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 Various Components of Computer
CPU
Its meaning is Central Processing Unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central
processor or Nerve Centre or heart, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most
calculations take place. The CPU is the brains of the computer.

Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the Computer System.
Sometimes it is called as microprocessor or processor. It is the brain that runs the show inside the
Computer. All functions and processes that is done on a computer is performed directly or
indirectly by the processor. Obviously, computer processor is one of the most important elements
of the Computer system. CPU is consists of transistors, that receives inputs and produces output.
Transistors perform logical operations which is called processing. It is also, scientifically, not
only one of the most amazing parts of the PC, but one of the most amazing devices in the world
of technology.
In terms of computing power, the computer processor is the most important element of a
computer system. It add and compare its data in cpu chip. A CPU of all computers, whether
micro, mini or mainframe must have three parts.

Parts of CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It is the part of computer processor (CPU) can be used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is further divided into
two parts, (AU) arithmetic unit and a (LU) logic unit.

Control Unit (CU): Decodes the program instruction. CPU chip used in a computer is partially
made out of Silica. on other words silicon chip used for data processing are called Micro
Processor.

Keyboard
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the
computer system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A
keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as
keys for specific functions. A keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a
wireless connection.

Typical keyboard for a desktop computer

Most keyboards have a very similar layout. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special
characters are collectively called the character keys. The layout of these keys is derived from
the original layout of keys on a typewriter. The most widely used layout in the English language
is called QWERTY, named after the sequence of the first six letters from the top left.

Mouse
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can
move and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a
flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to
the right is an example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

The mouse was originally known as the X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System and was
invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963 while working at Xerox PARC. However, due to Alto's
lack of success, the first widely used application of the mouse was with the Apple Lisa computer.
Today, this pointing device is on virtually every computer.

Monitor
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the
better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole
character, such as the letter ‗e‘ in the word help.
A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided
into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be
placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

 Large in Size
 High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and
power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on
your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors,
laptop computer, and graphics display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into
light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).

 Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight

or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-
Crystal Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers −

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers

Storage Devices
1. USB Flash Drive
A USB Flash Drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which is used to store data and
transfer information. Flash drives are also called as pen-drives, jump-drives, and thumb-drives.
Basically, every USB flash drive are re-writable and removable. Actually, USB Flash Drive is
robust because there are no moving parts. At the time of First stage the size of USB Flash Drive
was just like 8 MB and now the size of USB Flash Drive is just like 2 GB to 1 TB.

2. Memory Cards
A Memory Card is a small storage device just like 16 MB to 64 GB and this storage device is
used for storing media and data files. Memory card is Non-Volatile, permanent storage device
which is used inside of Phone, Camera, and many other electronic devices. There are so many
types of memory card in market, and it's totally depended on size.

3. CD (Compact Disk)
The CD was created by Pilips factory in Germany on august,1982. Compact Disk is the full form
of CD, it‘s looks like a flat, round and the measures of standard CD is 120 millimeters and across
1.2 mm thick. The size of Compact Disk is 650 Megabytes to 700 Megabytes. A compact Disk is
a portable storage medium that can store audio, video, picture, and also Data.

4. DVD (Digital Video Disk)

DVD (Digital Video Disk) is an optical disk format invented and developed in 1995.The
Capacity of CD is 4.7 GB and the Weight is 16 grams. The Compact Disk can store any kind of
digital media just like video, audio, picture, game, software, data. Actually, DVD is just like a
ROM because data can only be read and not written. DVD can be single side or double side both,
the size of single side DVD is 4.7 GB and the size of double side DVD is 9.4 GB.

5. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

IBM company‘s engineer created the first Hard Disk Drive in 1953.The size of Hard Disk was
just like two refrigerators. A Hard Disk Drive is a non-volatile secondary storage device, here
data can store permanently. unlike RAM, it is non-volatile means data is retained when the
computer is turned off. A Hard Disk Drive is actually a set of stacked disks. The first production
IBM hard Disk was 305 disk storage which was shipped in 1957.

Windows Operating System

 The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system. It is the most
popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can read and
understand basic English, as it does not require any special training.

However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application
programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then
window can be executed.

Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Once you are logged in a window computer system, you will get dozens of applications,
so you can choose an option of your requirement.

Many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen; however, in
some computers, you may not find any such option on the screen; in such a case, you can take
the help of menu button (as shown in the image given below) −
Start Menu Options
The following table lists down the options that appear after clicking on the Start menu −

Option & Description

1. All programs

It displays all those programs, which are installed in your system.

2. Document

It displays a list of folders used by the user.

