YMER2308D1

YMER || ISSN : 0044-0477 http://ymerdigital.
com
Chemistry of Sunscreen
Preeti , Kushal Qanungo

Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University Mohali, Punjab, India
E-mail- [email protected] ,[email protected]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) rays permanently harm DNA in skin cells, which may give rise to
transformation into cancer (Kumar Sharma and Maury, 2015). The requirement for wide-
spectrum shielding from additionally UVA and UVB sunlight has encouraged academicians
all over the world to analyze creative concepts for fashion accessory combinations and
treatment platforms. The public tends to be becoming more knowledgeable of the negative
consequences of warm weather, which has created an overwhelming need for more powerful
sun shielding. The tanning product turnover is moving quickly to get to know the rising
demands to provide dermatological safeguards by undertaking creative strategies (“Sunscreen
and Suntan Preparations,” 2019). SPF 15 safeguards the epidermis from harmful ultraviolet
(UV) rays from direct sunlight (Kumar Sharma and Maury, 2015). UV protection has been
tested and discovered to enhance neurological signs including recurring tumors of epidermal
illnesses along with sunlight damage that comes from solar radiation. The countries of
Australia, Canada, and the European Union (EU) did not have legal requirements about the
acceptable use of sunburn ingredients in dermatological and sunscreen-based things
(“Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations,” 2019). Wearing sunscreen prevents the epidermis from
damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays over direct sunlight. The protection provided by sunscreen is
generally suggested regarding shielding against the sun mainly because of the capacity for
avoiding UV-induced burns from sunlight (SPF). It minimizes burning and decreases the
likelihood of premature cutaneous aging and diseases such as cancer. Protective ultraviolet
elements (SPFs) are given to companies depending on their capacity to prevent melanoma
throughout human experimentation.
VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1013

YMER || ISSN : 0044-0477 http://ymerdigital.com
Protection against the sun may include lotion, spray, cream, gel, and balms for lips. Products
were created to stay outside uses mainly. A proposal was taken to look at environmental
sunburn chemicals(Kumar Sharma and Maury, 2015). Against the United States, Australia has
authorized 34 successful sunscreen elements while the European Union has approved 28 of
them. The Food and Drug Administration restrictions limit SPF lotion marketing to 30p, but
many things have up to 100. Putting Sunscreen on an existing skincare item maintains clear
chemical methods (“Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations,” 2019).
Introduction: -
Shade from the sun is greater than simply wearing UV protection; it must be an integrated plan.
To stay away from damage from sunlight, apply moisturizer and protective gear. UV light on
the epidermis results in aging, sun damage, cancerous origin, neoplastic scarring, and the
immune system. Exposure to sunlight affects cells that present antigens throughout the skin
layer, raising the risk of development of skin cancer (“Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations,”
2019). Protection from the sun is applied to avoid sunburn from occurring. Controlling sunlight
as well as applying SPF protects against premature skin wrinkles and illness. There are two
different kinds of sunburn medicines.
 Chemical sunscreen
 Physical sunscreen
Chemical sunscreen
• Chemical based sunscreens reduce ultra violet(UV) and other solar power
radiation, offering protection from the sun.
Physical sunscreen
• Physical sunscreen product may reflect, scattering soak up, or block sunlight.
Protection from the sun can often have an additional single element. Treatments might provide
UVA and UVB protection against the sun, with UVB being more likely to contribute to tan.
Thickness ought to be supplied from ultraviolet (UVA) as well as (UVB) solar radiation
(Kumar Sharma and Maury, 2015). Systemic sunburn could decrease the occurrence of cancer
on the skin because direct sunlight acts as the main threat (Gatkine et al., 2019). It’s important
to take preventative precautions beyond sunscreens through a growing number of newly
identified skin malignancies (Walters et al., 1997). Ultraviolet (UV) light was one of the main

