Chapter One

Overview of computers

Introduction to Computer Science and

Application
1
 Chapter Objective
➢ Identify the basic concepts of computer and its structure
➢ Identify the characteristics of computers
➢ Categorize computers based on the apropriate
catagirization mechanism
➢ applications and application area of computers
➢ Identify the basic limitations of computers
➢ Discuses the history of computers
➢ Discuses the different generation of computers

2
 Introduction
 The name computer comes from a Latin word computer, meaning “to rechon” or “to
compute” and can be applied to abacus or any adding machine as to the modern
computer.
 Computer is any calculating device or machine, which is electrical, mechanical or
electromechanical. But that doesn’t mean that computer performs only calculation.
 Computer is an electronic device that stores, retrives and processes data and can be
programmed with instructions.
 Computer is composed of hardware and software
 Computer is an electronic device which accepts and processes data by following a set of
instructions (Programs) to produce a result (Information).
 The ultimate aim of computer is to produce information, so the art of computing is often
reffered to as information processing
3
 Cont... (Introduction)
 The main idea and objective of the processing is:
 The following figure shows the processing of information.

4
 Characteristics of Computers
 Characteristics of computers shows the capacity and the potential of the computer for
processing data.This saves time, space, coast, labor and etc.
 Speed:
 Computer is a very fast device
 Computer works only one step at a time.
 Its speed is measured by the amount of time it took to perform or carry out a basic
operation.
 Computer speed measured in terms of micro second (10-6 one millionths), nano
second (10-9 one billionths), and pico second (10-12 one trillionths)
 Accuracy:
 Accuracy of computer is consistently high
 The degreee of accuracy for a particulat computer depends on the instructions and
5 the type of processor
 Cont... (Characteristics ofComputers)
 Versatility:
 It is the multi processing features of computers
 Used to perform differnent types of taskswith the same ease
 One moment, it is used to prepare the result of examination, the next moment used
to prepare bill, on the other moment used to play games and so on
 Reliability:
 Computers never make mistakes of thier own accord
 Deligence:
 Computer does not suffer from the human traits of tiredness
 Computers does not lose concentration even after working continuesly for long time
 Can perform long and complex calculations with same speed and accuracy
 Storgae:
6  Computers have a lot of storage devices which can stor tremendous amount of data
 Types of Computers
 There are different types of computers.Their differences depend on different categories of
characteristics.
 Classification by the method of operation (processing)
 Computers are classified by the type of data they are designed toprocess.
 They are classified into three: Analog, Digital and Hybrid Computers
 Classification by purpose of application
 Computers can be applied or used for different purposes.
 They are classified as special purpose or general purpose computers.
 Classification by physical size,price, capacity and performance
 At this stage, by a computer, we mean a general-purpose digital computer. General
purpose digital computers are then classified as follows by their capacity andsize.
 Super Computers, Mainframe Computers, Mini Computers &Micro Computers
7
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 AnalogComputers:
 Operate by measuring.
 They deal with continues variables, they don’t compute directly with numbers,
rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as pressure, temperature,
voltage, current etc.
 They are special purpose computers.
 However, analog computers have limitedaccuracy
 Examples
 Thermometer
 Voltmeter
 Gasoline pomp – Contains an analog Computer that converts the flow of
pumped fuel into two measurements the price of the delivered gas and the
8 quantity of pumped fuel.
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 Digital Computers:
 Deal with discrete variables, they operate by counting rather than measuring.
 They operate directly up on numbers (or digits) that represent numbers, letters, or
other special symbols.
 The general purpose computers
 Digital computers have very high accuracy and speed than the analog ones.
 Examples:
 Abacus
 Desk &pocketcomputers
 Hybrid Computes:
 The best features of analog and digital computers can be combined into a single
device to form a hybridcomputer.
9
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 Ahybrid computer processes the information by collecting input data with analog
method, converts it into digital quantities, processes the digital values and
converts the output from digital to analog form.
 Example:
 In hospital insensitive-care unit analog devicesmaymeasurea patient’s heart function,
temperature and other vital signs.These measurements maythen beconvertedinto numbers
and supplied to a digital componentin thesystem.
 Special purpose computers:
 They are designed to solve a single type of problem
 Most analog computers are special purpose computers.
 Example:
 The public telephone box
 Traffic control system
10  Ticket machines (used in grocery, super market etc.)
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 General purposecomputers:
 They are designed to solve variety of problems through the use of “store program
concept”.
 Aprogram or set of instructions designed to solve a problem is read and stored into
the memory and then executed by the computer one by one.
 The same computer can be applied to solve another set of problem using different
program.
 General computers are more flexible and versatile.
 Examples
 Micro computers
 Minicomputers
 Super computersetc.
11
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 Supercomputer:
 are the fastest, largest and most potential type of computer.
 They have speed of hundreds of millions of operation per second
 They are multi-user systems in intercontinental range.
 They can carry out enormously complex scientific calculations.
 They are used to process huge amount of data and are commonly used in space
technology centers, meteorology stations, astronomical observatories,
intercontinental communications, and airline organizations.
 Mainframecomputers:
 Smaller than in size and capacity, lower in speed &memory capacity than the super
computers.
 However they are multi-user systems and handle hundreds of users, usually used in
12 large organizations.
 Cont... (Types ofComputers)
 Minicomputers:
 have relatively lower speed, can handle multi-users, are smaller in size than the
mainframe computers.
 They use terminals for inputs and output.
 Mini computers are used in small organizations.
 Microcomputers:
 are the most widely used type of computers.
 They are single users, can fit on desktops, are of varying capacity and easy to handle.
 Microcomputers are sometimes referred as personalcomputers.
 They have video display unit for output purpose.
 Data is entered through the keyboard and by the help of floppy disk.

