the
same time
48. shred - to cut or tear something roughly into thin strips
- burrow - a hole dug in the ground that an animal, such as a rabbit,
lives in
49. den - the home of particular types of wild animal
50. ecology - the relationship of living things to their environment
51. evolution - the way in which living things change and develop
over millions of years
52. extinction - a situation in which something no longer exists
53. fauna - all the animals of a particular area or period of time
54. flora - all the plants of a particular place or from a particular
time in history
55. habitat - the place where a plant or animal lives
56. human nature - the behaviour and feelings common to most
people
57. Mother Nature - the nature, esp. when it is thought of as a
force that affects people and the world
58. predator - an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals
59. prey - an animal that is hunted by another animal
60. repercussion - negative effect
61. scent - a pleasant natural smell
62. vegetation - plants in general, or the plants that are found in a
particular area
63. vermin - small animals and insects that can be harmful
64. disastrous - extremely bad or unsuccessful
65. domesticated - brought under human control
66. endangered - at risk or in danger of dying out completely
67. extinct - not now existing
68. vulnerable - able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked
69. adapt - to change something in order to make it suitable for a
new use or situation
70. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful
71. eradicate - to get rid of completely or destroy something bad
72. hibernate - to spend the winter sleeping
73. tolerate - to bear something unpleasant or annoying
74. twig - a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, esp. one removed
from the tree or bush and without any leaves
75. coat - the hair, wool, or fur covering an animal
76. beak - the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth
77. hide - the strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making
leather
78. scales - one of the many very small, flat pieces that cover the
skin of fish, snakes, etc.
79. paw - the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat,
dog, or bear
80. claw - one of the sharp, curved nails at the end of each of the
toes of some animals and birds
81. thorn - a small, sharp pointed growth on the stem of a plant
82. petal - one of the thin soft coloured parts of a flower
83. horn - a hard, pointed part, usually one of a pair, on the head of
cows, goats, and other animals
84. vegan - a person who does not eat or use any animal products,
such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, or leather
85. human being - a person
86. meerkat - a small, grey Southern African animal that
sometimes sits up on its back legs
87. endemic - belonging to a particular area; inherent
88. prickly pear - type of cactus (= desert plant) that has oval fruit
89. paddock - a field of any size that is used for farming
90. render - to cause something to change in a certain way, make.
91. larva - the active immature form of an insect
92. cane - the long, hollow stems of particular plants such as
bamboo
93. toad - a small animal, similar to a frog, that has dry, brown skin
and lives mostly on land
94. controversial - causing disagreement or discussion
95. caterpillar - a small creature like a worm with many legs that
eats leaves and that develops into a butterfly or other flying insect
96. hedgehog - small animal with spikes on its back
97. executive - director, someone in a high position
98. slug - a small animal with a soft body like a snail without a shell
99. forage - to go searching, esp. for food
100. saliva - the natural, watery liquid in the mouth that keeps it wet
and helps prepare food for digestion
101. lineage - all the living things that are related directly to the same
living thing that existed long ago
102. marsupials - have pouch and teat, mainly in Australia
103. trace - to find the origin of something
104. foetus - a young human being or animal before birth, after the
organs have started to develop
105. equator - an imaginary line around the earth or another planet at
an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole
106. proximity - the state of being near in space or time
107. scrap - to have a fight or an argument
108. primarily - mainly
109. litter - a group of animals that are born at the same time and
have the same mother
110. rodent - a type of small mammal with sharp front teeth
111. scrape - to (cause to) rub against something so that slight
damage is produced
112. retract - moves back into the main part
113. belly - the stomach
114. quill - any of the long sharp pointed hairs on the body
115. perceive - to become aware of, know, or identify by means of the
senses
116. spring up - take on form or shape
117. bristle - a short, stiff hair, usually one of many
118. squeak - to make a short high sound that is not very loud
119. vertebrate - an animal that has a spine
120. spine - the line of bones down the centre of the back
121. laden - heavily loaded with something
122. frothy - (of a liquid) with small white bubbles on it
123. prick - to make a small hole or holes in the surface of something
124. venomous - poisonous
125. irritating - making you feel annoyed
126. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
127. bonfire - a large outdoor fire for burning waste or as part of a
celebration
128. cattle grid - a set of bars, placed over a hole in the road, that
allows vehicles to cross but not animals such as cows and sheep
129. ironically - in a way that is different or opposite from the result
you would expect
130. all over again - start something again from the beginning
131. wading bird - a long-legged bird that frequents shallow water,
especially in search of food.
132. inference - a conclusion drawn from evidence
133. hoglet - a small or young hog or pig; a baby hedgehog
134. feast on something - to eat a lot of good food
135. cull - to kill animals so that there are not too many of them, or so
that a disease does not spread
1. Managing global environmental issues should be handled by one
organization on a global scale. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
2. Many agricultural lands are being converted into commercial centres.
How does this affect the environment and the people’s lifestyle?
Discuss this situation and provide suggestions to address these issues.
Support your answer with specific reasons and examples.
3. Many efforts have been made by countries to address challenges
concerning the environment but the situation has not improved. What
are the possible reasons for environmental degradation? Are there any
solutions to combat this problem? Support your answer with specific
reasons and examples.
4. Nowadays, it is possible to move ocean creatures from their natural
habitat at sea and have them relocated to marine parks for the purpose
of education and entertainment. Do you think the advantages of this
development outweigh the disadvantages? Explain your reasons and
support them with specific examples.
5. The government should close companies that produce toxic waste
materials without their own waste treatment facility in order to protect
the environment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Use specific
reasons and examples to support your position.
6. Many believe that companies behind oil and gas production promote
new boundless opportunities while others fear the results from their
intrusion in nature. Discuss possible reasons, results and solutions.
7. Why do we need to prevent the extinction of some animals like
dinosaurs and dodos if it is caused by natural processes? What is your
opinion about this?
8. People produce more garbage than in the past. Explain how it is
affecting us and the measures that could be taken to address the
situation. Provide specific examples and explanation to support your
answer.
Lesson 7: Fuels & Energy
1. biofuel - a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