causes of cancer in Canada, for example, the country of Switzerland (De La Garza et al., 2022),
as well as other Caucasian-majority nations. Whites are more inclined than blacks and Asians
to be diagnosed with melanoma. Even though larger numbers of
UVA UVB UVC
• In comparison with the • Skin cancer occurs • Its light does not pass
UVB spectrum, those primarily by ultraviolet through our pores.
wavelenghths enter the rays. • The ultraviolet(UV)
layer of skin deeper. • Chemicals frequqntly rays undergo
• These make up an trigger a negative absorption by the
important driver i the impact on the environment of the
getting older and epidermal. planet its outer layer.
wrinkles of the dermis. • These types of
• Likewise, proteins oil, radiation are necessary
and gas the growing for the occurrence of
epidemic of skin cancer cancer of thr face.
from developing.
individuals make use of better sun protection products, the number of cases of skin cancer that
is not melanoma (NMSC) is dramatically increasing globally (“Sunscreen and Suntan
Preparations,” 2019). The benefits of becoming an incredibly northern nation, Denmark to seek
revenge was some of the biggest epidemics from sunburn in the entire globe (Carlotti et al.,
2009). Benefits for general health: Deaths from skin cancer cases will be minimized if using
sunscreen becomes more prevalent as an integral component of everyday habits to minimize
inadvertent sunlight exposure (“Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations,” 2019).
Three types of ultraviolet radiation exist: UVC, UVB, and UVA The ultraviolet (UV)
prevention factor (SPF) presented on the packets of the items in question indicates the lowest
permitted ultraviolet B (UVB) level that must be applied with the item’s manufacturer to cause
burning on skin covered by lotion as opposed to tissue are is not secured. The examination of
research that is currently published examines solar chemicals. Sunshine is a cosmetic,
application, that sunburns by reflecting or absorbing part of the UV rays from the sun on the
skin that receives exposure to direct sunlight. It can also be referred to as protection from the
sun, tanning cosmetics, UV protection, or rash cream (Lee Granger and Brown, 2001).
Although a lighter complexion remains more at risk for sunburn with darker individuals, area-
lightening methods feature sunburn that safeguards lighter skin (Kumar Sharma and Maury,
2015). Unlike persons with white skin, customers with black skin seem less at risk for burning.

While protection became the least-favored means of preventing sunburn in these two African
nations, darkness had been the most prevalent strategy for minimizing direct sunlight among
black individuals staying in the United Kingdom.
Skin: -
The largest structure in the human organism is its outer layer. The kidneys are an original organ
that protects the human system from contaminants and microbes simultaneously maintaining
its temperature and removal of water. The total visible portion of our outermost layer is 1.7
square meters. The pharmaceutical element when applied to the outer layer of skin provides a
combined outcome: regional as well as systemic in nature. The uppermost layer of our skin is
thought of as a barrier to physical contact. A significant amount of medicinal product
distribution passes into pores within the skin. Nevertheless, this needs to be disregarded if the
laboratory tests reveal modifications in the body’s immune system. The long-term interaction
with ultraviolet (UV) light may damage the face by creating reactive oxygen species, splitting
and breaking the genetic material, and triggering numerous additional injury factors. Such
could give rise to wrinkling of the epidermis antigenic cancellation, as well as the development
of skin cancer.
The appearance of the skin’s basic structure: -

Subcutaneous drug delivery happens through the human being’s epidermis an extra intricate
organism. Its four main layers comprise the tissue the cortex (not viable keratin), dermis, viable