3. Recent file
It displays the recently used file.
4. My picture
It displays a list of pictures.
5. My music
It displays a list of music/song, etc.
6. My computer
It displays the drives of computer where user keeps his/her work, file, folder, song,
video, picture, e-book, etc.
7. Control panel
 It displays all the installed computer programs (software).
8. Printer
It displays the installed printers (if printer is installed in the system, user can take
print easily).
9. Help (support)
It helps users to know how to do a particular task.
10. Search
It helps a user to find a file in computer.
11. Run
It helps to start an application program or execute a DOS command.
12. Setting
It has different options that help to manage different settings of the computer,
software as well as hardware.
13. Log Off
It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the system.
14. Sleep
It makes the system non-functional; however, puts the ongoing work and settings in
memory and also keeps drawing small amount of power.
15. Hibernation
Hibernation puts the open documents and programs on hard disk and then turns off
your computer; in comparison to ‗sleep‘, it uses very low power.
16. Restart
Its function is to shut down and again start (log on) computer; it is done normally to
refresh computer especially when computer is hanged.
17. Shut down
It simply shuts down the system.

Recycle Bin
Recycle Bin is a trash location where deleted files remain stored. Once you delete any
sort of file, it gets stored (automatically) into recycle bin; therefore, if you mistakenly
deleted some important file, don‘t panic, go to recycle bin and restore it. However, if
you deleted file from recycle bin as well, then it is very difficult to restore that
permanently deleted file.
Accessories
Windows operating system ships with some handy applications known as Windows
accessories. Calculator, Notepad, Paint, Explorer, WordPad are some of the most
frequently used accessories.

Calculator

Windows Calculator is a calculating application included in all the versions of Windows. It can
be used to perform simple calculation, scientific calculation and Programming calculation.

 Choose Start >> Programs >> Accessories >> Calculator to start Calculator application,
or
 Alternately you can open Run dialog box (Start >> Run) dialog box then type calc and
hit enter.
 From View menu choose the required type of calculator – Standard, Scientific,
Programmer, Statistical
 Edit >> Copy and Paste commands can be used to input the numbers into calculator or
paste the result to other applications

Calculator was first included with Windows 1.0 as a simple arithmetic calculator. In Windows
3.0, a Scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-
based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2,
8, 10, 16), logic operations, Statistic functions such as single variable statistics and linear
regression.

Control Panel
The Control Panel is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user to change various
computer hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network,
and keyboard represent just a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel.
Below the Control Panel appeared in Windows.
 MS-WORD
MS-WORD is the part of the bigger package called MS-OFFICE. We can do much more than
word processing.

What is word processing?

Word processing is a software package that enables you to create, print and save document for
future retrial and reference creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving
it editing a document a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes if any deleting or
moving words sentence or paragraph.

Advantages of word processing:

Word processor over a conventional type writer is that a word processor enables you to may
change to a document without retyping the entire document.

Features of word processing:

1. Text is typing into the computer which allows alteration to be made easily
2. Word and sentence can be inserted or deleted.
3. Paragraph or text can be copy/move throughout the documents.
4. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.
5. Spelling can be checked and modify through the spell check facility.
6. Multiple documents/files can be merged.
7. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different address through the male merger
facility.

Some commands of a word processing package:

1. Soft Word.
2. WordStar.
3. WordPerfect.
4. Microsoft word.
5. Footer.
6. Header.
Important components of the screen:

1. Title bar: - The title bar displayed the name of the currently active word document like other
windows applications.
2. Toolbar: - Word has a number of tool bar that help you perform task faster and with great
easy two of the most commonly toolbar are the formatting toolbar and the standard toolbar.
3. Ruler bar:- the ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.
4. Status bar:- The status bar displays information about the currently activate document. This
includes the page no. that you are working.
5. Scroll bar:- This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.
6. Work space:- The work space is the document windows where you enter/type the text of
your document.
7. Main menu:- The word main menu is displayed at the top if the screen.
Saving New Document

Once you are done with typing in your new Word document, it is time to save your document to
avoid losing work you have done on a Word document. Following are the steps to save an edited
Word document −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which
you want to give to your document and Select the Save Asoption, by default it is
the .docx format.
Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered
name in the selected folder.

Saving New Changes

There may be an instance when you open an existing document and edit it partially or
completely, or an instance where you may like to save the changes in between editing of the
document. If you want to save this document with the same name, then you can use either of the
following simple options −

 Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

 Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above
the File tab. This option will also help you save the changes.

 You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save option
available just above the Save As option as shown in the above screenshot.
If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of the three options,
Word will display a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter the document name as
explained in case of saving new document.
 MS Excel

Introduction to Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to use for numeric computations and analysis
Excel can also function as a simple database but that is another class. Today we will look at how
to get starting with Excel and show you around the neighborhood sort of speak.

Starting MS-Excel

 To start Microsoft Excel:

 Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen.
 Click on All Programs.
 Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007.
 Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office excel 2007.
 A blank document will appear on the screen.

Main screen of a Microsoft Excel Document

This is a workbook. A workbook is a collection of worksheets (spreadsheets) and macros.
By default, Excel creates 3 worksheets in a new workbook. The worksheets are designated at the
bottom part of the window where you see the file folder-like tabs. The tabs are named
Sheet1,Sheet2 and Sheet3. If you click on Sheet2, you will be in Sheet2 and not Sheet1 so you
need to be aware of which worksheet you are in.

Office Fluent user interface

In Excel 2007, the new Office Fluent user interface replaces the traditional menus and
toolbars from previous versions of Excel with a single mechanism designed to help users find the
right features more efficiently.

