Question Bank SAP (22525)

Q1)State any four causes of faults (2M –only keypoints, 4M- 4point with explanation)
 Causes of Faults in the Power System:
 Breaking of Conductors: It is one of major causes of faults. Breaking of conductors is due
to excessive heat or because of mechanical stresses.
 Failure of Insulation: It is also one of the major causes of faults. The failure of insulation
results in short circuits which are very harmful.
 Overvoltage due to Lightning or Surges: In rainy seasons sometimes faults on
transmission & distribution lines are caused by overvoltage due to lightning or switching
surges.
 Mechanical Failure: Because of mechanical failure, faults on power system may occur.
 Accidents: Because of accidents faults on the power system may occur.
 Unbalanced Currents: Unbalanced currents flowing in the system set up harmonics, there
by heating the system, which results in fault.
 Faulty System Design: Certain faults occur due to poor quality of system components or
because of faulty system design.
 Improper Maintenance: Improper maintenance of machines / equipment

Q2)State any four faults occurs in bus-bar and transmission line.

 The causes of busbar faults can be ;
 Failure of support insulator resulting in earth faults
 Flashover across support insulator, causing flashover due to over-voltage.
 Heavily polluted insulator, causing flashover due to overvoltage
 Failure of other connected equipment
 Earthquake, mechanical damages
 Foreign objects accidentally falling across fault current
 Errors in the operation and maintenance of the switchgear
 Faults in transmission line ;
1. Symmetrical faults
 All the Three Phases to Ground Fault
 All the three Phases Short Circuited
2.Unsymmetrical faults
 Single Phase to Ground Fault
 Phase-to-Phase Fault
 Two Phases to Ground Fault
 Phase to phase and the third Phase to Ground Fault
Q3) Define Normal current Rating
It is the r.m.s. value of current which the circuit breaker is capable of carrying continuously
at its rated frequency under specified conditions. The only limitation in this case is the
temperature rise of current-carrying parts.

Q4)Explain with neat sketch basic trip circuit of protection relaying.

Refer first point in third chapter.

Q5)Compare Fuse and MCCB on

i) Size
ii) Cost
iii) Reliability
iv) Replacement strategy.
Point of comparision Fuse MCCB
Size Not Compact Compact
Cost Low High
Reliability Less reliable More reliable
Replacement strategy Replacement Manually Resetting Automatically

Q6)List any four applications of HRC fuse.

 Protection of low voltage distribution systems against overloads and short circuits.
 Protection of cables Protection of busbars.
 Protection of motors Protection of semiconductor devices.
 Load side/ downstream device for protection in case of upstream circuit breaker.

Q7)State function of RCBO and MPCB

 RCBO( Residual current current breaker with over current) Application-
 Residual Current Circuit Breakers with Overcurrent Protection (RCBOs) serve mainly
two functions viz short-circuit / overcurrent and leakage/earth fault protection in
electrical installations and applications.
 In residential, commercial and industrial installations, RCBOs are commonly used in
consumer units and electrical panels to safeguard individual circuits, providing combined
overcurrent and residual current protection for lighting, appliances, and socket-outlets
etc.

 MPCB Applications –
 MPCBs are mainly used to protect electrical motors, as their name implies.
  The MPCB is used in AHU (Air Handling Unit) panels to operate and protect the
motors.
 MPCBs are used for air compressors, lift motors, elevators, etc.
 In motors that drive variable loads, such as cranes, escalators, and elevators, MPCBs are
used.
 Additionally, exhaust motors are also controlled and protected by MPCBs.

Q8)State the need of directional relay.

 The relay which works once the phasor difference for a minimum of two or above the
same electrical quantities exceeds a fixed amount is known as a differential relay.
Generally, most of the relays work when any quantity goes beyond a fixed value
however, this relay works based on the difference between two or more same electrical
quantities.
 The function of a differential relay is to provide high-speed, sensitive & naturally
selective protection. These relays will not provide safety to turn-to-turn winding faults
within machines and transformers due to the small growth within the generated current
by those faults, which stay under the relay’s pickup sensitivity.

