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SPEECH CONTEXT
-refers to the situation or environment
and the circumstances in which INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
communication occurs. -The participants constantly respond to
one another's ideas. This
Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes place between
communication takes place. and among individuals.
Context helps to establish meaning and -communication between and among
can influence what is said and how it is people and establishing personal
said. relationships between and among them.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 2 TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL

-communication within one's self. COMMUNICATION
-type of communication that is focused
on one person, where the speaker acts •DYAD Communication
both as the sender and as the receiver -Communication that occurs between
of the message. two people.
“it takes place within an individual where
in the speaker acts as both sender and Example:
receiver of the message.” -talking to your friends on the phone.
-a son talking back to his mother while
For example: communicating with she is scolding him.
yourself in deciding what to eat.
•SMALL GROUP Communication
SOLO VOCAL COMMUNICATION -Involves at least 3 but not more than 10
-speaking aloud to oneself. people engaging in a face-to-face
-Rehearsals, calming down oneself or interaction, working to achieve a desired
entertaining oneself. goal.
- “thinking out loud”
- “soliloquy” Example:
- Clarifying ideas or analyzing a -having a debate
situation. -gossiping small group
-panel discussion, symposia,
“INTERNAL STIMULUS” roundtables

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
-Communication that takes place when
an individual addresses a large
audience.

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-There is no interchanging of the -are patterns of speaking characterized

speaker and listener roles. by distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary,
-Most of the public communication intent, participants, and grammatical
events are formal. structures.
-Communication that requires you to
deliver or send an informative or According to JOOS, there are 5
persuasive message before or in front of speech styles:
a group. 1. Intimate
-Public communication as enlarges 2. Casual
conversation (James Winans, 1938) 3. Consultative
-Public speaking in everyday life: A 4. Formal
means to three important goals. 5. Frozen
*Personal satisfaction to give voice.
*Being effective citizens Martin Joos -was a linguist and a
*Linking to professional success German professor. He spent most of his
(Stanford study) career at the University of
-Some examples of public Wisconsin-Madison.
communication happen through public
speaking events, conferences, Each of these speech styles dictates
seminars, press conferences, and so what appropriate language or
on. vocabulary should be used during the
communication process.
MASS COMMUNICATION
-This refers to the communication that INTIMATE SPEECH STYLE
takes place through television, radio, -It is used in conversations between
newspapers, magazines, billboards, people who are very close and know
internet, and other types of media. each other quite well.
-This style is private.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT -The contents of the conversation may
-Intrapersonal Communication not be shared in public.
-Intrapersonal Communication -This is rooted out of the bonds that we
*dyadic communication have with the person.
*small group communication -We usually address the person in a
-Public Communication very unique manner.
-Mass Communication -Uses endearing terms.

SPEECH STYLES Example: family, best friend, close

-refers to the form of language that the friend, loved one
speaker uses which is characterized by
the degree of formality (JOOS, 1976). CASUAL SPEECH STYLE

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-This style is common among peers and -Here, the speaker uses formal
friends. language, avoids slang expressions,
-Informal language, jargon, and slang and prepares his/her speech.
are used. -Uses in one-way communication.
-Uses verbal and non-verbal
Example: communication.
share ko lang (in my own opinion) -Use to impart information.
fambam (family bonding)
wat ‘ya doin’ (what are you doing?) Examples:
-sermon by priests and ministries
CONSULTATIVE SPEECH STYLE -sona of the president
-This is used in semi-formal -speech in conventions or formal
communication. dinners
-The communication here is two-way. -job interviews
-This is the normal style for speaking to -seminars and lectures
strangers who are neither
acquaintances, friends, nor relatives. FROZEN SPEECH STYLE
-It involves societal expectation. -It is also known as fixed speech
-The speaker uses professional or because it remains unchanged.
mutually accepted language and the -It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
listener participates and gives feedback. -Highest rank in styles.
-Also called ORATORICAL STYLE or a
Examples: FIXED SPEECH
-superior and a subordinate -Use for formal ceremonies or traditions.
-doctor and patient
-lawyer and client Example:
-lawyer and judge -parliamentary proceedings, church rites
-teacher and student and speeches, rituals, preamble,
-counsellor and client national anthem, constitutions, library
texts, contracts, and insurance policies
-It is the most operational among the -Praying the Lord's Prayer
speech styles. -Reciting the Panatang Makabayan
-Here, the speaker does not usually plan -Reciting the wedding vows
what s(he) wants to say.

