GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022

ISSN 2320-9186 94

GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022, Online: ISSN 2320-9186

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Some geometry properties of a class of Analytic function with

Gegenbauer polynomial
Opaleye O.E. 1 , Fawale S.O. 2 , Awoleye P.O. 3
and 4
Oyewo P.O.
1,2,3,4
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso
P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
[email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 ,
[email protected] 3 and [email protected]

Abstract
A class of analytic functions involving the Gegenbauer polynomial in the unit disk was
introduced and investigated . Coefficient bounds fot the function of the class S(α, x)(z)
was obtained , furthermore , upper bounds of the second and third Toeplitz determinant
belongs to the class S(α, x)(z) were established. Various known and new result are also
derived..
Keywords: Toeplitz determinant, Analytic functions, Gegenbauer Polynomials, coeffi-
cient bounds, subordination.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C45, 30C50.

1 Introduction and Preliminaries

Let A denote the class of functions of the form
∞
X
f (z) = z + aj z j , (1.1)
j=2

which are analytic in the open disk ∆={z ∈ C : |z| < 1}, and normalized by the conditions
f (0) = f 0 (0) − 1 = 0. Furthermore, let S be the class of all functions in A which are univalent
in ∆
A subordination between two analytic functions f and g is written as f ≺ g. conceptually
the analytic function f is subordinate to g if the image under g contain the image under f.
Technically, the analytic function f is subordinate to g if there exists a schwarz function ω(z)
with ω(0) = 0 and |ω(z)| < 1 for all z ∈ ∆; such that

f (z) = g(ω(z)).

Besides, if the function g is univalent in ∆, then the following equivalence holds:

f (z) ≺ g(z) if and only if f (0) = g(0) and f (∆) ⊂ g(∆).

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GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022
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Further on subordination principle see details in [1]

A Toeplitz determinants is an upside down Hankel determinants, that is Hankel deter-
minants have constant entries along the reverse diagonal while Toeplitz determinants have
constant entries the diagonal.
Thomas and Halim [6] introduced the symmetric Toeplitz determinant Tq (n) for analytic
function f (z) of the form f (z) = z + a2 z 2 + a3 z 3 + ... defined as follows;
an an+1 . . . an+q−1
an+1 an . . . an+q−2
Tq (n) = .. .. .. ..
. . . .
an+q−1 an+q−2 ... an
(where n, q = 1, 2, 3, ...a1 = 1 for f(z) ∈ S)
In particular,
a1 a2 a3
a2 a3
T2 (2) = , T3 (1) = a2 a1 a2
a3 a2
a3 a2 a1
We assume a1 = 1, we have
T3 (1) = a3 (a22 − a3 ) − a2 (a2 − a2 a3 ) + (1 − a22 ).
Then,
T3 (1) ≤ |a3 ||a22 − a3 | + |a2 ||a2 − a2 a3 | + |1 − a22 |
see details in [6, 11]
For non-zero real constant α, a generating function of Gegenbauer polynomials is defined
by
1
κα (x, z) = , (1.2)
(1 − 2xz + z 2 )α
where x ∈ [-1,1] and z ∈ ∆. For fixed x the function κα is analytic in ∆, so it can be expanded
on a Taylor series as
X∞
κα (x, z) = Cnα (x)z n , (1.3)
n=0
Where Cnα (x)
is Gegenbauer polynomial of degree n.
Obviously κα generates nothing when α = 0. Therefore, the generating function of the
Gegenbauer polynomial is set to be
∞
X
κ0 (x, z) = 1 − log(1 − 2xz + z 2 ) = Cn0 (x)z n (1.4)
n=0
for α = 0 and Gegenbauer polynomials can also be defined by the following recurrence rela-
tions:
1
Cnα (x) = [2x(n + α − 1)Cn−1
α α
(x) − (n + 2a − 2)Cn−1 (x)], (1.5)
n
with initial values
C0α (x) = 1, C1α (x) = 2αx and C2α (x) = 2α(1 + α)x2 − α. see details in[7]
Definition 1 A function f(z) ∈ A given by (1.1) is in the class S(α, x)(z) if
1 + eit 00
f 0 (z) + zf (z) ≺ κα (x, z)
2
where 0 ≤ α < 1, x ∈ ( 12 , 1], − π2 ≤ t ≤ π
2 and z ∈ ∆

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GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022
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The Lemmas below are employed for the purpose of this research

Lemma 1 if the function P (z) = 1 + ∞

P
n=1 Cn pn ∈ P, then
|cn | ≤ 2, n ≥ 1
The inequality is sharp for f (z) = 1+z
1−z
P∞ n.
Lemma 2 The power series for p(z) = 1 + n=1 cn z Let the function p ∈ ∆ be given by
(1.1), then,

2c2 = c21 + x(4 − c21 ) (1.6)

