SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE- 641010
Calculus and Linear Algebra
IV - Integral Calculus

Integration Introduction

Integral calculus is an important part of calculus, as important as differential

calculus. In differential calculus we study the relationship between two quantities, let’s
say between distance and time. For this relationship we usually use the rate of change
between two variables.

In integral calculus, however, we take the inverse process of the relationship

between two quantities. This is known as integration, anti-differentiation or anti-
derivative. The most important application of integral calculus is to compute the area
or volume of a shape. In ancient times, the informal concepts were developed by the
Greek mathematicians Archimedes (287 BC – 212 BC) and Eudoxus (410 BC – 347 BC).
They developed the approximate area of different geometric shapes, and these basic
methods were also developed by Chinese mathematician Liu Hui around the 3rd
century to find the area of a circle. In the 17th Century John Kepler further developed
some important concepts regarding astronomical investigations to find the area of a
sector and the area of an ellipse. The concept of integral calculus was formally
developed further by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz; they developed basic
concepts to find area and volume.

In integral calculus we encounter different concepts such as the area of various

geometric shapes, the area under the curve by using the definite integral, the indefinite
integral and various practical applications. We also encounter the most important
theorem of calculus called the “Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.” This theorem
elaborates upon the concept that differentiation and integration are opposite
operations.

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 246

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Definition:
The integration is the process of finding the ant derivative of a function. It is a
similar way to add the slices to make it whole. The integration is the inverse process of
differentiation.

Uses of Integration:
The integration is used to find the volume, area and the central values of many
things.

Applications of Integration:
The following are some applications of integrations in real life fields
1. Area between curves
2. Distance, Velocity, Acceleration
3. Volume
4. Average value of a function
5. Work
6. Center of Mass
7. Kinetic energy; improper integrals
8. Probability
9. Arc Length
10. Surface Area

Definite Integral
The definite integral of a function ( ) is a number and it represents the area
under the curve ( ) from to .

∫ ( )

Example:

∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 247

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Indefinite Integral
The indefinite integral of ( ) is a function and answer does not contain a
number.
Example:

Problems related to Indefinite Integral

Problem: 1

∫( )

Answer:

∫( )

∫ ∫ ∫

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Problem: 2

∫√

Answer:

∫√ ∫

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 248

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 3

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ∫ ∫
√

Problem: 4

∫( √ )
√
Answer:

∫( √ )
√

( ) √ ( √ )

√ √

Problem: 5

∫( √ )

Answer:

∫( √ √ )

( ) √ ( √ )

Problem: 6

∫( √ )
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 249
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Answer:

∫( √ ) [( ) ]

∫( (√ ) √ )

∫( ) [√ ]

∫( ) [ ]

∫( )

( )

( )

Problem: 7

∫(√ √ )
Answer:

∫ (√ ) * √ +

[ ]

* √ +

√ √

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 250

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 8

∫( )
√
Answer:

∫( ) [ ]
√

( ) ( √ )

( ) √ [ ]

Problem: 9

∫( )
Answer:

∫( ) [ ]

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) [ ]

Problem: 10

∫( )( )
Answer:

∫( )( )

∫[ ]

∫[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 251

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problems related to Indefinite Integral
Problem: 1

∫ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( )

* ( ) ( ) +

[ ( ) ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( ) ( )]

[ ] [ ]

Problem: 2

∫ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( )

* +

* +

* + * +

[ ] [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 252

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 3

∫( √ )

Answer:

∫( √ )

* ( ) ( √ )+

* ( ) ( √ )+ * ( ) ( √ )+

[ ] [ ]

Problem: 4

∫ ( √ )
√
Answer:

∫ ( ( )) * √ +
√

* ( √ ) ( )+

* √ ( )+ * √ ( )+

[ √ ] [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 253

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 5
√
∫ ( )

Answer:
√
∫ ( ) * √ +

∫ ( )

* ( ) ( )+

* ( ) ( )+

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

[ √ ] [ ]

Problem: 6

∫ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

* +

[ ( )] [ ( )]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 254

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 7
( )( )
∫ * +

Answer:
( )
∫ * +

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+ * ( )+

[ ] [ ]