2. crisis - a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering
3. fossil fuel - a fuel such as gas, coal, and oil that has been produced in
the earth from plants and animals
4. hybrid - a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type
of energy, usually electricity
5. petrol - a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for
cars and other vehicles
6. resource - something that can be used to help you
7. turbine - a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns
a special wheel with blades in order to produce power
8. disposable - intended to be thrown away after use
9. drastic - (of a change) severe and sudden; extreme
10. rechargeable - able to be recharged
11. unleaded - (of gasoline (= a fuel)) not containing lead (= a
metal)
12. conserve - to keep and protect something from damage, change,
or waste
13. counter - to do something in order to prevent something bad
from happening or to reduce its bad effects
14. deplete - to reduce something in size or amount, especially
supplies of energy, money, etc.
15. emit - to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
16. expend - to use or spend time, effort, or money
17. outweigh - to be greater or more important than something else
18. offset - counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite
force or effect.
19. make up for something - to compensate for something bad
with something good
20. tidy up - to clean and put things in a room in their proper place
21. forth - going out from a place or point, and moving forwards or
outwards
22. clutter - a state of being untidy
23. needlessly - in a way that is not necessary
24. zap - to cook or heat something in a microwave
25. tumble dryer - a machine that uses hot air to dry clothes after
they have been washed
26. round trip - a trip from one place to another and back to where
you started
27. myth - a commonly believed but false idea
28. flick something on/off - to move a switch in order to make
electrical equipment start/stop working
29. windmill - a structure with parts that turn around in the wind,
used for producing electrical power or crushing grain
30. supplies - food and other ordinary goods needed by people
every day
31. commonplace - ordinary; happening or seen frequently
32. diesel - a type of heavy oil used as fuel
33. lexical - relating to words
34. abuzz - filled with noise and activity
35. hurdle - a problem that you have to deal with before you can
make progress
36. derivative - having qualities taken from something else
37. ponder - to think carefully about something
38. advocate - someone who publicly supports something
39. premise - to base an argument or theory on
40. appraisal - an act of assessing something or someone
41. derived - coming from or caused by something else
42. rapeseed - canola; a plant with yellow flowers from which oil
and animal food are produced
43. burden - a load, typically a heavy one
44. disruption - an interruption in the usual way that a system,
process, or event works
45. immense - extremely large in size or degree
46. sobering - making you feel serious
47. wean - (1) to accustom (a child or young animal) to food other
than its mother's milk. (2) to withdraw a person from some object or
habit.
48. ongoing - continuing to exist, happen, or develop
49. destruction - the process of causing so much damage to
something
50. conservationist - someone who works to protect animals, plants
etc
51. dire - very serious or extreme
52. prospect - (1) possibility (2) a good view of a large land area
53. fleet - a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one
person or organization
54. algae - very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near
water and do not have ordinary leaves or roots
55. order of magnitude - the approximate size of something,
especially a number
56. entrepreneur - someone who makes money by starting their
own business
57. scheme - a plan or system for doing or organizing something
58. feat - achievement
59. dim - not bright, lacking light, being weak.
60. not go anywhere - to make no progress at all
1. Some people prefer to use energy-saving modes of transportation like
hybrid cars and bicycles. Others prefer the usual mode of transportation
like buses and trains because it is fast and efficient. Which mode of
transportation do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details
to support your answer.
2. Low-price airlines lack most of the conveniences of normal air plane
flights. However, the prices of the tickets are usually lower. Discuss
negative and positive aspects of having lower rates of air plane tickets
for travellers. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your
response.
Lesson 8: Health & Fitness
1. allergy - a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick
when you eat or touch a particular substance
2. anxiety - an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about
something
3. appetite - the feeling that you want to eat food
4. artery - one of the larger tubes that carry blood from the heart to other
parts of the body
5. asset - a valuable thing to have
6. craving - a strong or uncontrollable desire
7. depression - the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the
future
8. diagnosis - the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem
by examination of the symptoms.
9. dietitian - a person who scientifically studies and gives advice about
food and eating
10. eating disorder - Any of a range of psychological disorders
characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits
11. heart attack - a serious medical condition in which the heart
does not get enough blood, causing great pain and often leading to death
12. ingredient - one of the things from which something is made
13. insomnia - the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period
of time
14. intake - the amount of something such as food, breath, or a
liquid that is taken in by someone or something
15. junk food - food that is unhealthy but is quick and easy to eat
16. nutrient - any substance that plants or animals need in order to
live and grow
17. obesity - extreme fatness
18. onset - the moment at which something unpleasant begins
19. portion - (1) a part or share of something larger. (2) the amount
of a particular food that is served to one person.
20. serving - the amount of one type of food given to one person
21. stroke - a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the
brain, which can result in a loss of some mental or physical abilities, or
death.
22. acute - very serious, extreme, or severe
23. alternate - every second, or every other
24. brisk - quick, energetic, and active
25. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a
long time
26. infectious - (of a disease) able to be passed one person, animal,
or plant to another
27. obese - excessively overweight
28. persistent - determined to do something despite difficulties.
29. vital - essential, important
30. counteract - to reduce or remove the effect of something by
producing an opposite effect
31. curb - to control or limit something that is not wanted
32. diminish - to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
33. disrupt - to prevent something, esp. a system, process, or event,
from continuing as usual or as expected
34. overdo - to do something in a way that is too extreme
35. overeat - to eat more food than your body needs
36. trigger - to cause something bad to start
37. tempt - to encourage someone to want to have or do something,
esp. something wrong
38. miss out on - to lose an opportunity
39. excess - an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or
reasonable
40. mouth - to move the lips as if speaking a word
41. teethe - (of a baby or small child) to grow teeth
42. writhe - to make large twisting movements with the body
43. bathe - to wash something with water, esp. a part of your body
44. agony - extreme physical or mental pain or suffering
45. tablet - a small, solid piece of medicine
46. notion - belief or idea
47. staple - main or important, especially in terms of consumption
48. swap - exchange; to give something and be given something
else instead
49. more or less - approximately
50. apt - suitable; appropriate
51. cope - to deal successfully with a difficult situation
52. wording - the exact choice of words
53. build-up - an increase, especially one that is gradual
54. debilitating - causing weakness
55. pace - the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs or
moves
56. aspect - a particular part or feature of a situation or a problem
57. attitude - the way you feel about something or someone
58. creativity - the ability to produce original and unusual ideas
59. daily routine - typical or everyday activity
60. desire - a strong feeling that you want something
61. fulfilment - a feeling of happiness because you are doing what
you intended to do in life
62. hobby - an activity that someone does for pleasure when they
are not working
63. insight - the capacity to gain an accurate and deep
understanding of someone or something.
64. leisure - the time when you are not working or doing other
duties
65. lifestyle - the way that you live
66. optimist - someone who always believes that good things will
happen
67. outlook - the likely future situation
68. opportunity - a chance to do something
69. personality - the type of person you are, shown by the way you
behave, feel, and think
70. pessimist - someone who feels that bad things are more likely to
happen than good things
71. priority - something that is very important and must be dealt
with before other things
72. realist - a person who tends to accept and deal with people and
situations as they are
73. risk taker - someone who often takes risks
74. self-expression - expression of your personality, emotions, or
ideas, especially through art, music, or acting
75. sense - the ability to make reasonable judgments
76. intense - extreme
77. materialistic - believing that having money and possessions is
the most important thing in life
78. outdoor - existing, happening, or done outside a building
79. recreational - relating to or denoting activity done for
enjoyment when one is not working.
80. appeal - to make a serious or formal request
81. fulfil - to do something that is expected
82. motivate - to cause someone to behave in a particular way
83. regret - to feel sad about a lost opportunity
84. lead a happy life - having a purpose each day and achieving
that goal.
85. live life on the edge - to have an adventurous or perilous
lifestyle
86. live life to its fullest - often said to encourage people who are
feeling down, a bit depressed, lonely or self-pitying.
87. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.
88. make a decision - decide
89. make a living - to earn enough money to buy the things you
need
90. meet a need - to do something that someone wants, needs, or
expects you to do
91. take part - involve
92. do something for a living - to do something as your job or a
way of making money
93. walks of life - various levels of social position or achievement
94. cost of living - the amount of money that a person needs to live
95. lifelong ambition - very strong desire
96. once in a lifetime - only likely to happen once in a person's life
97. standard of living - the degree of comfort that people in a
particular social class, country, etc. have
98. way of life - the manner in which a person lives
99. inevitable - unavoidable
100. arcade - a covered passageway usually lined with shops
101. quilt - a decorative cover for a bed
102. be spoilt for choice - to be unable to choose because there are so
many possible good choices
103. ahead of time - sooner than was expected
104. upcoming - happening soon
105. delighted - very pleased
106. babysit - to take care of other people's children in your own
home as a job
1. More people are now trying out different varieties of food which results
in consumption of ingredients from different parts of the world. Do you
think this is a positive or negative development? Provide specific
reasons and examples to support your opinion.
2. In some countries, health care and education are only partially funded
by the government. Which do you think is better in terms of quality:
free public healthcare and education or privately paid health care and
education? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your
position.
3. Do you think that an ageing society will disappear? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of having more old people in society?
4. Which is better: to have children earlier or later in a woman’s life?
What are possible reasons and effects of these two tendencies on a
personal scale and for society in general? Support your answer with
specific reasons and examples.
5. Some people, including medical workers argue against using animals
and humans for clinical tests while others think it is necessary. Which
are you in favour of? Provide specific reasons and examples to support
your opinion.
Lesson 9: History
1. archaeologist - someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and

