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CHAPTER 1
ssm
Introduction
mtt
1.1 Assume that Extra Fast takes 2 1.4 According to the diameters of
minutes or less (A) Slow Takes 20 base(d) and height (h) ratios, solids
minutes or more (B) can be classified into these types. If
Note that times between 2 min. and 0 < d/h < 1, it is a rod (its
20 min. can be considered as Slow. membership is  A( n ) ); if 1 < d/h < ∞,
A={1/0+1/2+0/20+0/25} ~
bb99
B={0/1+0/2+1/20+1/25} it is a disk ( C ( n ) ): if d/h = 1, it is a
~

right cylinder (  B ( n ) ).
~

1.5 Let V be the volume of the glass,

then the condition that glass is full is
88@
0 0.5 1
given by, F    &
~ 0V 0.5V V
empty,
1 0.5 0
E   .
@
1.2
~ 0V 0.5V V
μ μ(laminar) μ(turbulent) 1.0
1.0 E F
~ ~
ggm

0 0.5V 1V
2x105 5x105 3x106
maa

Volume
Re

1.3 For T>90° Curling occurs (A) 1.6 Since landfills are classified as best if
For T<70° Curling does not occur they are capable of oxidizing 80% of
(B) the methane that originates, the
A={0/0+0/70+0.5/80+1/90+1/100} membership function should achieve a
B={1/0+1/70+0.5/80+0/90+0/100} full membership here. A reasonable
membership function for the % CH4
iill..cc

oxidation may be as follows:

CH 4

1.0
Performance
of the biocap

CH4 Oxidation
oom

80 100
% CH4 Oxidized
m

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 1

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1.7 The crisp set Impact membership 1.10
function, figure (a) above has values of
1 for any BOD greater than or equal to
250mg/L while any value of BOD less
than 250mg/L has a value of zero.
However the membership function for
the fuzzy set, figure (b) above, has
some Impact values below 250mg/L. 1.11 Fuzzy Sets can be represented
Impact explicitly by families of
1.0 parameterized functions, the most
common being the following:
a) Triangular Functions
No Impact
0, x2
250 mg/L BOD  xa
(a)  , x  2, m 
m  a
A( x ) 
 b  x , x  m, b
1.0 b  m
0, xb


Where m , a, and b denote the modal

value, the lower and upper bound
250 mg/L BOD values, respectively, for all nonzero
values of A(x).
(b)
1.8 . b) Trapezoidal Function
s
0, xa
S  xa
1. ~  , x  a , m
m  a

A x   1, x  m, n 
b  x
 , x  n, b
40 80 120 b  n
0, xb
% Full Capacity
1.9 Crisp:
c) Gaussian Function
 LD50  1, for 0  LD50  5000 mg kg
 LD50  0, for LD 50  5000 mg kg and A x   e  k  x  m 
2

LD 50  0
Where k > 0

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 2

1.12 Fuzzy sets are useful in this 1.15
situation where there is an inherent
overlap among soil types. Clay has a
smaller particle size than that of
Sand however it is often difficult to
distinguish Clay from Silt. This is
also true for particle size between
sand and silt.
µ (S)

Cla Silt San

1.16 The geometric shape can resemble a

disk, a cylinder, or a rod depending on
S
0
Membership function for 3 soil
 the aspect ratio of d/h. For d/h << 1
the shape of the object approaches a
1.13 The membership function for the long rod; in fact, as d/h approaches 0
absorber “sales gas” sour gas the shape approaches a line. For d/h
concentration as a function of >> 1 the object approaches the shape
concentration C, with C1 and C2 is as of a flat disk; as d/h approaches
follows. infinity the object approaches a
circular area. For other values of this
Low High
Concentration Concentration aspect ratio, e.g. for d/h  1, the shape
µ is typical of what we would call a
1.0
“right circular cylinder.”

1.17

0
C1 C C2
Absorber “Sales Gas” Sour Gas
Concentration

1.14 The relation shows that the load

becomes more eccentric as it
e
approaches  0.05 , it remains
d
eccentric thereafter
e
d

1.