Problem: 8

∫ √ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( ) * √ +

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( √ )

∫ ( √ )

* ( ) √ +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 255

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

* ( ) √ +

[ ( ) ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( ) ( √ )]

[ ] [ (√ ) (√ ) ]

[ ]

Problem: 9

∫ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( )

* +

( ) ( )
* ( )+ * ( )+

* + [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 256

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 10

∫ √ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( ) * √ +

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( √ )

∫ ( √ )

* ( √ )+

* √ +

[ ( √ )] [ ( )]

[ √ ]

Problem: 11

∫ ( )

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 257

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ( )

* ( ) ( )+

* ( )+ * ( )+

[ ] [ ]

Property :

∫ ( ) ∫ ([ ] )

Problem: 1

( )
∫
( ) ( )
Answer:

( )
∫ ( )
( ) ( )

( * +)
∫ [ ]
( * +) ( * +)

( * +)
∫ * ( ) +
( * +) ( * +)

( )
∫ ( )
( ) ( )
Adding ( ) and ( ), we get

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 258

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) ( )
∫ ∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
∫
( ) ( )

∫ ( )

Problem: 2

√
∫
√ √
Answer:

√
∫ ( )
√ √

√ ( )
∫ [ ]
√ ( ) √ ( )

√
∫ ( )
√ √
Adding ( ) and ( ), we get

√ √
∫ ∫
√ √ √ √
√ √
∫
√ √

∫ ( )

Problem: 3

∫
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 259
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( )

Adding ( ) and ( ), we get

∫ ∫

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) [ ( )]

∫ ( )

[ ]
Problem: 4

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]
( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 260

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫
( )

∫ ( )

Adding ( ) and ( ), we get

∫ ∫

∫ ( )

Problem: 5

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√

∫ [ ]
√ ( )

∫
√ ( )

∫ ( )
√
Adding ( ) and ( ), we get

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 261

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ∫
√ √

∫ ( )
√ √

√ √
∫ ( )
( √ )( √ )

√ √
∫ ( )
( √ √ √ √ )

√ √
∫
( √ √ √ √ )
( )
√ √
∫ ( )
( √ √ )

Techniques of Integration
There are multiple methods of integration available, which are used in Mathematics
to integrate the functions. These methods are used to find an integral of some function,
which is easier to evaluate the original integral. Here some different methods of
integration are listed.
 Integration by Substitution.
 Integration by Parts.
 Integration Using Trigonometric Identities.
 Integration by Partial Fraction.

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 262

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Substitution Rule
Problem: 1

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

( )

[ ]

Problem: 2

∫ √

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ √ ( )

∫√

∫ * √ +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 263

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

* √ +

√( ) [ ]

Problem: 3

∫( ) ( )

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) [ ( )]

Problem: 4

∫( )

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫( ) ( )

( )

[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 264

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 5

∫
√
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
√

∫ ( )
√

∫
√

√ [ ]

Problem: 6

∫ √
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ √ ( )

∫√

√ [ ]

* √ +

√ [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 265

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 7
√
∫
√
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.
√
∫ ( )
√

√
√ √

∫ ( )

[ ]
√ [ √ ]
Problem: 8
∫
√ ( √ )
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
√ ( √ )

√
√ √

∫ ( )

( )

( )

[ √ ]
√
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 266
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 9

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )

[ ]
Problem: 10

∫
( )
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
( )

[ ]

[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 267

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 11
( )
∫

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.
( )
∫ ( )

( )
[ ]

Problem: 12

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
( )

∫
( )

∫ ( )

[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 268

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 13

∫
( )
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
( )

∫
( )

( )
∫ ( )

∫( )

∫( )

∫( )

∫( )

* +

* +

[ ]

[ ] [ ]
( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 269

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 14

∫
√
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
√

∫
√

∫ ∫

√ * √ +

√( ) [ ]

Problem: 15

∫ √

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ √ ( )

∫ √

∫( ) √

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 270

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫( )

∫( )

∫( √ ) [ ]