other objects of people who lived in the past
2. era - a period of time known for particular events or developments
3. excavate - to remove earth from a place in order to find old objects
buried there
4. the Middle Ages - a period in European history, between about AD
1000 and AD 1500, when the power of kings, people of high rank, and
the Christian Church was strong
5. millennium - a period of 1,000 years
6. pioneer - a person who is one of the first people to do something
7. timeline - a line showing the order in which events happened
8. chronological - in order of time from the earliest to the latest
9. consecutive - following each other continuously.
10. imminent - (esp. of something unpleasant) likely to happen
very soon
11. middle-aged - in middle age; too careful and not showing the
enthusiasm, energy, or style of someone young
12. nostalgic - feeling happy and also slightly sad when you think
about things that happened in the past
13. prior - coming before in time, order, or importance
14. time-consuming - taking a lot of time to do or complete
15. erode - to rub or be rubbed away gradually
16. inter - to bury a dead body
17. predate - to have existed or happened before another thing
18. span - extend over; to exist or continue for a particular length of
time
19. in time - early enough
20. lose track of time - to be unaware of what time it is
21. on time - at the correct time or the time that was arranged
22. take so long - to spend a lot of time to do something
23. at the right time - at the proper time, at the right moment
24. formerly - in the past
25. Stonehenge - a circle of very large stones built in ancient times
in southern England
26. pole - a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing
straight up in the ground to support things
27. ice age - a time in the past when the temperature was very cold
28. frenzy - a state or period of uncontrolled excitement
29. awe - a feeling of great respect, usually mixed with fear or
surprise
30. sketch something out - to give some details about something
31. posthole - a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post.
32. post - a vertical stick or pole stuck into the ground, usually to
support something or show a position
33. ditch - a narrow channel dug at the side of a road or field, to
hold or carry away water.
34. carve - to cut out
35. chalk - a type of soft white rock
36. pasture - land covered with grass or similar plants suitable for
animals, such as cows and sheep, to eat:
37. henge - a prehistoric circle of large stones or wooden objects
38. astronomy - the scientific study of the universe
39. infer - to form an opinion or decide that something is true from
the information you have
40. nevertheless - despite what has just been said or referred to
41. hunter-gatherer - a member of a society that lives by hunting
and collecting wild food, rather than by farming
42. wear away - to become thin and disappear after repeated use or
rubbing
43. the arrival of something - the time when a new idea, product
etc is first used or discovered
44. antiquated - old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern society
45. consecutive - events, numbers, etc. follow one after another
without an interruption
46. engrossed - absorbed
47. plait - to join three or more pieces of hair
48. bride - a woman who is about to get married
49. obsess - to think about something or someone all the time
50. skull - the bone of your head
51. oral diseases - diseases of the mouth
52. by no means - not at all
53. plague - to cause pain or difficulty to someone or something
over a period of time
54. acupuncture - a treatment for pain and illness in which special
needles are put into the skin at particular positions
55. therapeutic - having a healing effect
56. undertake - to do or begin to do something
57. forefront - the most important or leading position
58. treatise - a formal piece of writing that deals with a particular
subject
1. In some countries, buildings of historical value are being demolished to
give way to modern buildings. Do you think that it is better to preserve
the old historical outlook of buildings or it is better to incorporate only
new styles of architecture? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
this situation. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your
opinion.
Lesson 10: Information Technology
1. the latest - the most recent news or technical development