0 0.05 e
d

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 3

CHAPTER 2

Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets

. . . .
A|B=A∩ ,
2.1 A|B={0.15/1+0.85/2+0.5/3+0.2/4}
a) B|A=B∩ ,
T L ={0.85/1+0.75/2+0.4/3+0.1/4}
~ ~
B|A={0.2/1+0.3/2+0.4/3+0.1/4}
T L R e  T R e   L R e 
~ ~ ~ ~
μ 2.4 a)
1.0
0 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0
D1  D2     
~ ~ 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
b)
1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0
D1  D2     
~ ~ 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
2x105 5x105 3x106 0 0.25 0.7 0.85 1.0
c) D1     
Re

b) ~ 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

T L 0 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0
~ ~ d) D2     
 T L R e    T R e   L R e  ~ 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
~ ~ ~ ~
μ
1.0
e) D1 / D2  D1  D2 
~ ~ ~ ~
1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0
   
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

f) D1  D2  D1  D2 
2x105 5x105 3x106 Re
~ ~ ~ ~

c) 0 0.25 0.7 0.85 1

   
0 0.1 0.75 1  1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T  5
 5
 
~
 0 2x10 5x10 3x106 
2.5 a)
 1 .0 0 .9 0.25 0 
L  5
 5
 
N o t to S c a le

~
 0 2 x10 5x10 3x106  1

2.2 (a) Select ponds number 4 and 5

(b) A U B = {0.5/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3
5000 10000 50000 100000
+1/4 +1/5} D o lla rs

2.3
AUB={0.2/1+0.3/2+0.6/3+0.9/4}
A∩B={0.15/1+0.25/2+0.5/3+0.8/4}

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 4

 b) d) F  0.7  0  0  0.5  0.8  1
~0 10 20 40 80 100
e) C  F    0  0.5  0.8  1
0 0
1

~ ~ 1 10 20 40 80 100
f) M  C  M  C
~ ~ ~ ~
0.3 0.7 0.4 0 0 0
5000 10000 50000 100000      
Dollars
1 10 20 40 80 100
2.8
Flow  Flow
c) 1 2
B Not to Scale ~ ~
1
~
0 0.45 0.6 0.45 0.3 0.1
     
A
~
0 20 40 60 80 100
Flow  Flow
1 2
5000 10000 50000 100000 ~ ~
Dollars
1 0.8 0.65 0.8 .95 1.0
     
0 20 40 60 80 100
d)
B Not to Scale
Flow |Flow Flow Flow
1
~ A
~
1 2 1 2
~ ~ ~ ~
1.0 0.55 0.4 0.2 0.05 0
Flow  {      }
2 0 20 40 60 80 100
~
5000 10000 50000 100000
Dollars Flow | Flow
1 2
~ ~
0.2 0.5 1 0.7 0.2 1.0 0.55 0.4 0.2 0.05 0
2.6 a) A B           
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100
0.1 0.5 1 0.6 0.1 Flow | Flow  Flow2  Flow1
b) A B      2 1
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 ~
~ ~

0.9 0.5 1 0.6 0.8

c) A      0 0.2 0.35 0.55 0.7 0.9
~ 0 1 2 3 4 Flow  {      }
1 0 20 40 60 80 100
0.8 0.5 0 0.3 0.9 ~
d) B     
Flow | Flow
~ 0 1 2 3 4 2 1
~ ~
2.7 a) 0 0.2 0.35 0.55 0.7 0.9
1 1 1 0.7 0.9 0      
MF       0 20 40 60 80 100
~ ~ 0 10 20 40 80 100
b) 2.9 a) A B 
~ ~

0.3 0.7 0.4 0 0 0 0 0.8 1 1 0.6

MF          
~ ~ 1 10 20 40 80 100 0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.750
c)
0 0.3 0.6 1 1 1 b) A B 
M       ~ ~
~ 1 10 20 40 80 100

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 5

 0 0.4 0.8 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
       
0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.750 6 7 8 9 10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
c) HP      
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 0.2 0 0.4 1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
A         
~ 0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.750 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
d) A | B  A B HP      
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0.6 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
        