∫( √ )

√ * √ +

√ √

√( ) ( )√ [ ]

Problem: 16

∫ √

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ √ ( )

∫ √

∫ √

∫( ) √ ( ) [ ]

∫( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 271

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫( )

∫( ) [ ]

∫( )

* +

* + * √ +

[ √ √ ]

√( ) √( ) [ ]

Problem: 17

( )
∫

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

( )
∫ ( )

( )

∫ ( )

( ) * +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 272

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 18

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )

∫( )

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

( )

( ) [ ]

( ) [ ]

Problem: 19

Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 273

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) [ ]

Problem: 20

∫
√
Answer:
Here direct integration is not possible. In this case we use substitution rule.

∫ ( )
√

[ ]

∫
√

∫
√

√ [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 274

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

∫ ∫

Choose possibly as Lograthimic, Trignometric, Exponential, Inverse functions.

Key note for choosing and :

“L-I-A-T-E” Choose to be the function that comes first in this list:
 L: Logarithmic Function
 I: Inverse Trig Function
 A: Algebraic Function
 T: Trigonometric Function
 E: Exponential Function

Problem: 1

Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( ) ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 275

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 2

Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )( )

( )

Problem: 3

Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 276

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) ∫( )( )

( )

( )

Problem: 4
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

∫ ( )

( )
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 277
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
To find the integral :

( )
Therefore equation ( ) becomes
[ ]
[ ]

Problem: 5

Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 278

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 6
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )

( )

Problem: 7

∫
Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 279

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 8
∫ ( )
Answer:
∫ ( ) ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ∫( )( )

( ) ∫

( )
[ ]
Problem: 9
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]
Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 280
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ( ) ∫( )( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )

Adding equations ( ) and ( ), we get

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( )

Problem: 10

Answer:

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

( ) ∫( )

( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 281

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) ∫( )

( )
( )
Substitute ( ) in ( ), we get
( )

Problem: 11

Answer:

∫ [ ]

∫ ( ) ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

[ ( ) ∫( ) ]

[ ( ) ( )]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 282

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 12

∫ √

Answer:

∫ √ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]

Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

√ ∫√ ( )√

∫ √

[ ( )√ ] ∫( ( )√ ) [ √ ]

( )( ) ∫( )( ) [ ]

[ ( ) ∫( ) ]

[ ( ) ∫( ) ]

( )
* ( ) +

( )
* ( ) +

[ ( ) ( ) ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 283

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Trigonometric integration
Problem: 1

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]

∫( ) [ ]

∫( ) ( )

* +

[ ]

Problem: 2

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫( ) [ ( ) ]

∫( ) [ ]

∫ [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

∫[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 284

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
( )
∫* ( ) + [ ]

∫[ ]

∫[ ]

[ ( )]

Problem: 3

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]

∫( ) [ ]

∫( )

[ ]

Problem: 4

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫( ) [ ( ) ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 285

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫( ) [ ]

∫ [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

∫[ ]

( )
∫* ( ) + [ ]

∫[ ]

∫[ ]

[ ( )]

Problem: 5

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫( ) [ ]

∫ ∫

Problem: 6

∫
Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 286

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫( ) [ ]

∫ ∫

∫ | |

∫ | |

| | [ ]

| |

Problem: 7

∫
Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]

∫( ) [ ]

∫ ∫

∫ ∫( )

∫ [ ]

∫ [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 287

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 8

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫( ) ( ) [ ]

∫[ ( ) ] [ ]

∫[ ] [ ( )( ) ]

( )
∫* ( )+ [ ]

∫ [ ]

∫[ ]

[ ]

Problem: 9

Answer:

∫ ( )

[ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 288

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 10

Answer:

∫ ( )

[ ]

Problem: 11

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

∫( )

∫( ) [ ]

∫( ) [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 289

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) [ ]

( ) ( )
( )

Problem: 12

Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( )

∫( ) [ ]

∫( )

[ ]

Problem: 13

Answer:

∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 290

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ [ ]

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ( )

∫( ) [ ]

∫( )

[ ]

Problem: 14

Answer:

∫ [ [ ( ) ( )] ]

∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]

∫[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

∫[ ]

( [ ])

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 291

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 15

Answer:

∫ * [ ( ) ( )]+

∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]

∫[ ( ) ]

∫[ ] [ ( ) ]

( )

Problem: 16

Answer:

∫ * [ ( ) ( )]+

∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]

∫[ ]

( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 292

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Integration by Trigonometric Substitution
Trigonometric substitutions provide a method for evaluating an integral by
reducing it to a simpler one. Trigonometric substitutions take advantage of patterns in
the integrand that resemble common trigonometric relations and are most often useful
for integrals of radical or rational functions that may not be simply evaluated by other
methods. These substitutions are often used in conjunction with the basic
trigonometric relations and occasionally product-to-sum identities as well as other
integration techniques including integration by parts and u-substitutions.
We commonly use one of the following trigonometric expressions to simplify the
integration:
√

Problem: 1

∫√

Answer:

∫√ ( )

Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore

Here

( ) ( )

( )

√
√ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 293

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫√

∫ [ ]

∫( )

∫( )

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

√
* ( ) + [ ( ) ( )]

Problem: 2

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√( )

∫ ( ) ( )
√
Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore
Here

( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 294

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( )

√
√ ( )

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫
√

| |

√
| ( ) |

√
| ( ) | [ ( ) ( )]

Problem: 3

∫ √

Answer:

∫ √ ( )

∫( ) √ ( ) [ ( ) ]

∫ ( ) √ ( )

∫ √ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 295

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore
Here

( )

√ ( )

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫ √

∫( )

∫ ( )

∫( ) ( )

Take

∫( )

∫( )

( ) [ ]

( )
( ) ( ) * √ +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 296

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

(√ )
(√ ) [ ] [ ]

(√ ( ) )
(√ ( ) ) * +

( )
( ) * +

Problem: 4

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√
Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore
Here

( )

( )

√ √ ( )

√ √
( )
( )

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 297

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫
√

∫( )

∫( ) ( )

( )

( ) [ ]

√
( )
√ √
* +

[ ]

√ ( )

Problem: 5

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√
Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 298

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Here

( )

( )

√ √ ( )

√ √
( )
( )

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫
√

| |

√
| | [ ( ) ( )]

√
| |

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 299

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 6

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√

∫
√( )

∫ ( )
√
Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore

Here

( )

√ ( )

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫
√

| |

| √ | [ ( ) ( )]

|( ) √( ) | [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 300

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
|( ) √ |

|( ) √ |

Problem: 7

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( )
√

∫
√( )

∫ ( )
√

Here the function ( ) is of the form √ . Therefore

Here √

√ ( )
√

( )
√
√
√ √ ( )
√
√ √

Using the above values in equation ( ), we get

∫
√

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 301

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
(√ )
∫ √
√

∫(√ )

√ ∫ ∫

√ | |
√ √
√ ( ) |( ) | [ ( ) ( )]
√ √ √
√
√ |( )|
√
( ) √ ( )
√ ( ) | | [ ]
√
( ) √
√ | |
√
( ) √
√ | |
√

Integration of rational functions by partial fraction

Proper fraction
A fraction having the numerator less, or lower in degree, than the denominator is

called proper fraction.

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

If the degree of the numerator ( ) is strictly smaller than the degree of the

denominator ( ), in this we say that the function is in peoper fraction.

Example:

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 302

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 1

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

( )
( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

∫ ∫

( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 303

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 2

∫
( )( )
Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )
( )( )
Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

( )
( )( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

∫ ∫

( ) ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 304

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 3

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

( )
( )( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Case : I

Put in ( ), we get

( ) ( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

( ) ( )
SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 305
 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 4

∫
( ) ( )
Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

Case : III
Equating Co. eff of in ( ) on both sides, we get

∫ ( )

∫[ ] [ ]
( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 306

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫[ ( ) ]

( )
( ) * + ( )

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]

( ) ( ) ( )

Problem: 5

∫
( )( )
Answer:
∫ ∫ ( ) ( )
( )( )
Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

( )
( )( ) ( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

[ ] [ ] ( )

Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

Case : II
Equating Co. eff of in ( ) on both sides, we get

( )

( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 307

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Case : III
Equating Co. eff of in ( ) on both sides, we get
( )
Solving equations ( ) and ( ), we get

∫ ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
∫* + [ ]
( )

∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ∫( )

( )
( ) ( ) * +

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]

( ) ( ) ( )

Problem: 6

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

By solving , we get .