2. patent - the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a
particular number of years
3. prototype - the first one made of a machine or system
4. silicon chip - a small piece of silicon that is used in computers,
calculators, and other electronic devices
5. telecommunications - the sending and receiving of messages over
distance, especially by phone, radio, and television
6. vision - an idea or mental image of something
7. cutting edge - the most recent stage in the development of something
8. cyber - involving, using, or relating to computers, especially the
internet
9. dated - old-fashioned; out-of-date.
10. labour-saving - a device or method that saves a lot of effort and
time.
11. portable - light and small enough to be easily carried or moved
12. virtual - made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer,
rather than in the real world
13. access - to get information, esp. when using a computer
14. revolutionize - to completely change something so that it is
much better
15. scroll - to move text or other information on a computer screen
in order to see a different part of it
16. surpass - do better than; be greater than; excel
17. live up to something - to be as good as something
18. takeover - to begin to have control of something
19. awash - there is a large amount of something
20. be a tribute to - to be a clear sign of the good qualities of
21. redundant - unnecessary
22. guise - the appearance of someone or something
23. date - to say how long something has existed or when it was
made
24. dump - deposit or dispose of (rubbish, waste, or unwanted
material)
25. tricky - difficult to do or deal with
26. awkward - clumsy; not well-suited to use; not easily managed;
embarrassing
1. Do you think that technological advancement has brought more harm
than good? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
What technologies did you use to help you in your studies? Describe
how it has helped you. Use specific reasons and details to support your
answer.
2. With the latest technological advancements, dating is now possible
online. Would you recommend online dating for your single friends?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of online dating? Site some
3. All inventions and discoveries like the discovery of fire and electricity
have impacts on our lives so much so that people can no longer live
without them. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
4. The internet has a bigger impact on people’s lives because it is more
popular than television. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons
and examples to support you position.
5. Is it good for children to start using computers from an early age and
spend long hours on it? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
Explain your choice by using specific reasons and details.
Lesson 11: Mental & Physical Development
1. adolescent - Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up