epidermis, and the fat below the skin, or the epidermal layer (Lee et al., 2019). Harm to the
skin that results from ultraviolet radiation is one of the many prevalent disorders in countries
worldwide today. Additionally, there is no doubt that ultraviolet (UV) rays may end up in skin
cancer, as well as a lack of moisture, hypersensitivity to light, and early wrinkling of the outer
layer of the body. ROS (reactive oxygen species), may cause oxidative DNA modification of
bases along with chain damage, which may result in changes in the DNA of mammals (Carlotti
et al., 2009). It is currently confirmed that photo protectors, mainly sunscreen, when possible,
drastically decrease the amount of UV-induced skin conditions in humanity, which include
pigmentation advertisements along with premature aging of the skin. It affords sunlight
protection by soaking up, thinking about, or distributing ultraviolet radiation from the sun
(PATEL et al., 1992).
Mechanism of action:-
Sunscreen are used produce an outer layer that shields the outer layers of the skin against those
damaging rays. Nearly all of the active components in UV protection are natural substances
with perfumed, bonded chemical arrangements. Absorption of ultraviolet is the main
mechanism of action for these sunburn substances. Such molecules of organic material
successfully convert damaging UV radiation into innocuous sorts of heat by living on the skin's
outermost layer as a barrier, preventing the harmful rays from infiltrating the connective
tissue.Some biochemical compounds' ions are "activated" due to the can carry electricity when
exposed to ultraviolet light. The electric field of the electromagnetic quantities in UVB and
UVA, based upon fundamental theoretical processing, is comparable in its magnitude to the

equilibrium energy of the electron decentralization in aromatic chemicals.Moisturizer UV

screens' molecules have the ability to absorb UV sunlight and transition into more advanced
electromagnetic states. After that, by non-radiation transpiration, this energy can be swiftly
transformed into heat or into other types of light, like infrared wavelengths, the phenomenon
known as or fluorescence.Throughout an energy movement, the electrons will return to their
ground state and become prepared to absorb the subsequent UV photon. Since these particles'
excited state lifetimes are quite brief, this procedure of activation and subsequent reversion to
ground state can happen repeatedly and continually without losing potency as soon as the
sunscreen's compound makeup remains consistent at its excited states.
Certain chemical compounds in sunscreens are not photo stable. When during their excited
state, such non-photo stable elements' chemical structure can alter (sunlight processes). After
that occurs, the initial components disintegrate, becoming incapable of initiating the attraction
mechanism again, as well as—more crucially—are unable to absorb the subsequent UV
photons. Free radicals, such as singlet oxygen, may be produced during the breakdown of the
original active components. These radicals may then react with neighboring molecules and
create . As a result, less active chemicals are left in the SPF to absorb more incoming photons,
which reduces it's effectiveness.
Because sunlight shields to work effectively, they don't have to get under the skin. Since it has
its intrinsic soaking qualities, the protective layer provides not less than some measure of
security shortly as it becomes visible on the outermost layer of skin. As the product dries on
the skin and the framework of the film is improved, the amount of final security can be
increased.(DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29382-0_10 )
The benefits of ultraviolet radiation (UVR): -
 Being exposed to ultraviolet light is rarely seen as hazardous. A lack of vitamin D deficiencies,
periodic disorders of emotion, dermatitis, a condition known as fungi fungoid, along with
several types of different dermatological sicknesses include the illnesses that ultraviolet
radiation (UVR) is extremely successful in communication. UVB radiation hits the skin’s outer
layer converting 7-dehydrocholesterol into the hormone vitamin D (magnesium) (De La Garza
et al., 2022). Individuals who are especially likely to develop daylight absence comprise older
people and younger kids. Insufficient amounts of daylight may result in bone disease in
adulthood, osteopenia/osteoporosis in young people, bones in people over 65, and the condition
in babies. The following amounts of vitamin D intake standards have been suggested by the
National Library of Medical School: 400 international units for 0 to 12 for a period of 600
international units for 1 to 70 years, and 800 IU per month for more than 70 years. The use of

