AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

11
Trigonometric Functions,
Identities and Equations
Angle
When a ray OA starting from its initial B
position OA rotates about its end point O

de
si
and takes the final position OB, we say

al
that angle AOB (written as ∠ AOB) has
in
r m
Te
been formed.
θ°
The amount of rotation from the initial side A
to the terminal side is called the measure O Initial side
(Vertex)
of the angle.

Positive and Negative Angles

An angle formed by a rotating ray is said to be positive or negative
depending on whether it moves in an anti-clockwise or a clockwise
direction, respectively.
B O Initial side
A
−θ°
de
si
al
in

Te
m

mr
r
Te

in
al

θ°
si
de

A
O Initial side B
(Positive angle) (Negative angle)

Measurement of Angles
There are three system for measuring the angles, which are given
below

1. Sexagesimal System (Degree Measure)

In this system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called the
degrees. The symbol 1° is used to denote one degree. Each degree is
divided into 60 equal parts, called the minutes and one minute is
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 125

divided into 60 equal parts, called the seconds. Symbols 1′ and 1′ ′ are
used to denote one minute and one second, respectively.
i.e. 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60′, 1′ = 60′ ′

2. Circular System (Radian Measure)

In this system, angle is measured in radian. A radian is the angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc, whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle. The number of radians in an angle subtended
arc
by an arc of circle at the centre is equal to .
radius

3. Centesimal System (French System)

In this system, a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called the
grades. Each grade is subdivided into 100 min and each minute is
divided into 100 s.
i.e. 1 right angle = 100 grades = 100 g , 1 g = 100′, 1′ = 100′ ′

Relation between Degree and Radian

(i) π radian = 180°
 180°  22
or 1 radian =   = 57°16′ 22′ ′ where, π = = 3.14159
 π  7
 π 
(ii) 1° =   rad = 0.01746 rad
 180
(iii) If D is the number of degrees, R is the number of radians and G
is the number of grades in an angle θ, then
D G 2R
= =
90 100 π

Length of an Arc of a Circle

If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtend an angle θ radian at
the centre, then
l
Q
θ r

1c
r P

l Length of arc
θ= = or l = r θ
r Radius
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

126 Handbook of Mathematics

Trigonometric Ratios For acute Angle

Relation between different sides and angles of a right angled triangle
are called trigonometric ratios or T-ratios.
Trigonometric ratios can be represented as
C
Perpendicular BC
sin θ = = ,

Perpendicular
Hypotenuse AC

e
us
en
Base AB
cos θ = =

ot
,

yp
Hypotenuse AC

H
Perpendicular BC
tan θ = = , θ
Base AB A B
Base
1
cosec θ =
sin θ
1 cos θ 1
sec θ = , cot θ = =
cos θ sin θ tan θ

Trigonometric (or Circular) Functions

Let X ′OX and YOY ′ be the coordinate axes. Taking O as the centre
and a unit radius, draw a circle, cutting the coordinate axes at
A, B, A′ and B′, as shown in the figure.
Y
B
P(x, y)
1 l
y
θ
X' A' O x M A X

B'
Y'
 arc AP θ l
Q∠AOP = radius OP = 1 = θ °, using θ = r 
 

Now, six circular functions may be defined as

(i) cosθ = x (ii) sinθ = y
1 1
(iii) sec θ = , x ≠ 0 (iv) cosec θ = , y ≠ 0
x y
y x
(v) tanθ = , x ≠ 0 (vi) cotθ = , y ≠ 0
x y
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 127

Trigonometric Function of Some Standard Angles
Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
1 1 3 3 1 1
sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 1 0 − − − −1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan 0 1 3 ∞ − 3 −1 − 0
3 3
1 1
cot ∞ 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 −∞
3 3
2 2
sec 1 2 2 ∞ −2 − 2 − −1
3 3
2 2
cosec ∞ 2 2 1 2 2 ∞
3 3