2. concept - a principle or idea
3. consequence - a result of a particular action or situation
4. imagination - the ability to create pictures in your mind
5. infancy - the time when someone is a baby or a very young child
6. milestone - an important event in the development or history of
something or in someone's life
7. peer - [usually plural] a person of the same age, status, or ability as
another specified person.
8. social skills - skills required for successful social interaction.
9. toddler - a young child who has just learnt to walk
10. cognitive - connected with mental processes of understanding
11. clumsy - awkward in movement or manner
12. fond - to like someone or something very much
13. full-grown - completely grown
14. rebellious - somebody who breaks the rules
15. acquire - to obtain or begin to have something
16. imitate - to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or
something
17. look back (on) - to think about what happened in the past
18. master - to learn or understand something completely
19. reminisce - to talk or write about past experiences that you
remember with pleasure
20. throw a fit/tantrum - to experience and show a strong feeling
of anger, especially suddenly
21. visualise - to imagine or remember someone or something by
forming a picture in your mind
22. bear in mind - to remember someone or something
23. broaden the mind - to increase a person's knowledge,
experience, or interests. widen.
24. have something on your mind - to be worrying about
something
25. it slipped my mind - to forget something that you had to do
26. keep an open mind - to wait until you know all the facts before
forming an opinion or making a judgment
27. my mind went blank - cannot remember anything
28. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.
29. shoelace - a thin string or strip of leather used to fasten shoes
30. mimic - copy, imitate
31. overly - too; very
32. unparalleled - having no equal; better or greater than any other
33. spurt - to flow out suddenly
34. infinity - time or space that has no end
35. grasp - to understand something, especially something difficult
36. overindulge - to allow yourself or someone else to have too
much of something enjoyable, especially food or drink
37. displeased - annoyed or unhappy
38. overdue - late; not done or happening when expected or when
needed
39. enquire - to ask for information
40. unassisted - unsupported by other people
41. momentarily - for a very short time
42. tantrum - a sudden period of extreme anger
43. spontaneous - happening naturally, without planning or
encouragement
44. obstacle - something that makes it difficult for you to achieve
something
1. Tuition for healthy children usually has top priority in most countries.
However, teaching students with disabilities or mental issues is more
difficult and even more important to support and develop. Which
viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
2. In some countries, physical education is a compulsory subject for the
leaving certificate. Some people suggest that this practice be abolished?
Which view do you agree with? Explain your choice, using specific
reasons and details.
Lesson 12: Modern Times
1. brand - a type of product made by a particular company

2. demographics - statistical data relating to the population and particular
groups within it.
3. globalization - the development of closer economic, cultural, and
political relations among all the countries of the world
4. hindsight - understanding the nature of an event after it has actually
happened
5. icon - a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as
worthy of veneration.
6. identity - who or what somebody/something is
7. implication - a likely consequence of something
8. joint venture - a business or business activity that two or more people
or companies work on together
9. monopoly - the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in
a commodity or service.
10. modernization - the process of adapting something to modern
needs or habits.
11. multiculturalism - the belief that different cultures within a
society should all be given importance
12. projection - a calculation or guess about the future based on
information that you have
13. proportion - the number or amount of a group or part of
something when compared to the whole
14. ethnic - relating to a particular race of people
15. exotic - exciting and unusual because it is connected with
foreign countries
16. long-term - continuing a long time into the future
17. sceptical - doubting that something is true or useful
18. subsequent - later; following; coming after
19. wealthy - rich
20. contribute - give (something, especially money) in order to
help achieve or provide something.
21. dwindle - become smaller and smaller; shrink
22. urbanization - the process by which more and more people
leave the countryside to live in cities
23. ethnicity - a large group of people who have the same national,
racial, or cultural origins, or the state of belonging to such a group
24. astounding - very surprising or shocking
25. ridiculous - stupid or unreasonable
26. commentator - a person on radio or television who describes
and discusses news events, sports, books, or other subjects
27. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a
computer program
28. flatten off/out - to stop rising or falling, and stay at the same
level
29. meddle - to try to change or have an influence on things that are
not your responsibility
30. unfold - to happen as time passes.
31. factor in - take into account
32. project - to calculate an amount or number expected in the
future from information already known
33. GDP - Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and
services produced by a country in a year
34. embrace - to accept something enthusiastically
35. compound - to make a problem or difficult situation worse
1. Some people think that in modern society one needs to focus on their
career while leaving personal development and values behind. What do
you think is more important? Provide specific reasons and examples to
support your opinion.
2. Many modern shopping centres are now becoming more popular than
local market shops. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this
consumer behaviour? Provide specific reasons and examples to support
your position.
3. The most popular modern media is the internet. Do you think it will
replace all other available media of communication? Provide specific
Lesson 13: School Life
1. assignment - a piece of work that is given to someone as a part of their

