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Subject :- Computer Networks (Elective - I)

Class: T.E.
Teacher :- Dr. Vijay M. Birari
Topic :- Application Layer
Course Outcome (CO) : C 305.6 (D)
Program Outcome (PO) :1, 2, 8, 9, 10
Date:28th Nov. 2022, Time: 10.00 am to 4.00 Afternoon
TOPIC: GROUP
1. Name of Students 2. Name of Students 1
3. Name of Students 4. Name of Students
Introduction To Application Layer
- Group
 Introduction To Application Layer:
• Application layer is the top most layer in OSI and
TCP/IP layered model.
• It is human-computer interaction layer, where
applications can access network services.
• This layer is responsible for interacting with user
and user applications.
• Application layer takes the help of Transport and
all layers below it to communicate or transfer its
data to the remote host.
• Application layer allows access to network
resources.
 Functions of Application Layer:
• Identifying communication partners.
• Determining resource availability.
• Synchronizing communication.
 Services of Application Layer:
• Network Virtual terminal.
• File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM).
• Addressing.
• Mail Services.
• Directory Services.
 Different Protocols:
1. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): DHCP is a communication protocol
that enables network administrators to automate the assignment of IP addresses in
a network.
2. DNS (Domain Name System protocol): The DNS protocol helps in translating or
mapping host names to IP addresses.
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): File Transfer Protocol enables file sharing between
hosts, both local and remote, and runs on top of TCP.
4. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): HTTP is an application layer protocol used for
distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): SMTP is a protocol designed to transfer
electronic mail reliably and efficiently.
6. Telnet ( Terminal emulation protocol): Telnet is an application layer protocol
that enables a user to communicate with a remote device.
7. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): SNMP is an application layer
protocol used to manage nodes, like servers, workstations, routers, switches,
etc., on an IP network.
 Paradigm:
1. Client Server Paradigms:
The client-server paradigm is a traditional application layer paradigm that partitions
tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers,
and service requesters, called clients.
2. Peer-to- Peer Paradigm:
It is new paradigm emerged in recent days. The principle of these paradigm is that
two peers can exchange data directly with each other.
3. Mixed paradigm:
In these method , we get benefits of both the paradigms . Server has infinite
lifetime. Client has finite lifetime.
 Types of Interfaces:
1. Socket Interface:
Sockets are the most commonly used low-level interface to network protocols.
Sockets were designed to implement the client-server model for inter-process
communication where the interface to network protocols needs to accommodate
multiple communication protocols, such as TCP/IP, Xerox internet protocols (XNS),
and UNIX family.
2. Common Gateway Interface (CGI):
The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provides the middleware between servers
and external databases and information sources. The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) defined the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and also defined how a
program interacts with a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server.
3. Transport layer interface :
The Transport Layer Interface is a programming interface to the transport layer of
ISO's Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model. It is a subset of the Open
Transport Interface (XTI), and is implemented within the STREAMS framework. TLI
is media- and protocol-independent. It allows applications to run across any
transport protocol that supports the interface.
Network Selection and Name-to-Address Mapping facilities have been added to TLI
to provide a means of guaranteeing media and protocol independence for transport
applications.
 Use of Transport Layer Services like
UDP, TCP, SCTP.
1. User datagram protocol :
UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of
protocol mechanisms. UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and
correction are either not necessary. A unit of data sent using UDP is called a
datagram.
2. Transmission control Protocol:
TCP provides reliable Transmission of data in an IP environment. TCP offer reliability
by providing connection oriented , end – to-end reliable packet delivery. TCP offers
efficient flow control.
TCP Services:
1. Stream delivery service
2. Full duplex service.
3. Connection oriented service.
4. Reliable service.
5. Sending and receiving buffer

3. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP):

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a computer networking communications
protocol in the Transport layer. the protocol provides the message-oriented feature of
the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), while ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of
messages with congestion control like the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Standard Client Server Application:
 Applications
1. Electronic Mail (e-mail) 4. Multimedia

2. Net News (usenet) 5. Remote file transfer and access

3. WWW (world wide web)
 References:
• https://www.javatpoint.com/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_dAkVyVjCo
THANK YOU!!!!