Graph of Trigonometric Functions

1. Graph of sin x
Y y = sinx
π, 1
(– 3π , 1
2 ) 1 2 ( )
y=1

X' O X
–2π – 3π –π –π π π 3π
2π
2 2 2 2
–1 y=–1
(– π , –1 ) ( 3π , –1
)
2 2
Y'
(i) Domain = R (ii) Range = [−1, 1] (iii) Period = 2π
2. Graph of cos x
Y
y = cosx
(– 2π, 1) 1 (0, 1) (2π, 1)
y=1
D

X' O X
–2π – 3π −π –π π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
y = –1
(– π, –1) –1 (π, –1)
Y'
(i) Domain = R (ii) Range = [−1, 1] (iii) Period = 2π
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

128 Handbook of Mathematics

3. Graph of tan x
Y y = tanx

X' X
–π –π O π π π
–π
– 3π 2 4
3π
2 4 2 2
–1

Y'
π
(i) Domain = R ~ ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I
2
(ii) Range = ( − ∞ , ∞ )
(iii) Period = π
4. Graph of cot x
Y
y = cotx

X' X
–2π – 3π –π –π O π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2

Y'
(i) Domain = R ~ nπ , n ∈ I (ii) Range = ( − ∞ , ∞ ) (iii) Period = π
5. Graph of sec x
Y
y = sec x

(–2π, 1) (2π, 1)

y=1
1
X' X
–2π – 3π –π –π O π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
–1 y = –1
(–π, –1) (π, –1)

Y'
π
(i) Domain = R ~ ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I
2
(ii) Range = ( − ∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
(iii) Period = 2π
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 129

6. Graph of cosec x
Y
y = cosec x

( –23π,1) (π2,1) ( 52π,1)

y=1
1
X' X
–2π –π
–π/2 O π π 3π 2π 5π
– 3π
2 –1 2 2 2
y = –1
– π,–1
( ) 3π,_1
( )
2 2

Y'
(i) Domain = R ~ nπ , n ∈ I
(ii) Range = ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
(iii) Period = 2π
Note|sin θ | ≤ 1,|cos θ| ≤ 1,|sec θ| ≥ 1,|cosec θ| ≥ 1 for all values of θ, for which
the functions are defined.

Trigonometric Functions in Terms of

sine and cosine Functions
Given below are trigonometric functions defined in terms of sine and
cosine functions
1 1
(i) sin θ = or cosec θ =
cosec θ sin θ
1 1
(ii) cos θ = or sec θ =
sec θ cos θ
1 cos θ 1 sin θ
(iii) cot θ = = or tan θ = =
tan θ sin θ cot θ cos θ

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

An equation involving trigonometric functions which is true for all
those angles for which the functions are defined is called
trigonometrical identity.
(i) cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 or 1 − cos2 θ = sin2 θ or 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ
(ii) 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ or tan2 θ = sec2θ − 1 or sec2θ − tan2 θ = 1
(iii) 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ or cot2 θ = cosec2θ − 1 or cosec2θ − cot2 θ = 1
 Transformation of One Trigonometric Function to
Another Trigonometric Function 130
Trigonometric tan θ sec θ cosec θ
sin θ cos θ cot θ
function

tan θ 1 1
(sec2 θ − 1)
sin θ sin θ (1 − cos 2 θ) 2 2 cosec θ
(1 + tan θ) 1 + cot θ
sec θ

1 cot θ 1 (cosec2 θ − 1)
cos θ (1 − sin2 θ) cos θ (1 + cot2 θ)
(1 + tan2 θ) sec θ cosec θ

sin θ 1 1
(1 − cos 2 θ) tan θ (sec2 θ − 1)
tan θ (cosec2 θ − 1)
(1 − sin2 θ) cos θ cot θ
Handbook of Mathematics

(1 − sin2 θ) cos θ 1 1 (cosec2 θ − 1)

cot θ 2 cot θ 2
sin θ (1 − cos θ) tan θ (sec θ − 1)

1 1 1 + cot2 θ sec θ cosec θ

sec θ 2 (1 + tan2 θ)
(1 − sin θ) cos θ cot θ (cosec2 θ − 1)

1 1 (1 + tan2 θ) sec θ cosec θ

cosec θ (1 + cot2 θ)
sin θ (1 − cos 2 θ) tan θ (sec2 θ − 1)

Note Above table is applicable only when θ ∈ ( 0 ° , 90 ° ).

AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 131

Sign of Trigonometric Functions in

Different Quadrants
If we draw two mutually perpendicular (intersecting) lines in the plane
of paper, then these lines divide the plane of paper into four parts,
known as quadrants.
In anti-clockwise order, these quadrants are numbered as I, II, III and
IV. All angles from 0° to 90° are taken in I quardant, 90° to 180° in II
quardant, 180° to 270° in III quadrant and 270° to 360° in IV
quadrant.
Y
π π
II Quadrant 2 < θ < π I Quadrant 0 < θ <
2
sin θ and cosec θ are All trigonometric functions
positive. are positive.
(90°+θ) and (180° – θ) (360°+θ) and (90° – θ)
180° 90°
X′ X
270° 360°
3π 3π
III Quadrant π < θ < IV Quadrant < θ < 2π
2 2
tan θ and cot θ are positive. cos θ and sec θ are positive.
(180°+θ) and (270° – θ) (270°+θ) and (360° – θ)
Y′

Trigonometric Ratios of
Some Special Angles
1° 1°
Angle 7 15 ° 18 ° 22 36 °
2 2

sin θ 4− 2 − 6 3 −1 5 −1 1
2− 2
1
10 − 2 5
2 2 4 2 4
2 2

cos θ 3+1 1 1 5+1

4+ 2 + 6 10 + 2 5 2+ 2
4 2 4
2 2 2 2

tan θ ( 3 − 2 )( 2 − 1 ) 2− 3 5 −1 2 −1 10 − 2 5
10 + 2 5 5+1

Trigonometric Ratios (or Functions) of Allied Angles

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either
zero or a multiple of 90°. The angles − θ , 90° ± θ , 180° ± θ , 270° ± θ,
360° − θ etc., are angles allied to the angle θ, if θ is measured in
degrees.
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

132 Handbook of Mathematics

Allied Angles sin θ cosec θ cos θ sec θ tan θ cot θ

−θ − sin θ − cosec θ cos θ sec θ − tan θ − cot θ
90° − θ cos θ sec θ sin θ cosec θ cot θ tan θ
90° + θ cos θ sec θ − sin θ − cosec θ − cot θ − tan θ
180° − θ sin θ cosec θ − cos θ − sec θ − tan θ − cot θ
180° + θ − sin θ − cosec θ − cos θ − sec θ tan θ cot θ
270° − θ − cos θ − sec θ − sin θ − cosec θ cot θ tan θ
270° + θ − cos θ − sec θ sin θ cosec θ − cot θ − tan θ
360° − θ − sin θ − cosec θ cos θ sec θ − tan θ − cot θ

Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

The algebraic sum of two or more angles are generally called
compound angles and the angles are known as the constituent angle.
Some standard formulae of compound angles have been given below
(i) sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(ii) sin ( A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
(iii) cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
(iv) cos ( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(v) tan ( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot A cot B − 1
(vii) cot( A + B) =
cot B + cot A
cot A cot B + 1
(viii) cot( A − B) =
cot B − cot A