FORMAL SPEECH STYLE

-This style is used in formal settings.
-Unlike the consultative style, this is
one-way.

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SPEECH ACT By uttering the locution "Please do the

dishes the speaker requests the
What is a SPEECH ACT? addressee to wash the dishes.
-a speech act is an utterance that a -ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
speaker
makes to achieve an intended audience. "Please do the dishes" would lead to the
-speech acts are performed when a addressee washing the dishes.
person offers an apology, greeting, -PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
request, complaint, invitation
compliment or refusal.
-speech act is something expressed by
an individual that not only presents LOCUTIONARY ACT
information but performs an action. -Locutionary Act is the actual act of
uttering or saying something. This
Proponent of SPEECH ACT happens with the utterances of a sound,
a word or even a phrase as a natural
J.L. Austin (1962) unit of speech.
According to J.L. Austin, a philosopher -A locutionary act is the performance of
of language and the developer of the an utterance. (exact words given by the
Speech Act Theory, there are three speaker) (SAYING of the words)
types of acts in every utterance, given
the right circumstances and context. Example: "Please do the dishes"

It is the idea that every use of language ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

carries a performative dimension (in the -ILLOCUTIONARY Act is the social
well-known slogan, to say something is function of what is said. In an
to do something). ILLOCUTIONARY ACT speech act it is
not just saying something itself but with
the act of saying something with the
THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT intention of:
-Locutionary Act
-Perlocutionary Act -stating an opinion, conforming, or
-Illocutionary Act denying something.
-making a prediction, a promise, a
OBSERVATION: request issuing an order or a decision:
or
"Please do the dishes.” -giving advice or permission
-LOCUTIONARY ACT
(The mother/speaker is requesting you
to wash the dishes, and that would be

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the intention or the reason why she said - here he is not asking you about your
it.) ability to pass the salt (Literal meaning
of the sentence) but rather he is
Example: "Please do the dishes" requesting you to pass the salt or hand
over me the salt.
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
-A perlocutionary act is one of getting "There's a beer on the fridge" can be
somebody to do something persuading interpreted as a statement wherein you
(them to do something), convincing are literally saying that there's a beer on
(them to think something, scaring the fridge. (Direct Speech Act)
(getting them to be afraid), insulting - offering him something to drink
(getting them to be offended), amusing (Indirect Speech Act)
(getting them to laugh). -The
perlocutionary act is a combination of EXAMPLES OF LOCUTIONARY ACT:
additional means of an utterance which • "I warn you to stop smoking" - It
allow to influence the addressee in order constitutes an expressed locutionary act
to satisfy the speaker's intentions. because its propositional content
predicates a future act to stop smoking
Example: "Please do the dishes" of the hearer "you"
- you as the listener after hearing those • "The dog is on the floor" - Declarative
words you will get up on your feet and sentence form that denotes a statement
start washing the dishes because that • "Do you want some coffee?" -
was the resulting action Interrogative sentence form used to ask
questions
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT • "Close the door" - Imperative sentence
-When a speaker does not explicitly form used to give direction
state the intended meaning behind the • "Doh!" (favorite expression of TV
utterances. cartoon character Homer Simpson)
-This is the speaker's act of • "Wow! That's beautiful!" (when
communicating with the hearer more someone is amazed)
than what is actually said. • "Hello students!" (greetings) • "Get
out!" a strong command
EXAMPLES
"It's cold outside." can be interpreted as
- a request to close the door (Indirect EXAMPLES OF ILLOCUTIONARY
Speech Act) ACT:
- I hereby tell you about the weather • When somebody says "Is there any
outside (Direct Speech Act) salt?" at the dinner table, the
illocutionary act is a request: "please
"Could you pass the salt?" give me some salt" even though the

