Physics Investigatory Class 12

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE INTERNAL
RESISTANCE / EMF OF A CELL DEPENDS.
NAME :- ADITYA
KUMAR CLASS :- XII
“B”
ROLL NO :- 05
TO :- MR.MANOJ KUMAR SIR
1 ADITYA KUMAR
 CONTENTS
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. Internal Resistance
5.EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 Objective
 Apparatus Required
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Results and Inferences
 Precautions
 Source of Error
6.BIBLIOGRAPHY
2 ADITYA KUMAR
CERTIFICATE PAGE
This is to certify that Aditya Kumar of

class:- XII 'B' has satisfactorily
completed his Physics investigatory
project as prescribed by the CBSE
during the academic year 2019-2020.
Teacher’s signature :-
..............................
3 ADITYA KUMAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely

thank my Physics teacher Mr.Manoj
Kumar and our lab attendant for their
able guidance and support in completing
my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to
the principal Mrs.Glenda Galstaun for
providing me all the facilities that was
required.
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT :-
………………………………
4 ADITYA KUMAR
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our

daily use electrical appliances and the use
is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries
need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on the
practical analysis for the factors affecting
the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased we can increased the potential
difference across it , and hence make it
more reliable.
5 ADITYA KUMAR
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance

offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the
flow of ions.
 It’s S.I unit is ohm(Ω).
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance

(r) , connected to an external resistance (R)
such that (I) is the current flowing through the
circuit.
E = V + Ir
INTERNAL RESISTANCE, r = (E – V)/I
6 ADITYA KUMAR
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE :-
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance
of the cell depends.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :-
A potentiometer, a battery(or battery eliminator) , two one
way keys , a rheostat , a galvanometer , a resistance box , an
ammeter , a cell(Leclanche cell) , a jockey , a setsquare ,
connecting wires and sand papers.
THEORY :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by
its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a
cell
 Is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
 Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrode in electrolyte.
 Decrease with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to the concentration of
electrolyte.
THE INTERNAL ESISTANCE OF A CELL IS GIVEN BY :-
R = (E – V)/I
7 ADITYA KUMAR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
PROCEDURE :-
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
make tight connection according to the circuit diagram .
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
cell , otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2 , adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using
a setsquare and measure the balancing length (l1) ,
between the null point and the end P.
8 ADITYA KUMAR
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2.At the same
time , take out a small resistance (1 – 5 W) from the
shunt resistance box connected I parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 andK2.Wait for
some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
14. Keeping all other factor constant , increase the
area of the electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them
into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observations.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps
7 to 10.Record these readings.
16. Keeping all other factors constant , decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps
7 to 10.Record these readings.
9 ADITYA KUMAR
OBSERVATIONS :-
S.NO AMMETER POSITION OF NULL SHUNT INTERNAL

POINT RESISTANCE
READING RESISTANCE
(CM) r(Ω)
(A) WITH R WITHOUT R R(Ω)
(l1 (l2)
)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 1.77
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2
660.5 108. 3 2.51

3. 0.3
3
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF SEPARATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES.
S.No Separation Balancing Balancing INTERNAL

RESISTANCE
Between Point Point
r(Ω)
r/d
Electrodes l1(cm) l2(cm)
d (cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
10 ADITYA KUMAR
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.
S.No Temperature l1 l2 Resistance INTERNAL Tr
T(ºC) R(Ω) RESISTANCE
(cm) (cm) (ΩK)
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.046 0.38 283.87
RESULTS AND INFERENCES :-
 The electromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal

to E = 0.98 volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to
the separation between the electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to
the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
the temperature of electrolytes
the concentration of the electrolyte.
1 ADITYA
PRECAUTIONS :-
 The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

 The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
the observations are to be taken.
 The positive polls of the battery E and cells E 1 and E2
should all be connected to the terminal at the zeros of
the wires.
 The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
 The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR :-
 The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

 The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross
section and material density throughout it’s length.
 End resistance may not be zero.
1 ADITYA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WEBSITE:_
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.bing.com
 www.quora.com
2. BOOKS:_
 Comprehensive Practical
manual
 NCERT CLASS XII
1 ADITYA

Physics Investigatory Class 12

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

This is to certify that Aditya Kumar of

I would like to sincerely and profusely

There is a great need of batteries in our

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance

S.NO AMMETER POSITION OF NULL SHUNT INTERNAL

1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

660.5 108. 3 2.51

TABLE FOR EFFECT OF SEPARATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES.

S.No Separation Balancing Balancing INTERNAL

1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96

RESULTS AND INFERENCES :-

 The electromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal

 The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

 The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

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