Some Important Results

(i) sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B) = sin2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A
(ii) cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) = cos2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − sin2 A
(iii) sin( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B sin C + cos A sin B cos C
+ sin A cos B cos C − sin A sin B sin C
or sin ( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(tan A + tan B + tan C
− tan A tan B tan C )
(iv) cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C − sin A sin B cos C
− sin A cos B sin C − cos A sin B sin C
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 133

or cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C
− tan C tan A)
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
(v) tan( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
If A + B + C = 0, then tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(vi) (a) sin( A1 + A2 + K + An ) = (cos A1 cos A 2 cos A 3 ... cos An )
× (S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + K )
(b) cos( A1 + A2 + K + An ) = (cos A1 cos A 2cos A 3... cos An )
× (1 − S 2 + S 4 − S 6 + ... )
S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + K
(c) tan( A1 + A2 + K + An ) =
1 − S2 + S4 − S6 + K
where, S1 = tan A1 + tan A 2 + K + tan An
[sum of the tangents of the separate angles]
S 2 = tan A1 tan A 2 + tan A 2 tan A3 + ...
[sum of the tangents taken two at a time]
S3 = tan A1 tan A 2 tan A3 + tan A 2 tan A3 tan A 4 + ...
[sum of the tangents taken three at a time]
Note If A1 = A2 = L An = A, then we have
S1 = n tan A,S 2 = nC2 tan 2 A, S 3 = nC3 tan 3 A,K so on.

Transformation Formulae
(i) 2 sin A cos B =
sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B)
(ii) 2 cos A sin B =
sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B)
(iii) 2 cos A cos B =
cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
(iv) 2 sin A sin B =
cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)
C + D C − D
(v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
C + D C − D
(vi) sin C − sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
C + D C − D
(vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
C + D C − D
(viii) cos C − cos D = − 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
C + D  D − C
= 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

134 Handbook of Mathematics

Trigonometric Functions of Multiple Angles

2 tan A
(i) sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A =
1 + tan2 A
(ii) cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2 cos2 A − 1
1 − tan2 A
= 1 − 2 sin2 A =
1 + tan2 A
2 tan A
(iii) tan 2 A =
1 − tan2 A
(iv) sin 3 A = 3 sin A − 4 sin3 A
(v) cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A
3 tan A − tan3 A
(vi) tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan2 A

Trigonometric Functions of Sub-multiple Angles

A
2 tan
A A 2
(i) sin A = 2 sin cos =
2 2 1 + tan2 A
2
A
1 − tan2
A 2 A 2 A 2 A 2
(ii) cos A = cos 2
− sin = 2 cos − 1 = 1 − 2 sin =
2 2 2 2 1 + tan2 A
2
A
2 tan
(iii) tan A = 2
2 A
1 − tan
2
2 A
(iv) 1 − cos A = 2 sin
2
A
(v) 1 + cos A = 2 cos2
2
1 − cos A 2 A
(vi) = tan
1 + cos A 2
 A  A
(vii) sin   + cos   = ± 1 + sin A
 2  2
A  A
(viii) sin   − cos   = ± 1 − sin A
2  2
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 135

Some Important Results

1. Product of Trigonometric Ratio
1
(i) sin θ sin ( 60° − θ ) sin ( 60° + θ ) = sin 3 θ
4
1
(ii) cos θ cos ( 60° − θ ) cos ( 60° + θ ) = cos 3 θ
4
(iii) tan θ tan ( 60° − θ ) tan ( 60° + θ ) = tan 3 θ
1
(iv) cos 36° cos 72° =
4
1
(v) cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A K cos 2n − 1 A = n sin( 2n A)
2 sin A

2. Sum of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) sin A + sin ( A + B) + sin ( A + 2B) + ... + sin ( A + ( n − 1) B)
 B nB
sin  A + ( n − 1)  sin
=  2 2
B
sin
2
(ii) cos A + cos ( A + B) + cos( A + 2B) + ... + cos ( A + ( n − 1) B)
nB
sin
= 2 cos  A + ( n − 1)B
 
sin
B  2 
2

3. Identities for Angles of a Triangle

If A, B and C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = π), then
(i) (a) sin ( B + C ) = sin A (b) cos ( B + C ) = − cos A
 B + C A  B + C A
(c) sin   = cos (d) cos   = sin
 2  2  2  2
(ii) sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(iii) cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C = − 1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C
A B C
(iv) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(v) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
(vi) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(vii) cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