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 Application of Computers
 The reason of using computers in our daily life is thier capabilities and potentials. Among
the capabilities and potentials of the computers are:
 Store and process large amount of information with high speed and accuracy
 Transmit information across continents via communication channels;
 Simulate events;
 Perform complex mathematical computations and make comparisons;
 Monitor ongoing industrial operations;
 Perform repetitive processes with great ease, speed, and reliability;
 Therefore, computers are applicable for any functions, task or process that requires
these abilities.

14
 Cont... (Application ofComputers)
 The main applications areas of computers are categorized into:
 Commercial or businessapplications
 Covers the use of computers for clerical, administrative, production and
business use.
 Examples:
 Text processing, Accounting and Finance management, Inventory control,
Database management and Statistical analysis
 Scientific, Engineering and Research applications
 Using computers for scientific research, complex mathematicalcalculations,
design work, and analysis and control of physical systems.
 Examplesare:
 Space technology, Meteorological observatory systems,Astronomical
investigations, Design of machines and Control of manufacturing process
15
 Cont... (Application ofComputers)
 Entertainment
 Audio
 Video
 Game
 Education:
 Communication:
 Health:
 Military:

16
 Limitation of Computers
 Besides so many characteristics or capabilities of computers, here are listed below some
limitationof computers.
 Computers doesn’t have much intelligence quient (IQ) and judgment
 They are heavily dependent on human biengs
 They need special languages to perform atask
 They need controlled enviroments
 They need overall efficiency of human beings involved in the system
 Strict quality control for cards papers and other devices required

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 History of Computers
 The invention of Computers is dated back to 1200 B.C. when the first computing device
Abacus was created.
 The French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal developed the
first mechanical adding machine in 1642 to help his father, a civil servant in tax
calculations. Blaise’s adding machine used gears with teeth to represent numbers.
 In 1842 an English mathematician, Charles Babbage was attempting to develop an
automatic computing device for calculation called “Difference engine” but it was never
finished.
 With the aid of lady August Ada Lovelace, Babbage turned his talents to the development of
an analytical machine to compute astronomical tables for the Navy.
 The analytical machine was to be a digital machine capable of one addition per second with
data entered from punched cards and a built in storage unit.
18
 Cont... (History ofComputing)
 In 1945, two University of Pennsylvania scientists, John Mauchly &Presper Eckert, designed the Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), the first general purpose electronic digital computer. It had
over 18,000 vacuum tubes and 500,000 soldered joints and it weighed more than 30 tones and it occupied
over 15,000 Ft2. It consumes enormous amounts of power (140 Kilowatts of power).
 ENIAC did not use internally stored programs. Programs were wired on boards similar to a telephone
switch board.
 One of the major drawbacks of ENIAC was that it had to be programmed manually by setting
switches and plugging and unplugging cables.
 Eckert and Mauchly subsequently developed the UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic computer), the first
electronic computer offered as a commercial product.
 John VonNeuman, a mathematician genius at Princeton, is sometimes called the intellectual father of
computer. He has been credited with developing highly significant stored program theory, and his 1946
paper entitled “Apreliminary discussion of the logical design of an Electronic computing instruments” is the
authoritative statement on storing data and instruction in computers. He also defined and promoted

20 flowcharts as logic aids.