sunlight might certain medical conditions alone is a reasonable method of medication. It has
already been acknowledged for the past 100 years that UV ultraviolet light, particularly
ultraviolet radiation alongside a wavelength variety of 240-280 millimeters, is incredibly
highly infectious, applying the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the healing process for
injuries or related confined problems remains in the early stages development (Addor et al.,
2022).
When performing kid’s support duties closer to a particular information, glasses or sunglasses
may be recommended. Most individuals believe that being placed in non-erythemal higher
levels of energy and positive emotions have all been attributed to being in the sun (Gupta et
al., n.d.). Seasonal Attachment Disorder (SAD) is an ongoing series of maintained severe
depression events that typically start within the fall or winter time and go away in the spring
(Walters et al., 1997). According to the direction, the prevalence of SAD varied from 1.5% to
9%. Little data supports very little research on the usage of sunlight counseling as an alternative
to medication in people who have suffered from SAD; thus, patient tastes must play an
important part when treatment is chosen. The second most common cause of suffering in the
globe is the development of MDD could benefit from sunlight therapy because it’s a successful
medication for seasonal allergic reactions (SAD) (De La Garza et al., 2022). For healing people
alongside non-seasonal major depressive disorder (MDD), fluorescent demonstrates highly
successful and accepted how much applied by itself or when combined with a bit of the
medication fluoxetine. The most trustworthy benefits came about with the combined medical
treatment (“Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations,” 2019).
Sunburn
 Medication is sometimes needed to treat moderate to serious indications of burnout and
sunlight contamination, among the various types of injury to the skin that comes from
sunlight’s UV rays from the sun.
 If pimples, itching, irritation, chills, a high temperature, sickness, water retention, migraine,
awkwardness, and sensations of ting as well as eyesight issues occur upon sunburned skin it
may be sunlight overdose.
 In the afternoon and throughout the hours directly before and after work (between 10 AM and
4 PM), ultraviolet (UV) radiation is at its most powerful.

 Warm red and sensitive surfaces are the first warning signs of sunburned; the damage
additionally irritates when you squeeze or drive on the surface and causes dryness. A couple
of weeks later, the surface may peel, which is pimple, and bloat.
 Natural treatments for harmless burns from sunlight involve applying simplified or wet sheets
for relief of suffering, performing a lackluster take shower without soapy water, rubbing the
area that burned dry slowly, implementing moisturizers or cosmetics that comfort the skin,
using over-the-counter painkillers like talcum powder, and moisturizing the layers of skin.
 Skin cancers (tumor-like cancer of the skin, basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell
adenocarcinoma) with chronic irritation of the skin can result from sunbathing.
 People who have been suffering from tan skin plus those who have specific pigmentation
variations are more susceptible to sunburned skin.
 Dermatological conditions with the value of sun damage, dermatological breakdown,
hypersensitivity to light, damage, aging, fatigue, as well as cancer of the skin tend to be
triggered by UVA and UVB rays from the sun.
 As much as 80% of the sunlight’s radiation is absorbed by snowy conditions, 15% by sandy
soil, as well as 10% from vegetation, groundwater, and ponds.
 These contributing factors suggest that regardless of whether people look like they have been
fully uncovered, people may be facing just as much as 84% of the total amount of harmful UV
rays as long as they spend time within only one characteristic beach an umbrella. For such
reasons, trying to find a dark shade should be considered.
 A sunscreen product having a sun protective factor (SPF) of 30 provides the same level of
insurance as one with an SPF of 15, as just over half the total SPF amount stated on its
packaging is applied to the customer’s epidermis.
 Therefore, complete protection from UV 30 is the goal, and SPF 60 needs to be suggested.
 Sustained sub-erythemal ultraviolet radiation has been shown to cause serious injury, damaging
DNA genetic change, and tumorigenesis.
 Because it is currently demonstrated that multiple states of ultraviolet (UV) rays may pass
across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), there remains a likelihood of neurological damage.
 Substances in sunburn have been known to cause physiological damage, affect the body’s
hormones, and stop the generation of vitamin D in humans.
 There have been talks over the past few decades on how sunburn affects the skin’s capacity to
manufacture vitamin D when in contact with warm weather.