job
2. controversy - a disagreement, often a public one
3. curriculum - all the courses given in a school, college, etc.
4. dissertation - a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially
one that is done in order to receive a degree at college or university
5. findings - information that has been discovered esp. by detailed study
6. funding - money given by a government or organization for an event or
activity
7. graduation - finishing a degree or other course of study at a university
or school
8. grant - a sum of money given by the government, a university, or a
private organization to another organization or person for a special
purpose
9. junior school - a school in the UK for children who are seven to eleven
years old
10. kindergarten - a nursery school; a school for children between
the ages of about two and five
11. learning disorder - a disorder found in children of normal
intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills
12. lecturer - someone who teaches at a college or university
13. nursery - a place where small children are cared for while their
parents are at work
14. resource - something that can be used to help you
15. scholarship - money given to someone to help pay for that
person's education.
16. scope - the range of a subject covered by a book, programme,
discussion, class, etc.
17. syllabus - a plan showing the subjects or books to be studied in
a particular course
18. tutor - a teacher paid to work privately with one student or a
small group
19. eligible - being able or allowed to do it
20. mixed - including both sexes
21. relevant - connected with what is happening or being discussed
22. seniors - older people, usually retired
23. studious - someone who enjoys studying or spends a lot of time
studying
24. adopt - to accept or begin to use something
25. conduct - to organize and perform a particular activity
26. consider - to think about something carefully
27. overcome - to control or defeat something
28. review - to consider something in order to make changes in it,
study it, or give an opinion about it
29. struggle - to work hard to do something
30. distraction - something that prevents someone from giving their
attention to something else
31. protractor - a device for measuring and drawing angles, usually
shaped in a half circle
32. dyslexia - word blindness; learning disorder marked by
impairment of the ability to read
33. knit - to join together
34. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a
decoration, especially one that is of historical interest
35. internship - on-the-job training
36. placement - a temporary position or job in an organization
37. daunting - making you feel slightly frightened or worried about
your ability to achieve something
38. specialization - the limiting of one’s study or work to one
particular area, or a particular area of knowledge
1. School curriculum is selected by the central education authority rather
than by the teachers, parents and students. Some believe that the latter
should take part in the choice. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use
specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
2. Some students do very well at school and never have problems while
others fall behind. Are they capable of handling this challenge
themselves or should teachers and parents help them? Use specific
reasons and details to support your answer.
3. Doing an enjoyable activity with a child can develop better skills and
imagination than reading. To what extent do you agree? Use reasons
and specific examples to explain your answer.
4. University students nowadays have too much freedom and do not study
enough. To what extent do you agree and disagree? Explain your
opinion, using specific reasons and examples.
Lesson 14: Space
1. asteroid - one of many large rocks that circle the sun

2. cosmos - the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a
system
3. crater - a large hole in the top of a volcano
4. debris - broken or torn pieces of something larger
5. exploration - the activity of searching and finding out about something
6. galaxy - large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way
7. horizon - the place in the distance where the earth and sky seem to meet
8. launch - an occasion when a ship is put into water, or a spacecraft is
sent into space, for the first time
9. meteor - a piece of rock or other matter from space that produces a
bright light as it travels through the atmosphere
10. outer space - the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere (= the
air surrounding the earth).
11. simulator - a piece of equipment that is designed to represent
real conditions, for example in an aircraft or spacecraft
12. solar system - the sun and the group of planets that move
around it
13. spacecraft - a vehicle used for travel in space
14. space shuttle - a vehicle that takes people into space and comes
back to Earth again
15. cosmic - pertaining to the universe; vast
16. gravitational - involving gravity
17. lunar - of or relating to the moon
18. meteoric - relating to or caused by a meteor
19. outer - at a greater distance from the centre
20. terrestrial - relating to the earth
21. uninhabitable - not habitable (= suitable to live in)
22. unmanned - does not have a person inside it
23. acclimatize - to (cause to) change to suit different conditions of
life, weather, etc.
24. colonize - to send people to live in and govern another country
25. propel - to cause something to move forward
26. sustain - to keep something in operation; maintain
27. undergo - experience or be subjected to (something, typically
something unpleasant or arduous)
28. acrophobia - fear of heights
29. feasible - able to be made, done, or achieved
30. in terms of - used to describe which particular area of a subject
you are discussing
31. thunderstorm - a storm with thunder and lightening
32. barely - only just
33. scramble - to climb up, down, or over something quickly and
with difficulty
34. fellow - a member of an official organization for a particular
subject or job
35. eventuality - a possible happening or result
36. contemplate - to spend time considering a possible future action
37. cathedral - a very large, usually stone, building for Christian
worship
38. foresee - to know about something before it happens
39. shield - something or someone used as protection or providing
protection
40. realm - an area of interest or activity
41. faith - complete trust or confidence.
42. frontier - an area that is being explored
1. Modern trends in early education focus on an array of practical school
projects rather than developing traditional skills through maths, science
and similar subjects. Which do you consider the better approach and
why? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.
Lesson 15: Arts
1. art appreciation - understanding the qualities of great art

2. appealing - attractive or interesting
3. aesthetics - the formal study of the principles of art and beauty
4. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a
decoration, especially one that is of historical interest
5. ballerina - a female ballet dancer
6. ballet - a type of dancing where carefully organized movements tell a
story or express an idea
7. carving - a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of doing
this
8. conception - an idea about what something is like, or a general
understanding of something
9. concert - a performance of music by one or more musicians
10. crafts - skill and experience, especially in relation to making
objects
11. emotion - a strong feeling such as love or anger
12. exhibition - a collection of things shown publicly
13. expression - the act of saying what you think or showing how
you feel using words or actions
14. festival - an organized set of special events, such as musical
performances or plays
15. inspiration - someone or something that gives your ideas for
doing something
16. intimacy - a situation in which you have a close friendship or
sexual relationship with someone
17. literature - writing that has lasting value as art
18. performing arts - acting, singing, dancing, and other forms of
public entertainment
19. portrait - a painting, photograph, or drawing of a person
20. venue - the place where a public event or meeting happens
21. abstract - paintings, designs etc consist of shapes and patterns
that do not look like real people or things
22. accomplished - skilled
23. burgeoning - developing quickly
24. classical - traditional in style or form
25. distracting - preventing concentration or diverting attention;
disturbing
26. eclectic - consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.
27. electric - very exciting
28. fundamental - basic; primary; essential
29. literary - connected with literature
30. mundane - very ordinary and therefore not interesting
31. passionate - full of emotion
32. vivid - brightly coloured or (of descriptions or memories)
producing clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind
33. choreograph - to arrange how dancers should move during a
performance
34. depict - to represent or show something in a picture, story,
movie, etc.; portray
35. provoke - to cause a reaction, especially a negative one
36. transcendent - going beyond ordinary limits
37. impulse - a sudden strong wish to do something
38. neurological - relating to nerves
39. hardwired - the way of behaving etc that is a natural part of a
person’s character
40. push through - to make a plan or suggestion
41. throng - a crowd or large group of people
42. behold - to see or look at someone or something
43. enigmatic - mysterious and impossible to understand
completely
44. tingle - to have a slight stinging feeling
45. thrill - a sudden feeling of excitement
46. glimpse - a short, quick view
47. curvaceous - having an attractively curved body shape – used
about women
48. deft - skilful and quick
49. showcase - to show the best qualities or parts of something
50. dine - to eat dinner
51. scenery - the general appearance of natural surroundings
52. intricate - complex; containing many small parts or details that
all work or fit together
53. justifiable - understandable
54. consensus - general agreement; opinion reached by a group
55. explicit - clear and exact
56. comparison - the act of comparing two or more people or things
57. institutionalize - to send someone, especially someone who is
not able to live independently, to live in an institution
58. rote learning - learning something in order to be able to repeat
it from memory, rather than in order to understand it
1. Should the government support artists, such as, musicians, writers, and painters? Is it
economically beneficial or is it just a waste of money? Why or why not?
2. Do you agree or disagree that governments should spend money on other things than art even
though art helps develop quality in people’s life? Use specific reasons and examples to support
your position.
3. Do you agree or disagree that governments should spend money on other things than art even
though art helps develop quality in people’s life? Use specific reasons and examples to support
your position.
Lesson 16: Media
1. author - the writer of a book, article, play, etc.