4c3 = c31 + 2c1 (4 − c21 )x − c1 (4 − c21 )x2 + 2(4 − c21 )(1 − |x|2 )η (1.7)
for some value of x,η ∈ C with |x| ≤ 1 and |η| ≤ 1. see details in [7, 12]
Recently, Ala Amourah et al. [7] examined the Gegenbauer polynomials (or Ultraspherical
polynomials) Cια (x). They are orthogonal polynomials on [-1,1] that can be defined by the
recurrence relation
α (x) − (ι + 2α − 2)C α (x)
2x(ι + α − 1)Cι−1 ι−2
Cια (x) = , C0α (x) = 1, C1α (x) = 2αx (1.8)
ι
where ι ∈ N\{1}.it si easy to see from (2.8) that C2α (x) = 2α(1 + α)x2 − α. For α ∈ R\{0},
a generating function of the sequence Cια (x), j ∈ N, is defined by
∞
X 1
κα (x, z) := Cια (x)z ι = , (1.9)
(1 − 2xz + z 2 )α
ι=0

where z ∈ ∆ and x ∈ [-1,1]. See[3] for details.

Two particular case of Cια (x) are

i) Cι1 (x) the second kind of chebyshev polynomials and

1
ii) Cι2 (x) the Legendre polynomials (see details in [4,7])

2 Coefficient Bounds
In this work, the coefficient bounds and upper bounds of second and third Toeplitz determinant
for the function in class S(α, x)(z),the following theorems are investigated:

Theorem 2.1 If the function f(z) ∈ S(α, x)(z). Then

cα1 c1
a2 =
2φ2

cα1 (x)c2 + cα2 (x))c21

a3 =
3φ3
cα1 (x)c3 + cα3 (x)c31
a4 =
4φ4
 
1+eit
Where φj = 1 + 2 (j − 1) and j ∈ N{2}

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GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022
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Proof: For f(z) ∈ Sq (α, x)(z) then there exist ω(z) called a schwarz function with ω(0) = 0
and |ω(z)| < 1 such that

1 + eit 00
f 0 (z) + zf (z) = κα (x, ω(z)) (2.1)
2
Now, insert the value of f 0 (z) and f 00 (z) in (2.1) we have
∞ ∞
X X 1 + eit j−1
1+ jaj z j−1 + j(j − 1)aj z
2
j=2 j=2

∞
1 + eit
X  
j−1
1+ jaj z 1+ (j − 1) (2.2)
2
j=2

(2.2) becomes
∞
X
1+ jφj aj z j−1 (2.3)
j=2
 
1+eit
where φj = 1 + 2 (j − 1) and j ∈ N{2}
For some analytic functions
ω(z) = c1 z + c2 z 2 + c3 z 3 + c4 z 4 + ...
On the unit disk ∆ with ω(0) = 0,|ω(z)| < 1 (z ∈ ∆) then,

κα (x, ω(z)) = 1 + cα1 (x)c1 z + [cα1 (x)c2 + cα2 (x)c21 ]z 2 + [cα1 (x)c3 + cα3 (x)c31 ]z 3 + ... (2.4)

Equating (2.3) and (2.4) we have

zf 00 (z)
1+ = κα (ω(z))
f 0 (z)

1 + 2φ2 a2 z + 3φ3 a3 z 2 + 4φ4 a4 z 3 + ... = 1 + cα1 (x)c1 z + [cα1 (x)c2 + cα2 (x)c21 ]z 2 + [cα1 (x)c3 +
cα3 (x)c31 ]z 3 + ...
Equating the coefficient of z, z 2 and z 3 we get
cα1 c1
a2 = , (2.5)
2φ2

cα1 (x)c2 + cα2 (x))c21

a3 = , (2.6)
3φ3
cα1 (x)c3 + cα3 (x)c31
a4 = (2.7)
4φ4

Theorem 2.2 Let 0 ≤ α < 1, and if the function f(z) be of the form (1.1) belongs to the class
S(α, x)(z) !
2 2 2α 9 1 16C22α (x)
a3 − a2 ≤ C1 − +
4φ33 φ22 9φ23

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GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022
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Proof: Using the coefficients in the Theorem 2.1 then T2 (2) ≤ |a23 − a22 | becomes
2 9φ2 C 2α (x) − 4φ2 C 2α (x)


C 2α (x)C 2 C 1 3 1 2 2
a23 − a22 = 1 2 2 − (2.8)
9φ3 36φ23 φ22

using lemma 2 in (2.8) we have

C12 9φ23 C12α (x) − 4φ22 C22α (x)

