Contents

1. Introduction 7
2. Applications of Digital Image Processing 7
3. Examples of situations that demand an efficient DIP 8
4. Images from the point of view of the DIP 9
5. Binary, grey level and color images 10
6. Conversion of Colour to Grey-level images 11
7. Digitization 16
8. Pixels and Neighborhoods 16
9. Geometric Transformations on Images 17
10. Centroid of a polygon 21
11. Rotating a polygon about its Centroid 21
12. Problems generated by discretization 22
13. Straight lines in Digital Image Processing 23
14. Variation of Darkness and Brightness in an image 24
15. Image Colour Inversion 25
16. Rotating and Flipping images 26
17. Image subtraction 27
18. Image Segmentation 27
19. The Wrap-to-Segment algorithm 29
20. Histograms 33
21. Process to obtain the histogram of grey levels 34
22. Histogram Equalization 35
23. Histograms of colour Images 36
24. Histogram-based Binarization of Grey-Levelled Images 38
25. Thresholded Binarization 39
26. Weighted Average Grey-level 41
27. Heuristic Thresholding 41
28. Boundary (Edge) Detection of Binary Images 42
29. Algorithm to identify edge pixels in a binary image 43
30. Detection of edges through Histogram thresholding 44
31. Spatial Operators, Box Filters, Windows, Templates and Masks 46
32. High-pass and Low-pass filters and Median Filters 51
33. User defined convolution filters 52
34. Smoothing Filters 53
35. Noise-Reduction Median Filters 55
36. Unsharp Masking Filter 57
37. Detection of Discontinuities in Digital Images, Detection of Dots 58
38. Detection of Line Orientation 60
39. Detection of Edges 61
40. Edge Detection by First Derivatives and by Gradient 63
41. Edge Enhancement by Gradient. The Sobel Operators 65
42. The Generalized Sobel Operators 68
43. Edge Detection with the Laplacian 68
44. The High-boost Filter 70
45. Image Dilation & Erosion 72
46. Opening & Closing 75
47. Thresholded Image Difference and Controlled Image Fusion 76
48. Controlled Image Fusion 77
49. Image Fusion by Weighted Average of two input images 79
50. Ignoring a color during Image Fusion 81
51. Pattern Recognition 86
52. Computer Vision 87
53. Signatures: Pattern Centroidal Profile Representation 88
54. The Invariant Moments 91
55. The M. K. Hu’s Massive Invariant Moments 91
56. The C.C. Chen’s Boundary Invariant Moments 97
57. The Polar Hough Transform 106
58. References 117
References

This Digital Image Processing course is based on the following material:

[1] Ming-Kuei Hu, Pattern recognition by moment invariants, Proceedings of the IRE, vol
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[3] Chaur-Chin Chen, Improved moment invariants for shape discrimination, Pattern
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[4] Montenegro Joo, J., Invariant Boundary moments in Pattern Recognition. The method
of C.C. Chen. Doctoral Qualification Exam (April 1994). Cybernetic Vision Research
Group, Instituto de Física de Sao Carlos (IFSC), Dpto.de Física e Informática,
Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil.

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Neural Networks for Classification and Pattern Recognition. Anais do Sibgrapi.

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Transformation-Invariant Pattern Recognition with Hough Transforms and Distance-
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Constituents, Industrial Data, 13(1).

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