CAT 1 - GROUP A

Paper 1 - Question 1

a) Briefly explain the meaning of the following terms as used in java programming. Give a
java code example for each case.
i) Class - A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects. It defines state (variables) and
behavior (methods) that an object will have.

public class Car {

String brand = "Toyota";
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car();
System.out.println(myCar.brand);
}
}
Car is the class

ii) Variable - A variable is a container for data used to store values during program execution.

public class Variable {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int age = 25;
String name = "Alice";
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}
In the above code, age and name is the variable.

iii) Syntax Error - A syntax error occurs when code does not follow the rules of the Java
language, such as missing semicolons or incorrect syntax.
public class Syntax {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!")
}
}
The above code is missing a semicolon as its syntax error.

b) Write java code statements to accomplish the following.

i) Declares two variables: Max and Min
- int Max, Min;
ii) Initializes the two variables with values 6 and 4 respectively
- Max = 6;
- Min = 4;
iii) Determines which value is larger among the two
- int larger = (Max > Min) ? Max : Min;
iv) Prints results
- System.out.println("The larger value is: " + larger);
v) Declare and initialize array
- int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

c) Give six characteristics of the Java programming language.

- Platform Independence: Java bytecode can run on any platform with a JVM (Java
Virtual Machine).
- Object-Oriented Language: Everything in Java revolves around objects and classes,
promoting code reuse and modular design.
- Security: Java provides built-in security features like bytecode verification and a security
manager.
- Rich API: Java comes with an extensive set of APIs for handling I/O, networking, and
data structures.
- Robust IDEs: Development tools like Eclipse and IntelliJ make it easier to develop, test,
and debug Java code.
 - Omnipresent: Java is widely used across platforms, from web development to mobile
apps and backend services.

d) Write a simple Java program to explain the working for do...while loop, write the
expected output of your program.

public class Count {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
do {
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
Count++;
} while (count < 5);
}
}
Output :-
Count: 0
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4

e) With a well written Java Program explain the difference between method overloading
and method overriding [6 Marks]
Method overloading occurs when multiple methods in the same class have the same name but
different parameters

class Calculator {
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
public int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
int sum1 = calculator.add(5, 10);
System.out.println("Sum of two integers: " + sum1);
int sum2 = calculator.add(5, 10, 15);
System.out.println("Sum of three integers: " + sum2);
}
}

Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is

already defined in its superclass.

class Vehicle {
void start() {
System.out.println("Vehicle is starting");
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
@Override
void start() {
System.out.println("Car is starting");
}
}

f) Briefly explain the following java code [4 marks]

public class Compute {
public static void main(String[] args) { int a,b,results,diff;
a = 10;
b = 5;
sum = a + b;
diff = a – b;
System.out.println(“sum is " + results); System.out.println(“diff is " + diff); }}

- The class in this code is Compute.

- There are four declared integer variables i.e a, b, results and diff and have values
10. 5, a+b and a-b respectively.
- a+b is stored in results while a-b is stored in diff.
- The program prints results using System.out.println(“sum is " + results);
- The program prints diff using System.out.println(“diff is " + diff);
Paper 4 - Question 1

a) Briefly explain the following terms in the context of Java programming. Write a sample
java code statement for each case
i) Variable - A variable is a container for data used to store values during program execution.

public class Variable {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int age = 25;
String name = "Alice";
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}
In the above code, age and name is the variable.

ii) Assignment operator - assigns the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-
hand side. Denoted by =
E.g int number = 10;
iii) Array - An array is a collection of elements of the same type, stored in a single memory
location.
E,g int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
iv) Syntax error - A syntax error occurs when code does not follow the rules of the Java
language, such as missing semicolons or incorrect syntax.

public class Syntax {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!")
}
}
The above code is missing a semicolon as its syntax error.
(b) Briefly explain the following three versions of Java platform
- Java Standard Edition - Used for developing desktop applications and core Java programs. It
provides general-purpose programming
- Java Enterprise Edition - Used for building large-scale, distributed, and multi-tier applications.
It was created to extend the Java SE by adding a set of specifications that define capabilities
commonly used by enterprise applications.
- Java Micro Edition - Designed for developing applications for embedded devices and mobile
phones. It provides a subset of Java SE with additional libraries that help the device to operate on
limited resources and small footprints.