C12α (x) C14 + 2C12 xX + x2 X 2
 
2 2
a3 − a2 = − (2.9)
9φ23 4 36φ23 φ22

simplifying (2.9),we get

4
C12α (x)C14 C12α (x)C12 C22α (x) C12α (x)C12 |x|X C12α (x)|x|2 X 2
a23 − a22 ≤ − + 9φ 2
+ + = υ(|x|, c)
36φ23 4φ22 C 1 3 18φ23 36φ23
(2.10)
Differentiating (2.10) partially with respect to |x| we get
4
C12α (x)C14 C12α (x)C12 C22α (x) C12α (x)C12 X C12α (x)|x|X 2
a23 − a22 ≤ − + 9φ 2
+ + (2.11)
36φ23 4φ22 C 1 3 18φ23 18φ23

suppose |x| = 1 then

4
C12α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C 2 C22α (x) C 2α (x)
a23 − a22 ≤ 2 − 2 + 9φ23 + 1 2 (C 2 X + X 2 )
36φ3 4φ2 C 18φ3

since X = (4 − C12 ) and c ∈ [0, 2] then

4
C12α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C 2 C22α (x) C12α (x)
a23 − a22 ≤ − + 9φ2
3 + (16 + 4C 2 )
36φ23 4φ22 C 18φ23

Obtaining the maximum value for |a23 − a22 | at c[0, 2] i.e c ≤ 2 we have
!
2 2 2α 9 1 16C22α (x)
a3 − a2 ≤ C1 − +
4φ33 φ22 9φ23

Theorem 2.3 Let 0 ≤ α < 1, and if the function f(z) be of the form (1.1) belongs to the class
then S(α, x)(z)

4C13α (x) + 8C12α (x)C2α (x) 2C12α (x)

 2α
4C1 (x) + 16C22α (x)

T3 (1) ≤ 1 + − −
3φ22 φ23 φ22 9φ23

Proof: Using the coefficients in the Theorem (2.1) then

T3 (1) = 1 + 2a22 (a3 − 1) − a23 becomes

C13α (x)C12 C2 + C12α (x)C2α (x)C14 − 3C12α (x)C12 φ2 C12α (x)C22 + C22α (x)C14
T3 (1) = 1 + −
6φ22 φ(3) 9φ23
(2.12)

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GSJ: Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2022
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using lemma 2 in (2.10) we have

C13α (x)C14 C13α (x)C12 x C13α (x)C14 x C12α (x)C2α (x)C14

T3 (1) = 1 + + − + −
12φ22 φ3 3φ22 φ3 12φ22 φ3 6φ22 φ3
C1 2α(x)C12 C12α (x)C14 C12α (x)C12 xX C12α (x)x2 X 2 C12α (x)C4
− − − −
2φ22 36φ23 18φ23 36φ23 9φ23

We assume that X = (4 − C12 )

Applying Triangular Inequality and let c1 = c,

C13α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C2α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C 2 C12α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C 4 C13α (x)C12 |x|
T3 (1) ≤ 1+ + − − − + −
12φ22 φ3 6φ22 φ3 2φ22 36φ23 9φ23 3φ22 φ3
C13α (x)C14 |x| 2C12α (x)C 2 |x| C12α (x)C 4 |x| 4C12α (x)|x|2 2C12α (x)C 2 |x|2 C12α (x)C 4 |x|2
− + − + − = υ(c, |x|)
12φ22 φ3 9φ23 18φ23 9φ23 9φ23 36φ23

Differentiating υ(c, |x|) partially with respect to |x| and clearly ϕ0 (|x|) > 0 on [0, 1] which
implies ϕ(|x|, c) ≤ ϕ(1, c)w

C13α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C2α (x)C 4 C1 2α(x)C 2 C12α (x)C 4 C12α (x)C 4 C13α (x)C12
T3 (1) ≤ 1+ + − − − +
12φ22 φ3 6φ22 φ3 2φ22 36φ23 9φ23 3φ22 φ3
C13α (x)C14 2C12α (x)C 2 C12α (x)C 4 8C12α (x)|x| 4C12α (x)C 2 |x| C12α (x)C 4 |x|
− − + − + −
12φ22 φ3 9φ23 18φ23 9φ23 9φ23 18φ23
(2.13)

since |x| = 1 and C ∈ [0, 2] then (2.11) becomes

4C13α (x) + 8C12α (x)C2α (x) 2C12α (x) 4C12α (x) + 16C22α (x) C13α (x)C12
 
T3 (1) ≤ 1 + − − +
3φ22 φ23 φ22 9φ23 3φ22 φ3
C13α (x)C14 2C12α (x)C 2 C12α (x)C 4 8C12α (x) 4C12α (x)C 2 C12α (x)C 4
− − + − + − (2.14)
12φ22 φ3 9φ23 18φ23 9φ23 9φ23 18φ23

Obtaining the maximum value for |T3 (1)| at c[0, 2] i.e c ≤ 2 we have

4C13α (x) + 8C12α (x)C2α (x) 2C12α (x) 4C12α (x) + 16C22α (x)
 
T3 (1) ≤ 1 + − − (2.15)
3φ22 φ23 φ22 9φ23

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