ORAL COMMUNICATION • Reception- the receiving

• Decoding- interpreting the encoded

Communication message of the speaker by the
- is a process of sharing and receiver.
conveying messages or information from • Understanding- the idea’s point
one person to another within and across • Feedback- the response
channels, contexts, media and cultures.
(McCornack, 2014) • Models of Communication

-came from the Latin word *Noise- anything that hinders the
communication.
“communicare”, which means sharing.

Types of Communication: 1. LINEAR- one-way (public speaking,

monologue, mass communication)
1. Oral
2. Written
3. Gestural SENDER MESSAGE
RECEIVER

5 Elements of Communication:

1. Sender/ Speaker – the source of 2. INTERACTIVE- two-way(interview,

information or message. formal debates, forum, classes,
2. Message- the information, ideas, or digital conversations)
thoughts conveyed by the speaker
in words or in actions.
3. Receiver- the recipient of the SENDER RECEIVER
MESSAGE
message, or someone who decodes
the message.
RECEIVER SENDER
4. Channel- the medium or the FEEDBACK

means, such as personal or non-

personal, verbal or non-verbal, in
which the encoded message is 3. TRANSACTIONAL- casual
conveyed. conversations
5. Feedback- the reactions,
responses, or information provided
by the receiver. SENDER MESSAGE RECEIVER

*Context- the environment where RECEIVER

communication takes place. FEEDBACK SENDER

Process of Communication
Functions of Communication:
• Stimulus- triggering factor
• Ideation- producing different 1. Control- to control behavior
ideas/message 2. Social Interaction- allows
• Encoding- converting the message individuals to interact with others.
into words, actions or other forms 3. Motivation- motivates or
that the speaker understands. encourages people to live better.
• Transmission- deciding on how the
speaker shows the message
 4. Emotional Expression- facilitates
people’s expression of their Characteristics of Competent
feelings and emotions. Intercultural
5. Information Dissemination- to Communicators (World Bank, 2010)
convey information. 1. Flexibility and the ability to
Barriers to Communication tolerate high levels of uncertainty.
2. Reflectiveness and mindfulness
*Barrier- the factors that affect the flow
3. Open-mindedness
of communication.
4. Sensitivity
1. Speaker-Generated Noise 5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent
-lack of confidence thinking(or thinking creatively)
-wrong pronunciation and systems-level thinking(or
-inadequate volume of voice thinking how each one in a system
-insufficient information or organization influences each
-unpreparedness other )
-incorrect grammar 7. Politeness

2. Listener- Generated Noise Note that in addition to culture,

other elements such as gender, age,
-poor listening habits status, and religion must also be
-unreceptiveness to new ideas taken into consideration when
-low interest level communicating with others.
-unwillingness to concentrate
Tips on Talking to Someone without
3. Environmental Noise Showing Bias:
1. Avoid stereotypes, generalizations
4. Listener- Generated Noise about a certain group.
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid
-both ends using “he” and “man”, you may
-difference in age, religion, use plural pronouns; the use of
experience, education and culture “his/her” is also acceptable.
-lack of trust 3. Do not talk down on younger
-intimidation people and the elderly.
4. Be sensitive to the religious
Intercultural Communication practices of others.
5. Be polite at all time; do not belittle
-happens when individuals people you perceive to be on a
interact, negotiate, and create meanings lower social class than you.
while bringing in their varied cultural
backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999). Speaker’s Purpose
a. To Inform – to share knowledge and
-influenced by different ethnicities,
facts.
religions, and sexual orientations.
b. To Persuade – ask audience to have
-simply put, intercultural a change of heart or to do
communication is the sending and something, in sales
receiving of messages across languages c. To Entertain
and cultures.
Verbal Cue body language, is essential to successful
-is a prompt that is conveyed in relationships in the workplace.
spoken language from one person to
another or a group of people. Types:

1. Paralanguage (rate, pitch,

volume, quality, intensity/ tone,
 Main headings to be discussed are tempo)
 Will make several points 2. Facial Expressions
 In the following order 3. Kinesics (body movements and
 In conclusion posture)
 To summarize 4. Gestures
 To review 5. Eye messages
 To recap 6. Touch
 To go back over 7. Voice
8. Proxemics (space and distance)
2. Mannerism- cues used by a
specific teacher, sometimes like Functions:
a habit, and indicate something
to be noted is coming up.  Accenting – calling attention to a
• Repeats the words or phrases for key part of a message, when you
emphasis put an accent on it, you create
• Spells out important words emphasis, making the item stand
out by amplifying it.
• Lists on board, or reads a list,
allows time to take notes
Example: stamping, increasing
• Speaks more slowly
volume, moving forward, slowing
• Speaks more loudly
down
• Stresses certain words
• Uses different voice tone
 Moderating – opposite of accenting
• Asks questions not meant to be as it seeks to reduce attention, or
answered by students removing emphasis.

Non-Verbal Cues Example: reducing volume,

-nonverbal communication speeding up, being incoherent
between people is communication
through sending
 Complementing- similar to
and receiving wordless clues
accenting, but covers a wider
-we also communicate by these range of the message. Speech is
cues which refer to the process of paralleled by nonverbal
sending information through ways that communication that aligns with
do not require the use of language. For what is being said.
example, we might communicate
support by giving someone a high-five or Example: when talking about sad
by hugging them. things, lowering the head and
-the expression of messages using a sad tone. Or , when
through facial expressions, gestures, and seeking to excite, being animated
in body and voice.
  Contradicting- sending a nonverbal 1. Intrapersonal- communication that
message that disagrees with what centers on one person as the
is being said. Delivers confusion. sender and the receiver of the
May also happen subconsciously message; just like talking to
when lying. yourself.
 Shakespeare’s Hamlet; “To be
Example: saying no while gently or not to be”
nodding. Or , saying “I didn’t do it”
while rubbing the nose and pulling 2. Interpersonal- communication
at the collar. between and among people and
establishes personal relationship
 Regulating- sending signals when between and among them; just
speaking. A typical use is around like talking to someone.
starting and ending the speech. It
- Dyad communication (between
can also be used to regulate the
two people)
speech of others, indicating that
- Small group (at least three but
you want them to stop or you want
not more than twelve people
to say something.
involved; where leadership
arises)
Example: breaking or making eye
contact, or giving a final and firm 3. Public Speaking- communication
nod, when you have finished that requires you to deliver or send
speaking. Or , raising eyebrows the message before or in front of a
when you are about to start group (hundreds to thousands of
speaking. people)

4. Mass Communication –
 Repeating- is like complementing communication that takes place
or accenting, but with a delay through television, radio,
between the verbal and nonverbal newspapers, magazines, books,
communication. This acts as an billboards, internet and other types
emphasis, as in another form of of media.
repetition.

Example: saying no then shaking SPEECH STYLES

head afterwards. Or , asking for
help then, after a short delay 2. FROZEN- frozen in time and
during which they do not respond, remains unchanged.
rising eyebrows and saying  Lord’s Prayer
“Hmm?”  Preamble to the Constitution
 Allegiance to Country/ Flag
-Static (steady, does not change)
-Archaic (old)
-Ritualistic (ceremonies)

SPEECH CONTEXT 3. FORMAL- one-way, straightforward,

impersonal
  Sermon of the priest
 Speeches
 Pronouncement of judges

4. CONSULTATIVE- two-way,
professional discourse
 Student and teacher
 Employers and employees
 Doctor and patient
 Judge and lawyer

5. CASUAL- used by peers and friends

using slang and jargons.
 Carps----R.U.G (are you
going?)
 Pics----Images
 Mom’s Jeans----high and
wasted
 Scoobs----No
 Gumps-----thanks
 Pots------ Ok
 Salt----- as in
 Sharks------ patingin

6. INTIMATE- private, occurs between

or among close family members or
individuals; non-public and does
not follow any linguistic form.