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locutionary act (the literal sentence) was -As a response to Austin's Speech Act
to ask a question about the presence of Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor
salt. The perlocutionary act (the actual from the University of California,
effect), might be to cause somebody to Berkeley. classified illocutionary acts
pass the salt. into five distinct categories.
• "Go!" ("I order you to go')
• "I give thee my troth" (I am in the
process of marrying you): Five Classification of Speech Acts
• "knit one, purl one" ("I order you to knit
one, purl one). 1. ASSERTIVE
2. DIRECTIVE
EXAMPLES OF PERLOCUTIONARY 3. COMMISSIVE
ACT: 4. EXPRESSIVE
•"I will do my homework later"- promise 5. DECLARATION
• "Please wash my clothes", "Close the
door" - order ASSERTIVE
• If someone shouts "FIRE!" and by that • Speaker expresses belief about the
act causes people to exit a building truth of a proposition.
which they believe to be on fire. They • Commits the speaker to something
have performed the Perlocutionary Act being the case.
of convincing other people to exit the • The different kinds are: suggesting,
building. putting forward, swearing, boasting, and
• Consider a negotiation with a concluding.
hostage-taker under siege. The police • When you are putting forward your
negotiator says: "If you release the comments and suggestions.
children, we'll allow the press to publish • When you boast about yourself
your demands," In making that utterance because you feel confident.
she has offered a deal Illocutionary Act). • Donald Trump is the president of the
Suppose the hostage-taker accepts the United States.
deal and as a consequence releases the • 2*2*28.
children. In that case, we can say that
by making the utterance, the negotiator DIRECTIVE
brought about the release of the • Speaker tries to make the receiver
children, or in more technical terms, this perform an action.
was a Perlocutionary Effect of the • The different kinds are: asking.
utterance. ordering. requesting. inviting, advising.
begging.
CLASSIFICATION of SPEECH ACT • "Could you close the window?"
• "Please hand over me the computer."
John Searle (1976) • "I want you to open your camera."

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• "Could you lend me a pen?"

COMMISSIVE
• Speaker commits to doing something
in the future.
• Promises, threats, refusals, pledge,
planning.
• "I'll be back."
• "I'm going to get it right next time."
• "We will not do that."
• "Please wait for me!"

EXPRESSIVE
• Expresses how the speaker feels
about the situation.
• Anything that communicates thoughts
or feelings is expressive. Expressive
comes from the French word express for
"clear, plain. It's easy to read people
who are expressive, their emotions are
clear. Smiling, laughing, shouting,
crying, and pouting are all expressive.
• "I'm really sorry."
• "Congratulations!"
• "Nice to meet you."

DECLARATION
• Change the state of the world in an
immediate way.
• Priest: "I now pronounce you husband
and wife."
• Referee: "You're out!"
• Judge: "I sentence you to six months in
prison!"

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 3 TURN TAKING

STRATEGY 4 TOPIC CONTROL
5 TOPIC SHIFTING
Communication is your ticket to 6 REPAIR
success. if you pay attention and learn 7 TERMINATION
to do it effectively." - Theo Gold

NOMINATION
-the ability of taking attention of the
hearers and trying to commence, or to
begin or nominate or propose speaker's
ideas in a conversation.
-when you employ this strategy, you try
to open a topic with the people you are
talking to.
-presenting a particular topic clearly,
truthfully, and saying only what is
relevant.

Examples:
"Have you heard about the "New
What are the problems that you
Normal?" "I saw your Tiktok post on
encountered during a Conversation and
facebook. It's really great!" "You are the
how do you handle it?
new student right? Would you like me to
tour you around the campus?"
Have you experienced engaging in a
conversation with a topic that you are
RESTRICTION
not comfortable with?
-When having a conversation, typically,
you are given specific instructions that
How did you manage it?
you must follow. (limit what you want to
say)
What is Communicative Strategy?
-Restriction means limiting, controlling
-Communicative Strategy is a plan or
or restraining a speech according to
way of sharing information that people
certain parameters.
use to achieve a particular purpose.
Examples:
7 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE
- You were asked by your teacher to
STRATEGIES
deliver a speech about "Digital
1 NOMINATION
Education" - You are invited to the police
2 RESTRICTION