2. bias - the fact of preferring someone or something
3. censorship - the act of censoring books, films, etc.
4. current affairs - political news about events happening now
5. exposé - a public report of the facts about a situation, especially one that
is shocking or has been kept secret
6. exposure - the attention that someone or something gets from
newspapers, television etc
7. free press - a press having the freedom to operate without interference
or censorship
8. ideology - the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party.
9. mass media - newspapers, television, radio, and the internet
10. newsstand - a small structure where newspapers and magazines
are sold
11. paparazzi - photographers who follow famous people in order
to take photographs they can sell to newspapers
12. publicity - notice or attention given to someone or something
by the media
13. relevance - the degree to which something is related or useful to
what is happening or being talked about
14. safeguard - a rule, agreement etc that is intended to protect
someone or something from possible dangers or problems
15. tabloid - a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many
pictures, and short reports
16. attention–grabbing - attracting people's notice; striking
17. biased - unfairly preferring one person or group over another
18. celebrity - someone who is famous, especially in the
entertainment business
19. distorted - changed from the usual, original, natural, or
intended form
20. entertaining - funny and enjoyable
21. factual - based on facts
22. informative - providing a lot of useful information
23. intrusive - affecting someone in a way that annoys them and
makes them feel uncomfortable
24. investigative - intended to examine a situation in order to
discover the truth
25. mainstream - (of beliefs or behaviour) common and shared by
most people
26. sensationalist - a person who presents stories in a way that is
intended to provoke public interest or excitement, at the expense of
accuracy.
27. superficial - (of a person) never thinking about things that are
serious or important
28. unbiased - able to judge fairly because you are not influenced
by your own opinions
29. well-informed - having a lot of knowledge
30. exploit - to use something in a way that helps you
31. invade - to enter a place by force, often in large numbers
32. publicize - to make information about something generally
available
33. corruption - illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by
people in positions of power
34. pride oneself on - be especially proud of a particular quality or
skill
35. reveal - to make known or show something usually secret or
hidden
36. ill-informed - knowing less than you should about a particular
subject
37. comply - to act according to an order, set of rules or request
38. alarming - causing worry and fear
39. underreport - fail to report (something) fully
40. relegate - to put someone or something into a lower or less
important rank or position
41. media hype - publicity
42. impartial - not supporting any of the sides involved in an
argument
43. invasive - (especially of an action or sensation) tending to
intrude on a person's thoughts or privacy; spreading
44. reality TV - television programs in which real people are
continuously filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.
45. glamorous - attractive in an exciting and special way
46. rectify - to correct something or make something right
1. Some people think the media – television and films – negatively affect
people's behaviour. Others do not think so. How do you think the media
affects people's behaviour? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
2. The most popular modern media is the internet. Do you think it will
replace all other available media of communication? Provide specific
Lesson 17: Travel
1. countryside - the land and scenery of a rural area.