Q9)State importance of feeder reactor. Write any two disadvantages

of it.
Refer 1st chapter feeder point.
 Disadvantages-
 There is a constant voltage drop and power loss in the reactor even during normal
operation.
 If the fault occurs at the bus bar no protection is provided for the generator

Q10) List different types of faults occured on a power system. Draw necessary sketches
(any four).
Refer 1st chapter

Q11)Compare ACB and MCB on any six points

ACB MCB
 Use for high voltage application. Use for low voltage application
Handles current upto 6300A Handles current upto 16A
Protect against overcurrent,short circuit Protect against overcurrent and short
current,,earth fault condition. circuit fault.
Construction is not compact Compact in construction.
Less reliable More reliable
Less easy to install and maintain. More easy to install and maintain.

Q12)Related to vacuum circuit breaker -

i) Draw neat sketch
ii) Write any four important points related to its construction.
iii) Give any two advantages and two disadvantages.

Refer notebook
Advantages

 Reliable, have longer service life than other types of circuit breakers.
 They are compact in size.
 There is no chance of fire hazard.
 The vacuum has high dielectric strength.

Disadvantages

 Vacuum circuit breakers are uneconomical above 36 kV.

 The high technology used in the generation of vacuum.
Applications

The vacuum circuit breaker is used to disconnect power in the medium voltage range from 11
kV to 33 kV.

Q13)State any four faults that may occur in alternator

 failure of prime-mover.
 failure of field.
 overcurrent.
 overspeed.
 overvoltage.
 unbalanced loading.
 stator winding faults.
 Failure of prime-mover.
Q14)State any four faults that can occur in motor.
Ref.notebook 4th chapter.

Q15)State PSM and TSM for protective relays and name the relay
in which PSM and TSM are applicable.
Ref.3rd chapter
Electromechanical relay.

Q16)Compare simple KitKat fuse with MCB for

Kitkat fuse
MCB
Circuit breaker works on the
Working Fuse works on the electrical
Electromagnetism and switching
Principle and thermal properties of
principle.
the conducting materials.
Fuses can be used only Circuit breakers can be used a
Reusability
once. number of times.
It does not give any
Status indication It gives an indication of the status
indication.
No auxiliary contact is They are available with auxiliary
Auxiliary contact required. contact.
Fuse cannot be used as as The Circuit breaker is used as an
Switching Action an ON/OFF switch. ON/OFF switches.
They are independent of Circuit breaker Depends on ambient
Temperature
ambient temperature temperature
The Characteristic curve
Characteristic The characteristic curve does not
shifts because of the ageing
Curve shift.
effect.
The Fuse provides Circuit breaker provides protection
Protection protection against only against power overloads and short
power overloads circuits.
Circuit breaker performs only
It provides both detection
Function interruption. Faults are detected by
and interruption process.
relay system.
Breaking capacity of the
Breaking
fuse is low as compared to Breaking capacity is high.
capacity
the circuit breaker.
Operating time is comparatively
Operating time of fuse is
Operating time more than that of the fuse. (0.02 –
very less (0.002 seconds)
0.05 seconds)
Only single pole version is Single and multiple version are
Version
available. available.
Mode of Manually as well as automatically
Completely automatically.
operation operated.
Cost Cost of fuse is low. Cost of circuit breaker is high.
Q17)Draw neat sketch of pantograph type of isolator. State the
sequence of operation of circuit breaker, isolator and earthing
switch while opening and closing.
Refer 2nd chapter

While opening: Open Circuit Breaker, Open isolator and then Close Earthing
Switch if provided.

While closing: Open earthing switch, Close isolator and then Closed Circuit
Breaker.

Q18)Define
a. Instantaneous relay
i. An Instantaneous Relay is one in which there is no time delay provided
intentionally.
b. Over current relay
i. Overcurrent relays are devices that protect power systems from excessive
currents that can damage equipment, cause faults, or create hazards.
c. Differential relay
i. The differential relay is one that operates when there is a difference between
two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.

Q19)Define the term “Insulation co-ordination”.

It is the correlation of the insulation of electrical equipment and the lines with the
characteristics of protective devices such that the insulation of the whole power system is
protected from the excessive over voltages.

Q20)State two requirements of transmission line protection

Speed

Selectivity

Reliability

Sensitivity

Q21)Discuss in brief the principle of distance protection and state

four advantages of distance protection scheme.

Refer 3rd chapter

Advantages:
1. System is economical
2. High speed of interruption
3.Suitable for very long and high voltage transmission lines.
4. No problem of pilot wires.