 Generation of Computers
 Although computer professionals do not agree on exact dates or specifics, computer
developments are often categorized by generations.
 Computer generations are usually categorized by dramatic improvement in the hardware,
typically tenfold or better increases in speed and reliability.
 Actually there are five generations and major characteristics that distinguish these
generations are the following;
 Dominant type of electronic circuit elements used.
 Major secondary storage media used.
 Computer language used.
 Types or characteristic of operating system used.
 Memory access time (a time to store or retrieve a word or data from memory).

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 First Generation (1950s)
 used vacuum tubes as the basic components The main features of first generation are:
for memory and circuitry for CPU.  Vacuum tube technology
 Were very expensive and could be afforded  Unreliable
only by very large organizations.  Generated lot ofheat
 In this generation mainly batch processing  Slow input and output devices
operating system were used.  Huge size
 Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic  Need of A.C.
tape were used as input and output devices.  Non-portable
 The computers in this generation used  Some computers of this generation were:
machine code as programming language.  ENIAC
 They operate in a speed of milliseconds  EDVAC
(thousands of a second) and could handle  UNIVAC
more than 10,000 additions each second.  IBM701
22  Most applications were scientific calculations.  IBM650
 Second Generations (early 1960s)
 Transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
 Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices.
 Assembly and high level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
 The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
 They operate in a speed of microseconds(millionths of a second) and could handle more than
200,000 additions each second.

 Some computers of this generation were:

 IBM 1620
 IBM 7094
 CDC 1604
 CDC 3600
23
 UNIVAC1108
 Third Generation (late 1960s, early1970s)
 used integrated circuits  The main features of third generation are:
 Asingle IC has many transistors,resistors  More reliable
and capacitors along with the associated  Generated lessheat
circuitry.  Faster
 The IC was invented by JackKilby.  Lesser maintenance
 computers are smaller in size, reliable and  Stillcostly
efficient.  A.C needed
 Remote processing,timesharing,  Consumed lesserelectricity
multiprogramming operating system were  Some computers of this generation were:
used.  IBM360series
 Highlevel languages FORTRAN − IITOIV ,  Honeywell6000series
COBOL, PASCALPL/1, BASIC,ALGOL  IBM370/168
24 − 68etc. wereused  TDC316
 Fourth Generation (late 1970s,early 1989s,)
 used Very Large Scale Integrated circuits.  VLSI technology used
 VLSIcircuits having about 5000transistors  Verycheap
and other circuit elements and their  Portable andreliable
associated circuits on a single chip  Use of PC's
 More powerful, compact, reliable, and  Very smallsize
affordable.  Pipeline processing
 As a result, it gave rise to personal  No A.C. needed
computer revolution.  Concept of internet wasintroduced
 Time sharing, real time,networks,  Some computers of this generation were:
distributed operating system were used.  DEC10
 All the high-level languages like C, C++,  STAR1000
DBASE etc., were used in this generation.  PDP11
25  The main features of fourth generation are:
 Fifth Generation Computer
 Use ULSI technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten
million electronic components.
 Based on parallel processing hardware and AIsoftware.
 AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of
making computers think like human beings.
 All the highlevel languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in thisgeneration.
 AIincludes:
 Robotics
 NeuralNetworks
 GamePlaying
 Development of expert systems to make decisions in real lifesituations.
 Natural language understanding and generation.
26
 Cont. (Fifth Generation Computer)
 The main features of fifth generation are:
 ULSItechnology
 Development of true artificialintelligence
 Development of Natural language processing
 Ultra Large ScaleIntegration
 ArtificialIntelligence
 Advancement in ParallelProcessing
 Advancement in Superconductor technology
 More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
 Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
 Some computer types of this generation are:
 Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook andChromeBook
27  It is still in developmentprocess
 Summary of generation of computers
Generation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Circuit element Vacuum tube Transistor IC LSI VLSI

Internal storage Punched card Magnetic Magnetic Mass storage

Tape disk device

Language Machine & Fortran, Structured Application

assembly COBOL etc language oriented

Operating Operator Batch Application Time sharing

system control system oriented

Mem. Access 1ms 10µs 10ns 1ns

time
Approx. date 1946-57 1958-64 1965-71 From 1971
above
examples ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM7090, IBM system Late IBM product
UDVAC 7094
 Chapter Two
Components of Computer System

