INTEPRETTION OF REGRESSION STATISTICAL COMPUTER OUTPUT

LINEAR REGRESSION SPSS OUT PUT

A salesperson for a large car brand wants to determine whether there is a relationship between an
individual's income and the price they pay for a car. As such, the individual's "income" is the
independent variable and the "price" they pay for a car is the dependent variable. The salesperson
wants to use this information to determine which cars to offer potential customers in new areas
where average income is known.

Output one; Model Summary table - This table provides the R and R2 values.

- The R value represents the simple correlation and is 0.873 (the "R" Column), which
indicates a high degree of correlation.
- The R2 value (the "R Square" column) indicates how much of the total variation in
the dependent variable, Price , can be explained by the independent
variable, Income . In this case, 76.2% can be explained, which is very large.
- However, you also need to be able to interpret "Adjusted R Square" (adj. R2) to
accurately report your data.

Output two; ANOVA table, - reports the regression model statistically significantly predicts
the outcome variable (i.e., it is a good fit for the data). (i.e., predicts the dependent variable) and
is shown below:

This table indicates that the regression model predicts the dependent variable significantly well.
This is ascertained by looking at "Regression" row and go to the "Sig." column.
F(1, 18) = 57.737, p < .05 - This indicates the statistical significance of the regression model
that was run. Here, p < 0.0005, which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression
model statistically significantly predicts the outcome variable (i.e., it is a good fit for the data).

Output three; Coefficients table - Provides the necessary information to predict dependent
from independent variable as well as determine whether income contributes statistically
significantly to the model (by looking at the "Sig." column).

Furthermore, we can use the values in the "B" column under the "Unstandardized Coefficients"
column, as shown below:

To present the regression equation as:

Price = 8287 + 0.564(Income)

MULTIPLE REGRESSION SPSS OUTPUT –interpret as in linear regression

Example

A health researcher wants to be able to predict "Y", an indicator of fitness and health. Normally,
to perform this procedure requires expensive laboratory equipment and necessitates that an
individual exercise to their maximum (i.e., until they can longer continue exercising due to
physical exhaustion). This can put off those individuals who are not very active/fit and those
individuals who might be at higher risk of ill health (e.g., older unfit subjects). For these reasons,
it has been desirable to find a way of predicting an individual's Y based on attributes that can be
measured more easily and cheaply. To this end, a researcher recruited 100 participants to
perform a maximum Y test, but also recorded their "age", "weight", "heart rate" and "gender".
Heart rate is the average of the last 5 minutes of a 20 minute, much easier, lower workload
cycling test. The researcher's goal is to be able to predict Y based on these four attributes: age,
weight, heart rate and gender.
Output one; Model Summary table. This table provides the R, R2, adjusted R2, and the
standard error of the estimate, which can be used to determine how well a regression model fits
the data:

- The "R" column represents the value of R, the multiple correlation coefficient. R can
be considered to be one measure of the quality of the prediction of the dependent
variable; in this case, Y . A value of 0.760, in this example, indicates a good
level of prediction.
- The "R Square" column represents the R2 value (also called the coefficient of
determination), which is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that can
be explained by the independent variables (technically, it is the proportion of
variation accounted for by the regression model above and beyond the mean model).
You can see from our value of 0.577 that our independent variables explain 57.7% of
the variability of our dependent variable, Y. However, you also need to be

Output two; ANOVA Table

The F-ratio in the ANOVA table (see below) tests whether the overall regression model is a
good fit for the data. The table shows that the independent variables statistically significantly
predict the dependent variable, F(4, 95) = 32.393, p < .0005 (i.e., the regression model is a good
fit of the data).
Output three; Estimated model coefficients
The general form of the equation to predict Y from age , weight , heart_rate , gender ,
is:
predicted = 87.83 – (0.165 x age ) – (0.385 x weight ) – (0.118 x heart_rate ) +
(13.208 x
 This is obtained from the Coefficients table, as shown below:

Unstandardized coefficients indicate how much the dependent variable

varies with an independent variable when all other independent variables
age
are held constant. Consider the effect
of are in this example. The unstandardized coefficient, B1, for is equal to -
0.165
(see Coefficients table). This means that for each one year increase in age,
there is a decrease in Y of 0.165 ml/min/kg.