2. destination - the place that someone or something is going to
3. effect - a change that is caused by an event, action etc
4. inhabitant - a person or an animal that lives in a particular place
5. itinerary - a detailed plan or route of a journey
6. journey - a trip, esp. over a long period or a great distance
7. landscape - everything you can see when you look across a large area
of land
8. luggage - the cases, bags etc that you carry when you are travelling
9. peak - the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill
10. trend - general tendency or direction
11. village - a group of houses and other buildings that is smaller
than a town, usually in the countryside
12. adventurous - willing to take risks or to try out new methods,
ideas, or experiences
13. budget - estimate of the amount of money that can be spent for
different purposes in a given time
14. breath-taking - very exciting, impressive or surprising
15. coastal - near the coast
16. cosmopolitan - containing people and things from many
different parts of the world
17. diverse - including many different types of people or things
18. luxurious - very comfortable and expensive
19. mountainous - having a lot of mountains
20. picturesque - (esp. of a place) attractive in appearance
21. quaint - attractive because of being unusual and especially old-
fashioned
22. remote - far away in distance or time
23. rough - approximate, bumpy
24. rural - happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city
25. scenic - surrounded by views of beautiful countryside
26. stunning - extremely beautiful or attractive
27. tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
28. unspoilt - a beautiful place which has not changed for a long
time and does not have a lot of new buildings
29. urban - of or in a city or town
30. affect - to have an influence on someone or something
31. fluctuate - to change or vary frequently between one level or
thing and another
1. In many countries people tend to move overseas or move to a different
part of their country after their retirement. Discuss why they do so and
what the outcome of this situation is. Provide specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
2. Some people prefer to use energy-saving modes of transportation like
hybrid cars and bicycles. Others prefer the usual mode of transportation
like buses and trains because it is fast and efficient. Which mode of
transportation do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details
to support your answer.
3. Low-price airlines lack most of the conveniences of normal air plane
flights. However, the prices of the tickets are usually lower. Discuss
negative and positive aspects of having lower rates of air plane tickets
for travellers. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your
response.
4. Is it good for families if parents need to travel a lot in their job or if they
need to move to other cities? Is moving to a new location positive for
children? Discuss your opinion and support it with specific reasons and
examples.
5. Better driver education for better driving habits is more effective than
heavier punishments for driving offences. To what extent do you agree
or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
position.
Lesson 18: Urbanisation

1. challenge - something needing great mental or physical effort in order
to be done successfully
2. compromise - an agreement between two sides
3. dilemma - a difficult choice between two things
4. megacity - a very large city
5. migrant - a person that travels to a different country or place, often in
order to find work
6. overpopulation - when there are too many people living in a particular
place
7. poverty - the state of being poor
8. setback - a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things
worse than they were
9. slum - a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city
10. adequate - as much as is needed; fully sufficient
11. booming - increasing; having a rapid economic growth
12. catastrophic - extremely harmful; causing financial or physical
ruin
13. decent - socially acceptable or good
14. double-edged - something that acts in two ways, often with one
negative and one positive effect
15. one-sided - not balanced or fair
16. long-sighted - able to see things clearly that are far away but
not things that are near you
17. overpriced - too expensive
18. overworked - having to work too much
19. short-sighted - (1) a person who can only clearly see objects
that are close to them. (2) not thinking enough about how an action will
affect the future.
20. staggering - shocking because of being extremely large
21. address - to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem
22. aggravate - to make (an injury, problem, etc.) more serious or
severe.
23. deteriorate - get gradually worse
24. exacerbate - to make worse
25. exclude - to keep out or omit (something or someone)
26. flourish - to grow or develop successfully
27. linger - to stay somewhere longer than expected
28. raise - (here) to begin to talk or write about a subject that you
want to be considered
29. remedy - to do something to correct or improve something that
is wrong
30. resolve - to solve or end a problem or difficulty
31. worsen - to become worse
32. amend - to change for the better; to correct
33. exclusion - the act of not allowing someone or something to
take part in an activity or to enter a place
34. inclusion - the act of including someone or something as part of
a group, list, etc.
35. rag - a torn piece of old cloth
36. mount - to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger
37. scarce - not easy to find or get
38. cast-offs - things, usually clothes, that you no longer want
39. ubiquitous - found or existing everywhere
40. apparel - clothes, esp. of a special type
41. tradesman - a man who buys and sells goods, especially
someone who owns a store
42. pawnbroker - someone whose business is to lend people
money in exchange for valuable objects. If the money is not paid back,
the pawnbroker can sell the object.
43. nascent - in the earliest stages of development
44. wholly - completely
45. chronically - in a long-lasting or habitual and problematic way.
46. disposal - the act of getting rid of something, especially by
throwing it away
47. sewage - waste and liquid from toilets
48. neglected - not receiving enough care or attention
49. dust-yard - an example system of organised, municipal-wide
solid waste management
50. immortalize - to cause someone to be remembered for a very
long time
51. spring up - to start to exist suddenly
52. filth - disgusting dirt
53. merchant - a person whose business is buying and selling
goods for profit
54. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a
computer program
55. cinder - a very small piece of burnt wood, coal etc
56. notorious - famous for something bad
57. hereditary - a quality or illness that is passed from a parent to a
child
58. of the first order - very important; considerable of its kind
59. in the eyes of somebody - in another person's opinion
60. incinerator - a device for burning waste material

IELTS Topic Wise Writing Vocabulary

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1. Balcony – an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the

1. boss - manager; the person who is in charge of an organization and who

1. adolescence - the period of time in a person's life when they are

1. accuracy - the fact of being exact or correct

1. appreciate - to recognize how good someone or something is and to

1. biodiversity - the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

Lesson 7: Fuels & Energy

1. biofuel - a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

Lesson 8: Health & Fitness

1. archaeologist - someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and

Lesson 10: Information Technology

1. the latest - the most recent news or technical development

Lesson 11: Mental & Physical Development

1. adolescent - Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up

Lesson 12: Modern Times

1. brand - a type of product made by a particular company

Lesson 13: School Life

1. assignment - a piece of work that is given to someone as a part of their

Lesson 14: Space

1. asteroid - one of many large rocks that circle the sun

Lesson 15: Arts

1. art appreciation - understanding the qualities of great art

Lesson 16: Media

1. author - the writer of a book, article, play, etc.

Lesson 17: Travel

1. countryside - the land and scenery of a rural area.

Lesson 18: Urbanisation

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