 Fortunately, the latest information proves that daily adulthood use of sunscreen doesn’t appear
to have this biological process.
 In summary, UVA radiation can cause nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage, gene
mutations, skin cancer, dysregulation of enzymatic chain reactions, immune suppression, lipid
peroxidation (membrane damage), and photoallergic and phototoxic effects (“Sunscreen and
Suntan Preparations,” 2019).
SPF:-
A basic measure of protection against UVB radiation in practice is the sun protection factor
(SPF), which serves as an international standard for expressing protection against UVB
radiation.providing as a main line of security toward UVB rays and, to some degree, against
ultraviolet (UV) 2 rays in actual use.
At the moment, sunblock are produced with multiple bands of particularly high SPF values; in
the nation of Brazil, SPF values less than 99 are tolerated. Simultaneously, the issue
surrounding sunglasses' UVA treatment is increasing in prominence, and it is important to fully
understand how well each sunburn performs when it comes to both UVB and UVA protection
in considerations of the degree (amount) along with the level of treatment.
No matter whether FDA-approved or ISO methodologies—which have been accepted and
standardized—are used to test SPF, which stands variations in the outcomes are most likely.
Because of the natural variability in the strategies, a procedure with strict quality requirements
is necessary to assure health or consumer safety and produce a dependable, applicable again
output. The definition and measurement of the least erythematous dosage, UV exposure,
pharmaceutical treatment technique, and inter-individual variance are among the factors that
affect the SPF oscillation.
In the face of the shortcomings of the regular technique, a few companies create quality policies
both internally and externally, working with ore-qualified partner laboratories to facilitate
highly working together with the goal of obtaining a more natural and trustworthy SPF. They
also encourage studies and talks with the ISO category and preservation experts regarding the
current state of treatments for checking light protection.
The chemical structure of the independent protection products in pharmacy compounding
centers actually leaves it difficult to quantify the protection factor (SPF) effectively given the
difficulty of determining the protection from the sun SPF. This results in a clear determination
of the SPF consider lacking maintaining the ultraviolet protection of the UV filter system as a

whole since it is impractical to determines the level of the effectiveness of the small quantities
produced in various master compositions and automobiles in a powerful as well as the manner.
Sun Protection Factors are additionally thought of as multiple, leading a person to conclude,
for example, that SPF 30 is multiple times equally efficient as SPF 15. From the other hand,
ultraviolet (UV) rays that causes sunburn is absorbed by SPF 15 sunscreens (93.3%), UV
protection factor (30) sunscreens (96.7%), and SPF 50 sunscreens (98%). Measuring the degree
of electromagnetic radiation reaching the skin—6.7% for SPF 15, 3.3% for SPF 30, and 2%
for SPF 50—which increases safeguarding by at least three times above SPF 15—is more
therapeutically and photo biologically relevant.2,4 In Brazil, where the radiation levels are
quite high, using sunburn with a higher SPF is crucial to lowering the quantity of the
radioactivity that makes its way to your skin though the
lens.(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2021.05.012)
Applications: -
Applying sunscreen correctly is essential for effective protection against harmful UV rays.
Here's a guide on how to apply sunscreen:
1. Choose the Right Sunscreen:
 Select a broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB rays.
 Ensure it has an SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of at least 30.
 Use a water-resistant formula if you plan to swim or sweat.
2. Apply Generously:
 Adults need about one ounce (a shot glass full) to cover their entire body.
 Use a nickel-sized amount for your face alone.
3. Apply to All Exposed Skin:
 Don't forget areas like the back of your neck, ears, and tops of your feet.
 If you have thinning hair, apply sunscreen to your scalp or wear a hat.
4. Apply Before Going Outdoors:
 Apply sunscreen 15-30 minutes before going outside to allow it to absorb into your skin.
5. Reapply Regularly:
 Reapply every two hours, or more often if you're swimming, sweating, or towel drying.
 Even water-resistant sunscreens need to be reapplied after swimming or sweating.
6. Use Sunscreen Every Day:
 UV rays can penetrate clouds and windows, so it's important to wear sunscreen daily, even on
cloudy days and indoors if you're near windows.