Introduction to Computer Science and

Application

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 Introduction
 Acomputer system is a combination of hardware and software.
 Atypical computer system utilizes a computer that uses programmable device to store,
retrieve and process data.
 Generally, a computer system is composed of two main components: Hardware and
software.
 ComputerHardware:
 The physical part of the computer system
 Can be seen and felt
 Composed of a number of interacted physicalparts
 Example: Keyboard, CPU, Monitor
 Criteria by which computer hardware can be categorized:
 Based on information flows in the computerhardware
29  Based on the significance of the device
 Computer Hardware
 Categories based on information flow:
 InputDevices
 Output Devices
 Storage Devices
 Processing Unit
 Categories based on significance
 System unitand
 PeripheralDevices
 Input Devices
 Used to enter information into computer
 Convert data into the form that can be manipulated in the computer
 Keyboard, mouse, Scanners, Micro phone, light pen, touch screen are main examples
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 Input Devices
 Keyboard
 An input device
 Aset of type writer-like keys
 Used to enter data to acomputers
 Contain additionalkeys
 Keys on a computer key board:
 Alphanumeric keys – letters and numbers
 Punctuation keys – comma, period,etc.
 Special purpose keys – F-keys, control keys, etc
 Design of keyboard:
 The layout (arrangement) of letters, numbers and punctuation of a keyboard.
 the most common types of kwyboard are QWERTY and DVORAK
31
 Cont. (Input Devices)
 Mouse:
 Ahand-operated inputdevice
 Control the movement of the cursor/pointer on a displayscreen
 Parts ofmouse:
 Clickingbuttons
 Scrollwheel
 Handling part
 Buttons onmouse
 Left ClickButton
 Right ClickButton
 Middle (Scroll)Button
 Types ofMouse
32  Wired Mouse and WirelessMouse
 Cont. (Input Devices)
 Optical RecognitionSystems
 Uses light to read characters, codes and marks
 Convert input data into computer understandable format
 Types:
 OCR(optical character recognition system)
 OMR(Optical MarkRecognition)
 Barcodereader
 ImageScanner
 Speech Recognition Systems:
 The ability of computers to recognize human speech (Speech Recognition)
 Microphone:
 Used to enter the speech into computer
33
 Cont. (Input Devices)
 LightPen:
 Alight sensitive pen like device
 used in conjunction with computer monitor
 Used by touch the screen
 TouchScreen:
 Allow to use fingers instead of mouse or related input device
 Enable to enter data/command bytouching
 Not used to enter large amount of data

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 Output Devices
 Used to get data/information out of a computer
 Convert information from machine-understandable form
 There are two types of outputs:
 Softcopyand
 Hardcopy
 Examples:
 Monitor (Display Screen) or visual displayunit
 Printer
 Speakers
 Projectors
 plotters

35
 Cont. (Output Devices)
 Monitor:
 The most frequent type of output device
 Consists screen(display surface) which displays output
 Image is displayed on monitors using pattern of lighted dots (pixel)
 Types ofMonitor:
 CRT (Cathode RayTube)
 LCD display (Liquid Crystal Display)
 Plasma display - Substitutes neon gas for liquid crystal
 CRT:
 Similar in size and technology to televisions
 Uses electronic guns that emit electrons
 LCD:
 Most commonly used in digital watches, clocks, calculators and etc.
36  Uses liquid crystals for display purpose
 Cont. (Output Devices)
 Printer:
 Adevice that enables us to produce a hardcopy
 Types of Printers (based on printingmethod):
 ImpactPrinters
 Non-ImpactPrinters
 ImpactPrinters:
 Prints by striking paper, ribbon and charactertogether
 Example: Dot-matrixPrinter
 Non-ImpactPrinters:
 Print by spraying ink or heat and pressure to fuse black powder ontopaper
 Examples: Ink Jet, LaserJet,Thermal

37
 Cont. (Output Devices)
 Plotters:
 Used to produce high quality drawings such as bar charts, maps, architectural
drawings and three dimensional drawings.
 Can produce high quality multi-color documents
 Can print on large size papers, which most printers can’t handle.
 Projector:
 An output device that can take images generated by a computer and reproduce them
on large, flat surface.
 Speakers:
 It is also an output device which is connected to a computer’s sound card that outputs a
sound generated by thecomputer.