0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.750 6 7 8 9 10

f) A B  A  B  0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5

~ ~ ~ ~ MP H P      
1 0. 2 0 0 0. 4
~ 0 1
~ 2 3 4 5
    0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.75     
6 7 8 9 10
e) A B  A  B 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
~ ~ ~ ~ MP HP      
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 0. 6 0.2 0. 4 1
    0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.73 0.735 0.74 0.745 0.75     
6 7 8 9 10
2.10 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
MP  HP      
0.15 0.55 0.9 0.25 ~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.1 0.3 0.52 0.2     
6 7 8 9 10
A|B= , 2.12
. . . .
1 1 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Q C       
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
. . . .
A|B= 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 0 0
Q C 
     
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
B|A=B ,
. . . . 0 0 0.2 0.7 0.9 1 1
= Q      
~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
. . . .
B|A= 1 1 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
C      
~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
2.11 1 1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0 0
Q C      
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
MP       0 0 0 . 2 0. 6 0 . 4 0 . 2 0
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 Q C       
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
     1 1 1 0.7 0.9 1 1
6 7 8 9 10 Q C       
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10
MP       1 1 0. 8 0 . 7 0. 9 1 1
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 Q Q       
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 6

 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0 0 0.68 0.39 0.12 0 0.04 0.01
Q Q             
ssm
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.8 1 0.00 0.002 0.01 0.04 0
C C        A B     
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10 ~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
mtt
0 0 0 0 .4 0 .4 0 . 2 0 0.12 0.39 0.68 0.86 0.88 0.61
C C             
~ ~ 0 1 2 5 7 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.86 0.68 0.61 0.88 1
2.13 A A     
0.14 0.32 0.62 0.88 1 0.88
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
A      0.88 0.61 0.68 0.86 0.96 0.99
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5      
bb99
0.61 0.32 0.14 0.04 0 5 6 7 8 9 10
     0.14 0.32 0.39 0.12 0
6 7 8 9 10 A A     
0.003 0.0022 0.01 0.04 0.14
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
B     0.12 0.39 0.32 0.14 0.04 0.01
~ 0 1 2 3 4      
5 6 7 8 9 10
0.32 0.61 0.88 1 0.88 0.61
      0.9997 0.998 0.99 0.96 0.86
5 6 7 8 9 10 B B     
88@
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
0.86 0.68 0.38 0.12 0 0.12 0.68 0.61 0.88 1 0.88 0.61
A           
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.39 0.68 0.86 0.96 1 0.0003 0.002 0.01 0.04 0.14
     B B     
@
6 7 8 9 10 ~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
0.997 0.998 0.99 0.96 0.86 0.32 0.39 0.12 0 0.12 0.39
B          
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.68 0.39 0.12 0 0.12 0.39
      2.14 A " fast" chips
5 6 7 8 9 10
ggm
~
0.14 0.32 0.61 0.88 1 0 0 0 0 0. 2 0. 6 1 1
A B      A       
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.88 0.61 0.88 1 0.88 0.61 D  " hot" chips
     
maa

~
5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 0.5 0.1 1 0.5 1
0.00 0.002 0.01 0.04 0.14 D       
A B      ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0.5 0.2 1 1 1
0.32 0.61 0.32 0.14 0.04 0.01 A D        
      ~ ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.6 0.5 1
0.99 0.998 0.99 0.96 0.86 A D        
A B      ~ ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 3 4
iill..cc

~ ~
1 1 1 1 0.8 0.4 0 0
0.68 0.39 0.68 0.86 0.96 0.99 A       
      ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0.5 0
0.86 0.68 0.39 0.12 0 0.12 A D        
A B       ~ ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 0.5 0.8 0 0 0
0.39 0.12 0 0.12 0.39 A D        
     ~ ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 7 8 9 10
1 1 1 1 0.9 0.4 0.5 0
oom

A B
0.14 0.32 0.61 0.88 0.86
    A D        
~ ~ 0 1 2 3 4
~ ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
m

Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd edition, T. Ross, page 7

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