7. Check Expiration Dates:

 Sunscreen loses its effectiveness over time. Check the expiration date and replace it as needed.
8. Special Considerations:
 Use a lip balm with SPF for your lips.
 If you have sensitive skin, look for sunscreens labeled as hypoallergenic or designed for
sensitive skin.
Tips for Application:
 Face: Apply sunscreen to your face using gentle circular motions. Don’t forget your ears and
neck.
 Body: Spread sunscreen evenly on all exposed skin. Make sure to cover hard-to-reach areas,
like your back, by asking for help if needed.
 Makeup: If you wear makeup, apply sunscreen first and allow it to dry before applying makeup.
You can also use makeup products that contain SPF for additional protection.
Additional Protection:
 Wear protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses.
 Seek shade, especially during peak sun intensity hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
By following these guidelines, you can ensure better protection against the sun's harmful
effects, reducing the risk of sunburn, skin damage, and skin cancer.
Conclusions:-
Protection from the sun is a type of lotion, spray, or gel that helps prevent sunburn by reflecting
or absorbing some of the UV rays that come from the sun. Furthermore, multiple cosmetics
contain chemicals that could be beneficial in skin protection. Every sunscreen has an SPF (Sun
Protection Factor) rating. SPF is the amount of time you may be exposed to UVB light (NOT
UVA light) without burning. If skin has an SPF of 15, it can withstand 15 times longer exposure
to sunlight than unprotected skin before burning.And many ranges of SPF , it can withstand
multiple times longer to sunlight than unprotected skin before burning.Using radiation-
protective substances like oxybenzone, octinoxate, and other synthetic chemicals like
nanoparticles, aminobenzoic acid, and oxylisamaide may result in extra negative effects like
photo allergies, cancer, and contact allergies among other types of endocrine disruption.
Everyone who wishes to protect themselves from the sun's damaging UV rays needs to wear
sunscreen.

Acknowledgement:-
I intended my gratitude to that every single person who joined me in this project, for giving
their time and sharing their thoughts with love and a kind heart. All resulting together to bring
into the new chapter. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Kushal Qanungo for their
invaluable guidance, encouragement and constant support and we would extend our thanks to
Head of department Dr. Renu Sharma.
References:
1. Addor, F. A. S. anna, Barcaui, C. B., Gomes, E. E., Lupi, O., Marçon, C. R., & Miot, H. A.
(2022). Sunscreen lotions in the dermatological prescription: review of concepts and
controversies. In Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (Vol. 97, Issue 2, pp. 204–222). Elsevier
Espana S.L.U. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2021.05.012
2. Carlotti, M. E., Ugazio, E., Gastaldi, L., Sapino, S., Vione, D., Fenoglio, I., & Fubini, B.
(2009). Specific effects of single antioxidants in the lipid peroxidation caused by nano-titania
used in sunscreen lotions. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 96(2), 130–
135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.05.001
3. De La Garza, H., Visutjindaporn, P., Maymone, M. B. C., & Vashi, N. A. (2022). Tinted
Sunscreens: Consumer Preferences Based on Light, Medium, and Dark Skin Tones. Cutis,
109(4), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0504
4. Gatkine, T. M., Shete, V. S., Mahajan, N. M., & Mahajan, U. N. (2019). Potential of phyto-
constituents as a skin tanning agents. Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences,
10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5844.2019.00008.6
5. Gupta, A., Sahu, S., Gond, S. P., Singh, B., Rajendiran, A., & Singh, A. (n.d.). Pharmacological
Review Of Chemical Agents Used In Sunscreen Preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Negative Results ¦, 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S05.415
6. Kumar Sharma, A., & Maury, S. (2015). A REVIEW ON, “SUNSCREEN: USING
NATURAL AGENTS.” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Www.Wjpr.Net │, 11.
https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20226-24085
7. Lee Granger, K., & Brown, P. R. (2001). The chemistry and HPLC analysis of chemical
sunscreen filters in sunscreens and cosmetics. In Journal of Liquid Chromatography and
Related Technologies (Vol. 24, Issue 19, pp. 2895–2924). https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-
100107346