136 Handbook of Mathematics

A B C A B C
(viii) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
(ix) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Trigonometric Periodic Functions

A function f ( x ) is said to be periodic, if there exists a real number T > 0
such that f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) for all x. T is called the period of the function,
all trigonometric functions are periodic.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i)sinθ, cos θ , cosec θ and sec θ have a period of 2π.
(ii)tanθ, cot θ have a period of π.
(iii)Period of sin k θ is 2π /k.
(iv) Period of tan k θ is π /k.
(v) Period of sinn θ , cosn θ , secn θ and cosecnθ is 2π , if n is odd and, π if n is
even.
(vi) Period of tann θ , cotn θ is π , if n is even or odd.
(vii) Period of |sin θ |, |cos θ |, |tanθ |, |cot θ |, |sec θ | and |cosec θ| is π.
(viii) Period of |sin θ | + |cos θ |, |tan θ | + |cot θ | and |sec θ | + | cosec θ | is π / 2.

Maximum and Minimum Values of a

Trigonometric Expression
(i) Maximum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ = a 2 + b2

Minimum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ = − a 2 + b2

(ii) Maximum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ + c = c + a 2 + b2

Minimum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ + c = c − a 2 + b2

Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions sinh z , cosh z , tanh z , cosech z , sec h z , coth z
are angles of the circular functions, defined by removing is appearing
in the complex exponentials.
ex − e− x
(i) sinh x =
2
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 137

ex + e− x
(ii) cosh x =
2
sinh x ex − e− x
(iii) tanh x = =
cosh x ex + e− x
1 2
(iv) cosech x = =
sinh x ex − e− x
1 2
(v) sech x = =
cosh x ex + e− x
cosh x ex + e− x
(vi) coth x = =
sinh x ex − e− x

Domain and Range of Hyperbolic Function

Hyperbolic function Domain Range
sinh x R R
cosh x R [1, ∞)
tanh x R (− 1, 1)
cosech x R − { 0} R − { 0}
sech x R (0, 1]
coth x R − { 0} R − [ −1, 1]

Identities
(i) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
(ii) sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1
(iii) coth2 x − cosech2 x = 1
(iv) cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x

Formulae for the Sum and Difference

(i) sinh( x ± y ) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
(ii) cosh( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
tanh x ± tanh y
(iii) tanh ( x ± y ) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y

Formulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Difference

 x + y  x − y
(i) sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh   cosh  
 2   2 
 x + y  x − y
(ii) sinh x − sinh y = 2 cosh   sinh  
 2   2 
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

138 Handbook of Mathematics

 x + y  x − y
(iii) cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh   cosh  
 2   2 
 x + y  x − y
(iv) cosh x − cosh y = 2 sinh   sinh  
 2   2 
(v) 2 sinh x cosh y = sinh ( x + y ) + sinh( x − y )
(vi) 2 cosh x sinh y = sinh ( x + y ) − sinh( x − y )
(vii) 2 cosh x cosh y = cosh ( x + y ) + cosh ( x − y )
(viii) 2 sinh x sinh y = cosh( x + y ) − cosh ( x − y )

Formulae for Multiples of x

2 tanh x
(i) sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x =
1 − tanh2 x
(ii) cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 2 cosh2 x − 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
1 + tanh2 x
=
1 − tanh2 x
2 tanh x
(iii) tanh 2x =
1 + tanh2 x
(iv) sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x
(v) cosh 3x = 4 cosh3 x − 3 cosh x
3 tanh x + tanh3 x
(vi) tanh 3x =
1 + 3 tanh2 x

Important Formulae
1. (i) sinh2 x − sinh2 y = sinh ( x + y )sinh ( x − y )
(ii) cosh2 x + sinh2 y = cosh( x + y ) cosh( x − y )
(iii) cosh2 x − cosh2 y = sinh ( x + y )sinh( x − y )
2. (i) sinix = i sinh x (ii) cos(ix ) = cosh x
(iii) tan(ix ) = i tanh x (iv) cot(ix ) = − i coth x
(v) sec(ix ) = sech x (vi) cosec (ix ) = − i cosech x
3. (i) sinh x = − i sin(ix ) (ii) cosh x = cos (ix )
(iii) tanh x = − i tan(ix ) (iv) coth x = i cot(ix )
(v) sech x = sec(ix ) (vi) cosech x = i cosec(ix )
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations 139

Trigonometric Equations
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown
angle is called a trigonometric equation.