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station to answer some questions about TOPIC CONTROL

the accident. -A COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
USED TO CONTROL AND
PREVENT UNNECESSARY
TURN TAKING INTERRUPTIONS AND TOPIC SHIFTS
-Turn taking is a skill of knowing when to IN A CERTAIN CONVERSATION.
start and finish a turn in a conversation. -TOPIC CONTROL IS STICKING TO
-Turn-taking occurs in a conversation THE TOPIC THROUGHOUT THE
when one person listens while the other DISCUSSION. IT COVERS HOW
person speaks. As a conversation PROCEDURAL FORMALITY OR
progresses, the listener and speaker INFORMALITY AFFECTS THE
roles are exchanged back and forth (a DEVELOPMENT OF TOPIC IN
circle of discussion). CONVERSATION.
-.THIS STRATEGY MAINTAINS THE
TURN TAKING FOCUS IN A CERTAIN TOPIC OF
The strategies needed to adhere to the DISCUSSION. IT IS ALSO A
rules of turn-taking include: QUESTION AND ANSWER FORMULA
THAT MOVES THE DISCUSSION
•Recognizing when to take a turn. FORWARD.
•Signalling that you want to speak and
interrupting. Examples:
• Holding the floor during your turn. - In a board meeting, the director
• Recognizing when others want to manages' the conversation and directs
speak. who will speak - In the senate session
when the senate president presides the
-It involves chordal overlaps. Overlap is meeting.
simultaneous talk by two or more - "Okay so much for that"
conversational participants, irrespective - "Let's go back to the topic"
of its status in participants' minds as an - "Going back to what we are talking
interruption. about"

Example: TOPIC SHIFTING

"What do you think?" -INVOLVES MOVING FROM ONE
"You wanted to say something?" TOPIC TO ANOTHER. IT IS WHERE
Pausing is a nonverbal cue that will do ONE PART OF A CONVERSATION
as well ENDS AND WHERE ANOTHER
BEGINS.
-INVOLVES MOVING FROM ONE
TOPIC TO ANOTHER. IT SHOULD BE
REMEMBERED THAT THE SHIFTING

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SHOULD BE DONE WITH RESPECT Examples:

AND PROPER TRANSITIONS. "It's nice catching up with you. I must be
going." "Thanks for your time."
Examples: "Regards to..., see you around."
"By the way..." "Before I forget..."
"Moving on to the next topic..." "This
time, let me tell you about…"

REPAIR
-REFERS TO HOW SPEAKERS
ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS IN
SPEAKING, LISTENING AND
COMPREHENDING THAT THEY MAY
ENCOUNTER IN A CONVERSATION.
-REPEATING IS A GOOD WAY OF
CORRECTING ONESELF AND GIVES
THE SPEAKER THE TIME TO DO
JUST THAT.
-RECASTING MEANS CHANGING THE
FORM OF A MESSAGE THAT COULD
NOT BE UNDERSTOOD IN ANOTHER
WAY SO THAT THE LISTENER CAN
UNDERSTAND WHAT WAS
ORIGINALLY INCOMPREHENSIBLE.

Examples:
"What I mean is....."
"What I am trying to say is that..." "Let
me repeat..."
"I am sorry but what do you mean by..."
"Can you please repeat the last part of
the instruction?"

TERMINATION
-REFERS TO THE CONVERSATION
PARTICIPANTS' CLOSE-INITIATING
EXPRESSIONS THAT END A TOPIC IN
A CONVERSATION.

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PUBLIC SPEAKING -provides knowledge especially

interesting information
WHAT IS PUBLIC SPEAKING?
-IS THE PROCESS AND ACT OF Informative Speeches
SPEAKING OR GIVING A LECTURE
TO A GROUP OF PEOPLE IN A We will focus on four main types of
STRUCTURED MANNER. informative speeches.
1. Speeches about concepts
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF 2. Speeches about objects
PUBLIC SPEAKING? 3. Speeches about processes
-IT DEMONSTRATES AND 4. Speeches about events
INCREASES KNOWLEDGE. .IT
DEVELOPS AND SHOWS PERSUASIVE SPEECH
CONFIDENCE - to convince the audience to change
-IT HAS THE ABILITY TO ADVOCATE their views or beliefs.
CAUSES. - example of a persuasive speech is a
sales with BE LUX pitch. During a sales
DID YOU KNOW? pitch, the speaker is trying to convince
Glossophobia, or a fear of public the audience to buy his or her product or
speaking, is a very common phobia and service.
one that is believed to affect up to 75% -If the salesperson is successful, the
of the population. Some individuals may audience (the person being sold to) will
feel a slight nervousness at the very choose to purchase the product or
thought of public speaking, while others service.
experience full-on panic and fear.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO

PURPOSE:

"Adjustments are necessary along the

way because life isn't always rosy, but it
is always worth living.."
-Nick Vujicic

INFORMATIVE SPEECH ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH

-to inform - aims to share laughter and enjoyment
- is mainly performed for the purpose of to the audience through witty and
educating the audience on a relevant humorous lines but be sure audience
piece of information still learn from you (not easy to entertain
people)

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Speech to entertain is different from Disadvantages of Manuscript Speech

speaking to entertain. •It lacks impact on the audience.
•The word-for-word approach limits
Tips for Entertainment Speech flexibility and spontaneous adaptation to
-Manage humor feedback. It lacks emotion and you
-Paint words through words cannot give 100% eye to eye contact .
-Be creative and keep it lively •You may be reading and notice that
- Get organized several audience members appear
-There is learning even if it is puzzled.
entertaining. •Many people do not read well, and their
delivery sound may mechanical and stiff.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY: Tips when you read a manuscript
•Don't speak too fast. A good speaker
reads 140 words per minute. Too slow
MANUSCRIPT SPEECH or too fast is not good.
-Manuscript speaking is the •Memorize the first and the last line.
word-for-word iteration of a written Look at the audience at the end or at the
message. It is also well prepared. beginning of a sentence.
•Know when to pause, proper phrasing.
Example:
-Professional Meeting
-News Anchor with a Teleprompter
-Honor students reciting their speech

Examples:
-A speech given by a Congressman on
a legislative bill under consideration.
-A report read out by a Chief Engineer
at an Annual General Meeting. . A
President's or Prime Minister's address
to the Parliament of a foreign nation.
-A speech given at a wedding by a best
man, or during a funeral.
-A religious proclamation issued by any
religious leader.
-Oral report of a given chapter in
American history, presented as a high
school assignment.

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MEMORIZE SPEECH EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

-delivering a speech that is recalled -carefully planned and rehearsed
verbatim from a text. speech, spoken in a conversational
-it is done by preparing a written speech manner using brief notes.
and then memorized it word per word.
Why an extemporaneous style?
Examples: -Sounds like a natural conversation
-Actor's Dialogue because the particular wording rises out
-Singing a song of the moment of Interaction between
-Declamation Speech speaker and audience
-Connects with the audience; enhances
Disadvantages of Memorized Speech speaker audience interaction because of
-You need amount of time memorizing a the natural and spontaneous quality of
text. extemporaneous delivery
-At some point, you might forget what is -Demonstrates confidence, knowledge,
next and this may cause concern, and credibility
embarrassment and it will be difficult to -Keeps the audience engaged and
get back on track. awake!

Advantages of Memorized Speech How to prepare an extemporaneous

-The advantage to memorization is that presentation:
it enables the speaker to maintain eye -Begin jotting notes for major topics and
contact with the audience throughout headings
the speech. Being free of notes means -Decide on structure, content and
that you can move freely around the arguments
stage and use your hands to make -Sketch out pants by taking your way
gestures. through the maternal out loud and
updating your briet, outline notes
Toastmasters Beef Background -Continue practising OUT LOUD,
-I want you to watch the winners of polishing and tightening points
Public Speaking Contests sponsored by -Finalize structure
Toastmasters. -Practise out loud using different words,
-It is a public speaking organization and sentences each time to keep the
they have a yearly competition on public delivery fresh
speaking. -Do not memorize
-Last year they have their Public
Speaking Competition through Online. IMPROMPTU SPEECH
-it refers to the presentation of a short
message without advanced preparation.

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-no formal preparation beforehand.

-An impromptu speech is given with little

or no preparation, yet almost always
with some advanced knowledge on the
topic. This is sometimes referred to as
'off the cuff or spur of the moment.

-For example, in class a teacher may

ask a student to give a short impromptu
speech about a topic that was in the
assigned readings. Business meetings
may also start with everyone talking
briefly about what they have done
recently on the project.

- ambush interviews, on the spot Q&A

"If you can't get a miracle, become

one."
-Nick Vujicic

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