8. Lee, S. C., Tran, T. M. T., Choi, J. W., & Won, K. (2019). Lignin for white natural sunscreens.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 122, 549–554.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.184
9. PATEL, N. P., HIGHTON, A., & MOY, R. L. (1992). Properties of Topical Sunscreen
Formulations: A Review. The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, 18(4), 316–
320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03677.x
10. Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations. (2019). ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(2).
https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-1538.0502002
11. Walters, C., Keeney, A., Wigal, C. T., Johnston, C. R., & Cornelius, R. D. (1997). The
Spectrophotometric Analysis and Modeling of Sunscreens. In Journal of Chemical Education
(Vol. 74, Issue 1).
12. Quiñones, R.; Logan Bayline, J.; Polvani, D. A.; Neff, D.; Westfall, T. D.; Hijazi,
A. Integrating Elemental Analysis and Chromatography Techniques by Analyzing Metal
Oxide and Organic UV Absorbers in Commercial Sunscreens. J. Chem.
Educ. 2016, 93 (8), 1434– 1440, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00866
13. Quiñones, R.; Kolling, D. R. J.; Shoup, D.; Smythers, A. L.; Nickel, S.; Westfall, T.
D.; Epperly, C.; Coplin, M. Comparing Free Radicals in Sunscreen-Treated Pig Skin by Using
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J. Chem.
Educ. 2019, 96 (9), 2021– 2028, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00768
14. Lu, P.-J.; Huang, S.-C.; Chen, Y.-P.; Chiueh, L.-C.; Shih, D. Y.-C. Analysis of Titanium
Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Cosmetics. Journal of Food and Drug
Analysis 2015, 23 (3), 587– 594, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.02.009
15. Talam, S.; Karumuri, S. R.; Gunnam, N. Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopic
Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles. ISRN Nanotechnology 2012, 2012, 1– 6, DOI:
10.5402/2012/372505
16. Egerton, T. A.; Tooley, I. R. Physical Characterization of Titanium Dioxide
Nanoparticles. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2014, 36 (3), 195– 206, DOI:
10.1111/ics.12113
17. Pedjie, N. A Robust Method for the Analysis of Commonly Used Sunscreen Compounds for
Compliance with New FDA Regulations; PerkinElmer,
Inc., 2012; https://resources.perkinelmer.com/lab-
solutions/resources/docs/app_analysis_of_sunscreen.pdf

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Skin

Cancer; https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/what-is-skin-cancer.htm (accessed
2019-01-14).
19. D’Orazio, J.; Jarrett, S.; Amaro-Ortiz, A.; Scott, T. UV Radiation and the Skin. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013, 14 (6), 12222– 12248, DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612222
20. Sambandan, D. R.; Ratner, D. Sunscreens: An Overview and Update. Journal of the American
Academy of Dermatology 2011, 64 (4), 748– 758, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005
21. Berardesca, E.; Zuberbier, T.; Sanchez Viera, M.; Marinovich, M. Review of the Safety of
Octocrylene Used as an Ultraviolet Filter in Cosmetics. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol
Venereol 2019, 33 (S7), 25– 33, DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15945
22. Yap, F. H.; Chua, H. C.; Tait, C. P. Active Sunscreen Ingredients in Australia. Australasian
Journal of Dermatology 2017, 58 (4), e160– e170, DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12597
23. Vuckovic, D.; Tinoco, A. I.; Ling, L.; Renicke, C.; Pringle, J. R.; Mitch, W. A. Conversion of
Oxybenzone Sunscreen to Phototoxic Glucoside Conjugates by Sea Anemones and
Corals. Science 2022, 376 (6593), 644– 648, DOI: 10.1126/science.abn2600
24. Manasfi, T.; Coulomb, B.; Ravier, S.; Boudenne, J.-L. Degradation of Organic UV Filters in
Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools: Transformation Pathways and Bromoform
Formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (23), 13580– 13591, DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b02624
25. LaKind, J. S.; Richardson, S. D.; Blount, B. C. The Good, the Bad, and the Volatile: Can We
Have Both Healthy Pools and Healthy People?. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 2010, 44 (9), 3205– 3210, DOI: 10.1021/es903241k
26. Salvador, A.; Chisvert, A. Sunscreen Analysis - A Critical Survey on UV Filters
Determination. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 537 (1–2), 1– 14, DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.055
27. Destino, J. F.; Gray, S. E.; Gross, E. M.; Riley, K. R. Analytical Chemistry in Context.
In Active Learning in the Analytical Chemistry Curriculum; Wenzel, T. J., Kovarik, M.
L., Robinsong, J. K., Eds.; American Chemical Society, 2022; Vol. 1409, pp 83– 105.
28. Auchincloss, L. C.; Laursen, S. L.; Branchaw, J. L.; Eagan, K.; Graham, M.; Hanauer, D.
I.; Lawrie, G.; McLinn, C. M.; Pelaez, N.; Rowland, S.; Towns, M.; Trautmann, N.
M.; Varma-Nelson, P.; Weston, T. J.; Dolan, E. L. Assessment of Course-Based
Undergraduate Research Experiences: A Meeting Report. CBE Life Sci.
29. Linn, M. C.; Palmer, E.; Baranger, A.; Gerard, E.; Stone, E. Undergraduate Research
Experiences: Impacts and Opportunities. Science 2015, 347 (6222), 1261757, DOI:
10.1126/science.1261757