Solution/Roots of a Trigonometric Equation

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation, is
called a solution or root of the equation.
The trigonometric equation may have infinite number of solutions.
(i) Principal Solution The least value of unknown angle
which satisfies the given equation, is called a principal solution
of trigonometric equation.
(ii) General Solution We know that trigonometric function are
periodic and solution of trigonometric equations can be
generalised with the help of the periodicity of the trigonometric
functions. The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a
trigonometric equation is called its general solution.

Some Important Results

(i) sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ, where n ∈ z
π
(ii) cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = ( 2n + 1) , where n ∈ z
2
(iii) tanθ = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ, where n ∈ z
 π π
(iv) sin θ = sin α ⇒ θ = nπ + ( − 1)n α, where α ∈ − ,  and n ∈ z
 2 2
(v) cos θ = cos α ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± α, where α ∈ [0, π ] and n ∈ z
 π π
(vi) tan θ = tan α ⇒ θ = nπ + α, where α ∈  − ,  and n ∈ z
 2 2
(vii) sin2 θ = sin2 α , cos2 θ = cos2 α, tan2 θ = tan2 α
⇒ θ = n π ± α, where n ∈ z
π
(viii) sinθ = 1 ⇒ θ = ( 4n + 1) , where n ∈ z
2
(ix) cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ = 2nπ, where n ∈ z
(x) cosθ = − 1 ⇒ θ = ( 2n + 1) π, where n ∈ z
sin θ = sin α and cos θ = cos α 


(xi) sin θ = sin α and tan θ = tan α ⇒ θ = 2nπ + α, where n ∈ z

tan θ = tan α and cos θ = cos α
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

140 Handbook of Mathematics

(xii) Equation of the form a cos θ + b sin θ = c

Put a = r cosα and b = r sin α , where
r = a 2 + b2 and|c|≤ a 2 + b2
∴ θ = 2nπ ± α + φ, n ∈ I
|c| b
where, α = cos−1 and φ = tan−1
a +b
2 2 a

(a) If|c|> a 2 + b2 , equation has no solution.

(b) If|c|≤ a 2 + b2 , equation is solvable.

n
 nπ 
(xiii) sin  + θ = ( − 1) 2 cos θ , if n is odd.
 2 
n
= ( −1) 2 sin θ , if n is even.
n −1
 nπ 
(xiv) cos  + θ = ( − 1) 2 sin θ , if n is odd.
 2  n
= ( −1) 2 cos θ , if n is even.
(xv) sin θ1 + sin θ 2 + K + sin θ n = n ⇒ sin θ1 = sin θ 2 = K = sin θ n = 1
(xvi) cos θ1 + cos θ 2 + K + cos θ n = n ⇒ cos θ1 = cos θ 2 = K = cos θ n = 1
(xvii) sin θ + cosec θ = 2 ⇒ sin θ = 1
(xviii) cos θ + sec θ = 2 ⇒ cos θ = 1
(xix) sin θ + cosec θ = − 2 ⇒ sin θ = − 1
(xx) cos θ + sec θ = − 2 ⇒ cos θ = − 1

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) While solving an equation, we have to square it, sometimes the resulting
roots does not satisfy the original equation.
(ii) Do not cancel common factors involving the unknown angle on LHS and
RHS. Because it may be the solution of given equation.
(iii) (a) Equation involving sec θ or tan θ can never be a solution of the form
π
( 2n + 1) .
2
(b) Equation involving cosec θ or cotθ can never be a solution of the form
θ = nπ .