The interface contains three main components:

 Office Button
 Quick Access Toolbar
 Ribbon
Open a New Workbook

Sometimes you have to create a new workbook.

1. Click on the Office Button
2. Click on New
You are now able to open recently used or new workbooks from this panel. You can also open
up templates that are available with Excel or ones that you create. If you click on Blank
Workbook, Excel will create a new workbook for you.
What are Columns, Rows, and Cells?
 Columns are the vertical markers in the worksheet and are denoted by the alphabet i.e. A,
B, C.
 The rows are the horizontal markers in the worksheet and are denoted by numbers i.e. 1,
2, 3.
 Cells are the single box that you get where the column and row intersect i.e. A1, B3, and
C2.
You will often need to know the cell reference. The cell reference is the cell‘s name and you can
find that by looking at the toolbar. This means that the cell that is selected is named C28.

Selecting a cell
1. We are going to select C28. Look for the C column.
2. Look for the Row number 28.
3. You may use your finger to follow the column C down to where row 28 is.
4. Once you have located it, click on it.
5. Look at the toolbar; the cell reference box should say C28. If it does not, try again.
6. After you have done this, click on a different cell and note the cell reference box.

Selecting a group of cells A4 to D10

1. Click on the first cell A4
2. Click and Hold the mouse button down. Drag the cursor down to D10.
3. Let go of the mouse button.
4. If you did it correctly, you should see a Highlighted box around those cells. If not, try again.
Please see the picture on the next page.
Copy, Cut, Paste

You can Copy, Cut and Paste anything into your worksheet. You can copy from one worksheet
to another worksheet in another book. Let‘s concentrate on the basics. We are going to copy cells
D4 to H9.

Cut/Copy and Paste to the same worksheet

1. Using the same worksheet, select cells A4 to D10.

2. Use CTRL-c to copy and CTRL-x to cut the selected cells.
3. Click on cell E29. It should be blank
4. Use CTRL-v to paste the data.

You can also use the toolbar shortcuts for cut/copy/paste as the functionality is the same.

Insert & delete columns, rows, and cells

Have you ever entered all of your data and realized that you are missing an entry in the middle of
the worksheet? If yes and you did not know how to add columns or rows, it would be really
difficult to fix. Well, there is an easier method.
You can insert columns, rows, or cells in any spot on your worksheet.

Delete columns and rows

We all make mistakes. It is very easy to remove a column or rows.
1. Select the column or row that you want to delete.
2. Point at the highlighted column name or row name and right click.
3. A pop-up menu should appear
4. Select Delete
5. The column or row should be gone.
Inserting & deleting new worksheets

There will be many times when you need to add a whole worksheet rather than columns or rows.
Insert a worksheet

1. Right Click on the tabs where the name of the worksheets are.
2. Click on Insert
3. Select what kind of insert you want from the window.
4. To move the worksheet, click and hold the left mouse button on the worksheet tab. Drag
the tab to where you want it to be placed. Note: you can only move the worksheet tabs to
the left or right.
Delete a worksheet
1. Click on the tab of the worksheet that you want to delete.
2. Right Click on the same tab of the worksheet
3. Click on Delete
Printing
Printing your worksheets out to a printer would be a nice thing to know how to do. If the
information that you have on the worksheet fits on an 8.5‖x11‖ paper, you have no trouble
printing your worksheet out. The problem arises when you have a larger worksheet. You may
have noticed that your worksheet has dashed lines running down and across it; this is your print
area.
 MS-POWER POINT
The presentation software is used for creation of the slides and to display the information
in form of presentation software are easy to use and provide an alternative to other older types of
visual aids like hand drawn slides, black board, posters, hand outs or overhead transparency. A
presentation software provide tool like editor that allows insertion and formatting of text and
methods for inserting and manipulating graphics images along with sound and visual effects.

Features of MS-Power point:

1. Design.
2. Flexibility.
3. Animation.
4. Presentation.
5. Effects.
6. Multimedia.
7. Integration.
Presentation terminology:
1. Audience hangouts.
2. Free hand drawing.
3. Object.
4. Outline.
5. Placeholder.
6. Slides.
7. Speaker‘s notes.

Starting the MS-Power point:

1. Using the start menu.
(a) Click on start button.
(b) Click at programs.
(c) Click on MS-Office sub menu.
2. By using shortcuts.
User can use these facilities if the icon of the software has been created and it put on
desktop.
3. By using Microsoft office bar.
4. Menu bar and menu.
5. Screen of MS-Power point.
Screen of MS Power Point:
1. Title bar: The title bar displayed the name of the currently active word document like
other windows applications.
2. Toolbar: Word has a number of tool bar that help you perform task faster and with great
easy two of the most commonly toolbar are the formatting toolbar and the standard
toolbar.
3. Ruler bar: The ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a
document.
4. Status bar: The status bar displays information about the currently activate document.
This includes the page no. that you are working.
5. Scroll bar: This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.
6. Work space: The work space is the document windows where you enter/type the text of
your document.
7. Main bar: The word main menu is displayed at the top if the screen.