Analog Comm - 1
Analog Comm - 1
Analog Comm - 1
DEPT. of E.C.E
DTU
Introduction
Elements of Communication System:
Communication: It is the process of conveying or
transferring information from one point to
another.
(Or)
It is the process of establishing connection or link
between two points for information exchange.
Elements of Communication System:
Information source:
The message or information to be communicated
originates in information source.
Message can be words, group of words, code, data,
symbols, signals etc.
Transmitter :
The objective of the transmitter block is to collect
the incoming message signal and modify it in a
suitable fashion (if needed), such that, it can be
transmitted via the chosen channel to the
receiving point.
Elements of Communication System:
Channel :
Channel is the physical medium which connects the
transmitter with that of the receiver.
The physical medium includes copper wire, coaxial
cable, fibre optic cable, wave guide and free
space or atmosphere.
Receiver:
The receiver block receives the incoming modified
version of the message signal from the channel
and processes it to recreate the original (non-
electrical) form of the message signal.
Signal, Message, Information
Signal:
It is a physical quantity which varies with respect to
time or space or independent or dependent
variable.
(Or)
It is electrical waveform which carries information.
Ex: m(t) = Acos(ωt+ϕ)
Where, A= Amplitude or peak amplitude(Volts)
w = Frequency ( rad/sec)
ϕ = Phase (rad)
Types of Signals
• Analog or Continuous Signal
• Digital Signal
Analog or Continuous Signal: If the amplitude of
signal continuously varies with respect to time or
if the signal contains infinite number of
amplitudes, it is called Analog or continuous
signal.
Types of Signals
Digital Signal: If the signal contains only two
discrete amplitudes, then it is called digital signal.
• With respect to communication, signals are
classified into,
• Baseband signal
• Bandpass signal
Baseband signal: If the signal contains zero
frequency or near to zero frequency, it is called
baseband signal.
Ex: Voice, Audio, Video, Bio-medical signals etc.
Types of Signals
Bandpass signal: If the signal contains band of
frequencies far away from base or zero, it is called
bandpass signal.
Ex: AM, FM signals.
• For multiplexing
S(f) =
This is the spectrum of DSB-SC wave.
Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier(SSB-SC)
The modulation process in which only one side band
is transmitted and with carrier suppression is
called Single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-
SC).
Modulating Signal m(t) = Am Cos (2πfmt) and Carrier
Signal c(t) = Ac Cos (2πfct)
SSB-SC signal can be generated by passing DSB-SC
signal through BPF. And DSB-SC signal is
generated by multiplying m(t) & c(t).
ASSB-SC(t) = Cos2π( + )t (or)
ASSB-SC(t) = Cos2π( - )t
ANGLE MODULATION
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation
The process of varying frequency of the carrier in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the
modulating signal.
M.I.=Frequency Deviation
Modulating Frequency
mf =δ
fm
In FM M.I.>1
= δmax
fmax
Mathematical Representation of FM
where,
ec = Instantaneous amplitude
c = Angular velocity
= 2fc
fc = Carrier frequency
= Phase angle
(iii) FM Wave:
Highest order side band = To be found from table 2.1 after the
calculation of modulation Index m where, m = /fm
e.g. If m= 20KHZ/5KHZ
From table, for modulation index 4, highest order side band is 7th.
Therefore, the bandwidth is
B.W. = 2 fm Highest order side band
=2 5 kHz 7
=70 kHz
Types of Frequency Modulation
FM (Frequency Modulation)
Narrowband Wideband FM
FM (NBFM) (WBFM)
[When modulation index is small] [When modulation index is large]
Comparison between Narrowband
and Wideband FM
Sr. Parameter NBFM WBFM
No.
1. Modulation Less than or slightly Greater than 1
index greater than 1
2. Maximum 5 kHz 75 kHz
deviation
3. Range of 20 Hz to 3 kHz 20 Hz to 15 kHz
modulating
frequency
4. Maximum Slightly greater than 1 5 to 2500
modulation
index
5. Bandwidth Small approximately Large about 15 times
same as that of AM greater than that of
BW = 2fm NBFM.
BW = 2(+fmmax)
6. Applications FM mobile communication Entertainment
like police wireless, broadcasting (can be used
ambulance, short range for high quality music
ship to shore transmission)
communication etc.
Representation of FM
FM can be represented by two ways:
1. Time domain.
2. Frequency domain.
1.FM in Time Domain
Time domain representation means continuous variation of voltage with respect
to time as shown in Fig. .
3. Modulated signal
4. Modulation Index
m=Em/Ec
m = / fm
Disadvantages of FM
The greatest disadvantages of FM are:
1.It uses too much spectrum space.
2.The bandwidth is wider.
3. The modulation index can be kept low to minimize the
bandwidth used.
4. But reduction in M.I. reduces the noise immunity.
5. Used only at very high frequencies.
Applications of FM
1.FM radio broadcasting.
2.Sound transmission in TV.
3.Police wireless.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Allocation of different frequency bands or carrier
frequency to different channel is called “Frequency
Division Multiplexing”. And it is used to transmit
Radio & TV signals.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM Multiplexing:
•Different carrier frequencies are used for different
stations or channels.
•Modulator is used in the transmitter
Band width of FDM system,
BWFDM = N. BWCH+ (N-1) BWG
Properties of ηB(t):
• ηB(t), ηi(t) , ηq(t) will have same power.
• The PSD of ηi(t) & ηq(t) is,
Figure of Merit calculation in DSB-SC
g(t) = x(t)
NATURAL SAMPLING
Case ii: When c(t) is low
Switch s is open
g(t) = 0
The time domain representation of naturally
sampled signal is given by,
g(t) = x(t)
The spectrum of naturally sampled signal is given
by,
G(f) =
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
In PWM, the width of pulses of carrier pulse train is
varied in proportion with amplitude of
modulating signal.
PULSE POSITION MODULATION(PPM)
Modulation technique in which position of pulses
of carrier pulse train is varied in accordance with
amplitude of modulating signal.
PPM GENERATION