( )
( )( )( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 308

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Cross multiplying, we get
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

Case : III
Put in ( ), we get
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
∫* +

∫ ∫ ∫

( ) ( ) ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 309

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 6

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in proper farction form.

By solving , we get

( )
( )( )( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

Case : III
Put in ( ), we get
( )( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 310

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
( )
∫* +

∫ ∫ ∫

( ) ( )

Integration of irrational functions by partial fraction

Improper Partial fraction
If the degree of the numerator ( ) is not strictly smaller than the degree of the
denominator ( ), in this we use long division ( ) into ( ) and obtain quotient ( )
and remainder ( ).
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
Example:

Problem: 1

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in improper farction form.

First we use polynomial division to make ( ) as proper fraction.

|
( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 311

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( )

( )( )
Cross multiplying, we get
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

∫ ∫ ∫

( ) ( )

Problem: 2

Answer:

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 312

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in improper farction form.

First we use polynomial division to make ( ) as proper fraction.

|
( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )
( )

( )( )

Cross multiplying, we get

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 313

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ∫

( )

Problem: 3

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in improper farction form.

First we use polynomial division to make ( ) as proper fraction.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )

∫ ( )

∫( )

( )

Problem: 4

Answer:

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 314

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in improper farction form.

First we use polynomial division to make ( ) as proper fraction.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )

( )( )

Cross multiplying, we get

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 315

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

∫( ) ∫ ∫

( ) ( )

Problem: 5

Answer:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Here given ( ) is in improper farction form.

First we use polynomial division to make ( ) as proper fraction.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )
( )

( )( )

Cross multiplying, we get

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 316

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
( ) ( ) ( )

Case : I
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

Case : II
Put in ( ), we get
( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

( ) ( )
∫* +

∫( ) ∫ ∫

( ) ( )

Improper Integrals

∫ ( )

 The interval of integration is infinite.

 The function is unbounded on the interval of integration.
Corollary
Let ( ) be a continuous function on [ ), then

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 317

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Let ( ) be a continuous function on ( ], then

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

Let ( ) be a continuous function on ( ), then

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

An improper integral is said to converge if its corresponding limit exists and is

equal to a real number. Otherwise, the improper integral is said to diverge.

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( )

Problem: 1

Answer:

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

( )

( )

[ ]

The integral is diverges.

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 318

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Problem: 2
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

( )

( )

( )

[ ]

The integral is converges.

Problem: 3
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

Assume , then

∫ ( )

∫ ∫

[ ] [ ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 319

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
[ ] [ ]

[ ( )] [ ]

( ) ( )

The integral is converges.

Problem: 4

∫
√
Answer:

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫
√

∫
( )

∫ ( )

( )
* +
( )( )

( )
* +

( )

The integral is diverges.

Problem: 5
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 320

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ( )

∫ ( )
[ ]

∫
( )

[ ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

( )

The integral is converges.

Problem: 6
∫
Answer:
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) [ ]

∫ ∫ ( ) [ ]
Comparing ( ) and ( ), Choose

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 321

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

[ ( )] ∫ ( )( )

[ ] [ ]

[ ] * +

Equation ( ) becomes

[ ]

The integral is converges.

Applications of the Integrations

I. Area Under bounded curve
Problem: 1
Find the area lying between the parabola and the line .
Answer:
First we need to find the point of intersection between and .
( )
( )

Solving, we get

When and when

the points of intersections are ( ) and ( ).