(c) State and explain four features of java programming language

- Dynamic- Java is more dynamic compared to C and C++. It can adapt to its evolving
environment. It allows programmers to link new class libraries, objects, and methods
dynamically. Java programs can have a large amount of run-time information that one can use to
resolve accesses to objects.
- Platform Independent - Java’s platform independence means that Java programs compiled on
one machine or operating system can be executed on any other machine or operating system
without modifications.
-Object-Oriented - Everything in Java is treated as an object, allowing for easy maintenance
and reusability of code.
- Robust - Java has strong memory management, exception handling, and type checking to
minimize errors.
- Multithreaded - Java supports multiple threads, enabling programs to perform multiple tasks
simultaneously.
d). Write a java class named employee that requests the user to enter the cost of an item
and computes a discount to be awarded. The discount is set at 5% of all purchased items (5
Marks).
public class Employee {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int cost = 100;
double discount = cost * 0.05;
System.out.println("Discount awarded: " + discount);
}
}
(e) Briefly explain the purpose of using interfaces in java programming
Multiple Inheritance: Java does not support multiple inheritance using classes, but interfaces
allow a class to implement multiple interfaces.
Abstraction: Interfaces define methods without providing implementations, ensuring that
subclasses provide their own logic.
Loose Coupling: Interfaces reduce dependencies between different parts of code, making it
easier to maintain and update.
Standardization: They ensure that different classes follow the same structure if they implement
the same interface.
(f). Write a java class that calculates the area of a triangle and print results
(Area=1/2*base*height)
public class Triangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int base = 10;
int height = 5;
double area = 0.5 * base * height;
System.out.println("The area of the triangle is: " + area);
}
}
(g). Write a java class that reads the elements of the following array known as students and
prints results
public class Students {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] students = {"Otieno", "Ann", "Job", "James"};
System.out.println("List of students:");
for (String student : students) {
System.out.println(student);
}
}
}
Paper 7 - Question 1
a) What are the basic characteristics of the HyperText Transfer Protocol? [4 marks]
- Stateless Protocol - Each request from a client to a server is independent; the server does not
retain information about previous requests.
- Request-Response Model - HTTP follows a client-server model where the client sends
requests and the server responds with the requested resources.
- Text-Based Communication - HTTP requests and responses are sent in plain text, making
them easy to read and understand.
- Media Independent - HTTP is media independent as long as both the client and server know
how to handle the contents in the data.
- It is connectionless- HTTP is also considered connectionless because network connections are
controlled at the transport layer, not at the application layer.
b) What are the benefits provided by JSP over Servlet? [4 marks]
- Simpler to Write and Maintain - JSP allows embedding Java code directly into HTML,
which is more intuitive for web developers compared to writing complete Java classes in
servlets.
- Separation of Concerns - With JSP, the Java code can be separated from HTML, making the
code cleaner.
- Maintainability - With JSP, changes to the presentation layer can often be made without
modifying the underlying Java code, making it easier to update web pages.
- Pre-Compiled Performance - JSPs are compiled into servlets by the server at runtime,
offering performance similar to servlets.
- Built-in Support for Web Elements- JSP has implicit objects like request, response, and
session, reducing the need to manually initialize these objects as in servlet.
- Support for Expression Language - JSP supports Expression Language, which allows for
easier access to data stored in JavaBeans, request parameters, and session attributes without
needing verbose Java code.
c) Write a program that uses JSP declaration tag to define a method which returns the
cube
of given number and calling this method from the JSP expression tag [5 marks]
<html>
<body>
<%!
int cube(int n){
return n*n*n*;
}
%>
<%= "Cube of 3 is:"+cube(3) %>
</body>
</html>
d) Using codes as examples, describe the steps of creating a JavaFX application [7 marks]
1. Set up the JavaFX Environment: Ensure needed JavaFX libraries are added.
2.Create Main Class: This is where we should extend our Application.
3. Override the start Method: It is here that you will be setting up your UI.
4. Create UI Components: This will involve the use of the various kinds of controls, such as
Button, Label, Textfield e.t.c.
5. Setup Layout: Using the layout managers, set up your UI elements.
6. Create a Scene: Using the layout, create a Scene object and set it on the primary stage.
7. Launch the Application

// Step 1
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
//Step 2
public class HelloWorldApp extends Application {
//Step 3
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Step 4
Label helloLabel = new Label("Hello, World!");
//Step 5
StackPane root = new StackPane();
root.getChildren().add(helloLabel);
//Step 6
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 200);
primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
//Step 7
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);

Members

- Mireille Velma 22/05672

- Antony Kiragu 22/05697
- Victor Kyalo 22/05753
- Lloyd katiku 22/07351
- Munene Nicholas 22/05380
- Hellen kivuva 22/06076
- Winnie Nyakio 22/07047