30. Hawk, J.; Ray, S. J.; Robinson, J. K.; Thomas-Smith, T. E. Multi-Week Lab Projects
Incorporate Breadth and Depth into Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Courses. In Active
Learning in the Analytical Chemistry Curriculum; Wenzel, T. J., Kovarik, M. L., Robinsong,
J. K., Eds.; American Chemical Society, 2022; Vol. 1409, pp 221– 248; DOI: 10.1021/bk-
2022-1409.ch013 .
31. Guedens, W. J.; Reynders, M.; Van den Rul, H.; Elen, K.; Hardy, A.; Van Bael, M. K. ZnO-
Based Sunscreen: The Perfect Example To Introduce Nanoparticles in an Undergraduate or
High School Chemistry Lab. J. Chem. Educ. 2014, 91 (2), 259– 263, DOI:
10.1021/ed300851a
32. Mbindyo, J. K. N.; Brown, A. K. Investigating UV-Blocking Properties of Sunscreens on the
Microscale. J. Chem. Educ. 2010, 87 (12), 1388– 1388, DOI: 10.1021/ed1004504
33. Moeur, H. P.; Zanella, A.; Poon, T. An Introduction to UV-Vis Spectroscopy Using
Sunscreens. J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83 (5), 769, DOI: 10.1021/ed083p769
34. Fujishige, S.; Takizawa, S.; Tsuzuki, K. A Simple Preparative Method to Evaluate Total UV
Protection by Commercial Sunscreens. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78 (12), 1678, DOI:
10.1021/ed078p1678
35. Underwood, G.; MacNeil, J. The Spectrophotometric Analysis and Modeling of Sunscreens. J.
Chem. Educ. 2001, 78 (4), 453, DOI: 10.1021/ed078p453.2
36. Abney, J. R.; Scalettar, B. A. Saving Your Students’ Skin. Undergraduate Experiments That
Probe UV Protection by Sunscreens and Sunglasses. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75 (6), 757, DOI:
10.1021/ed075p757
37. Quiñones, R.; Moreno, S.; Shoup, D.; Klein, M.; Westfall, T. D.; Damai, A. Examining
Particle Size of Inorganic Active Ingredients within Sunscreens Using Dynamic Light
Scattering. J. Chem. Educ. 2021, 98 (4), 1371– 1380, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00939
38. Davis, M. R.; Quigley, M. N. Liquid Chromatographic Determination of UV Absorbers in
Sunscreens. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72 (3), 279, DOI: 10.1021/ed072p279

YMER2308D1

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

YMER2308D1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

YMER2308D1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

YMER || ISSN : 0044-0477 http://ymerdigital.

Preeti , Kushal Qanungo

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1013

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1014

UVA UVB UVC

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1015

The appearance of the skin’s basic structure: -

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1016

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1017

equilibrium energy of the electron decentralization in aromatic chemicals.Moisturizer UV

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1018

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1019

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1020

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1021

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1022

7. Check Expiration Dates:

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1023

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1024

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1025

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Skin

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1026

VOLUME 23 : ISSUE 08 (August) - 2024 Page No:1027

You might also like