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 322

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦

( )

𝑥
( )

II. Displacement from Velocity, and Velocity from Acceleration

Problem: 2
A car starts from rest at s=3 m/s from the origin and has acceleration at time t given by
. Find the velocity and displacement of the car at .
Answer:

∫( )

When ; ;
So the expression for velocity as a function of time is:

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 323

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
When ;

∫( )

Now when , and substitute in above equation, we get

( )

When , then

III. Average Value of a Function

Problem: 3
The temperature (in °C) recorded during a day followed the curve
where t is the number of hours from noon
. What was the average temperature during the day?
Answer:

∫ ( )

∫ [ ]
( )
Since the given interval is symmetric and also the function is even, hence we have

∫ [ ]

* +

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 324

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

* ( ) ( ) ( ) +

IV. Electric Circuits

Problem: 4

The current in a circuit element varies according to the law ( ) {

where the current is measured in , and time is measured in . Find the total
charge that has entered the element by time .
Answer:
The total charge , measured in coulombs ( ), is obtained by integration of the
current ( ) over the time interval [ ].

∫ ( )

∫ ∫ ( )

( ) ( )

( ) [( ) ( )]

Problem: 5

and whose graph passes through the point ( ).

Answer:
The slope of the tangent is the derivative of ( ).

( )

Now ( ) follows an indefinite integral

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 325

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) ∫ ( )

∫( )

∫( )

( )

Given that the graph of ( ) passes through the point ( ).

We know that ( )

Hence the required function is

( )

Problem: 6
It is estimated that years from now the population of a certain lakeside
community will be changing at the rate of thousand people per
year. Environmentalists have found that the level of pollution in the lake increases at
the rate of approximately 5 units per 1000 people. By how much will the pollution in
the lake increase during the next 2 years?
Answer:
Let ( ) denote the population of the community years from now.
Then the rate of change of the population with respect to time is the derivative

( )

It seems that the population function is an anti-derivative of ( ). Therefore

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 326

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus

( ) ∫ ( )

∫( )

( )
During the next 2 years, the population will grow on behalf of
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] [ ]
Thousand peoples
Hence, the pollution in the lake will increase on behalf of units.

Problem: 7
An object is moving so that its speed after t minutes is ( )
meters per minute. How far does the object travel during 3rd minute?
Answer:
Let ( ) denote the displacement of the car after t minutes.

( ) ( )

( ) ∫ ( )

∫( )

During the 3rd minute, the object travels

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 327

 SRIT / 20MHG01 / Calculus and Linear Algebra / Integral Calculus
Application in Engineering
1. An Architect Engineer uses integration in determining the amount of the necessary
materials to construct curved shape constructions (e.g. dome over a sports arena) and
also to measure the weight of that structure. Calculus is used to improve the
architecture not only of buildings but also of important infrastructures such as bridges.
2. In Electrical Engineering, Calculus (Integration) is used to determine the exact length
of power cable needed to connect two substations, which are miles away from each
other.
3. Space flight engineers frequently use calculus when planning for long missions. To
launch an exploratory probe, they must consider the different orbiting velocities of the
Earth and the planet the probe is targeted for, as well as other gravitational influences
like the sun and the moon.
Application in Medical Science
1. Biologists use differential calculus to determine the exact rate of growth in a bacterial
culture when different variables such as temperature and food source are changed.
Application in Physics
1. In Physics, Integration is very much needed. For example, to calculate the Centre of
Mass, Centre of Gravity and Mass Moment of Inertia of a sports utility vehicle.
2. To calculate the velocity and trajectory of an object, predict the position of planets, and
understand electromagnetism.
Application in Statistics
1. Statisticians use calculus to evaluate survey data to help develop business plans for
different companies. Because a survey involves many different questions with a range
of possible answers, calculus allows a more accurate prediction for the appropriate
action.
Application in Research Analysis
1. An operations research analyst will use calculus when observing different processes at
a manufacturing corporation. By considering the value of different variables, they can
help a company improve operating efficiency, increase production, and raise profits.
Application in Graphics
1. A graphics artist uses calculus to determine how different three-dimensional models

will behave when subjected to rapidly changing conditions. It can create a realistic
environment for movies or video games.

SRIT / Mathematics / Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar 328