38
 Storage Devices:
 Any computing hardware capable of storing, porting and extracting information
 Without storage device, computer’s computers would not be able to save any setting or
information.
 Two types of storagedevices:
 Primary storage device: smaller in size, designed to hold data temporarily, internal to
the computer, fastest in data access speed, RAM&Cache Memory
 Secondary storagedevice:
 Usually have large storage capacity
 Store datapermanently
 Internal and external to the computer
 Example: Hard disc, Compact disc drive, USBstoragedevice.
 Based on information access, secondary storage devices are divided into two:
 Sequential Access: information is accessedsequentially
39
 Random Access: information can be accessed in any order
 Cont. (Storage Devices)
 Random Access Media
 Magneticdiscs
 Floppydiscs
 Hard discs
 Opticaldiscs
 CD
 DVD
 Flash Memory Storage
 USBFlash Disk
 Solid StateDrives
 MemoryStick

40
 Cont. (Storage Devices)
 Magneticdiscs:
 Most widely used storage medium on all computer
 Magneticmaterial
 High storagecapacity
 Reliable
 Fast data access during writing andreading
 Metal/plastic platters coated with ferrous oxide
 Examples: Floppy disc and Hard disc
 Hard DiskDrive:
 High capacity magneticdisc
 Secondary storage device with very fast accessibility of data
 Contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to
store data, instructions, and information
41
 Cont. (Storage Devices)
 OpticalDiscs:
 Use laser light to read/write data
 Uses high powered laser to burn data
 Uses low powered laser to read data
 Types: CD (Compact disc) and DVD(Digital Versatile disc)
 CD(Compactdiscs):
 Can store 700MBof information
 Data store in one side
 Type:
 CD-ROM: Readonly
 CD-R: once recordable
 CD-RW: Read/Write manytimes
 DVD: Can store 4-17 GBofinformation/data
42
 Cont. (Storage Devices)
 Flash MemoryStorage:
 chips which are a type of solid state media
 contain no movingparts
 Examples: Memory Card, USBFlash Device
 Memory Cards: a removable flash device that you insert and remove from a slot ina
computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer
 Example: Micro SD, Compact Flash, Memory Stick

43
 Processing Unit
 Parts of a computer hardware which are responsible for execution of instructions
 Example: CPU, RAM, BUS and Coprocessors
 CPU:
 Also calledmicroprocessors
 Asemiconductor device which consists software controlled LSIchips
 Executes instructions and perform computer’s activity
 Components:
 ControlUnit
 ALU
 Register/Memories

44
 Cont. (Processing Unit)
 ControlUnit:
 Control the computerhardware
 Doesn’t execute instructions by itself
 Direct other processingelements
 Fetch information from memory &decode it
 Send signal to hardware unit to carry out the instruction
 ALU:
 Execute instruction
 Operations:
 Arithmetic operation
 Logicoperation
 Registers:
 Temporary storage of data for execution
45  Types: data Registers, address Registers, program Register
 Cont. (Processing Unit)
 MainMemory
 Store program instructions and data
 Stores Data which is being processed Operating system &Application software
instructions
 Types: RAM, ROM andCMOS
 RAM:
 TemporaryStorage
 Volatile
 Directly accessed byCPU
 ROM:
 Store information permanently
 Have built in programs &could not be changed or erased by the user
 Contain specials instruction called BIOS
46  Types: ROM, PROM, EPROM andEEPROM
 Cont. (Processing Unit)
 CMOS:
 contains essential information that is required when the computer is turned on.
 non-volatile
 modifiable to incorporatechanges.
 powered by battery when computer is off
 E.g. RAMsize, type of mouse, etc.

47
 Peripherals and System Units
 PeripheralDevices:
 Any device connected to the system unit
 Keyboards, monitor, scanners, printers andetc.
 SystemUnit:
 Main body of desktop computers
 Contain Motherboard, Power supply, Cooling fans, internal disc Drives, Memory,
expansion slots and ports.
 PowerSupply:
 Converts 120/240 volts ACto 5/12 volts DC
 Has built-in power on/off switches
 Has power connectors for motherboard and disc drives
 Drives:
 Devices that read and write data/information from/onto storage devices.
48  Example: Hard disc Drive, CD Drive and DVD drive
 Cont. (Peripherals and SystemUnits)
 Motherboard:
 Also called system board
 Central/primary circuitboard
 Contains CPU Slot, CPU, Memory Slots, Memory, Expansion slots, power
cords, buses andetc.
 Ports andConnectors:
 Asocket used to connect peripherals
 An interface between the computer andperipherals
 Have different physicalshape
 Type: Serial and Parallel Port
 Expansion Cards and Slots
 Expansion slot is a socket designed to hold circuit boards called expansion cards,
which provide additional functionality to our computer.
49  Example: Sound Card,TV Card,VideoCard
 Assignment
Answer the Following Question clearly and shortly
1. Advantage and disadvantage of CRT, LCD and Plasma Monitors
2. Explain each types of printers how they work (print) (impact and non impact printers)
3. Advantage and disadvantage of impact printers and non-impact printers
4. Describe each sequential access memory and its advantage and disadvantage.
5. Describe type, characteristics and parts of hard disc (Hard Drive)
6. Explain at least 3 types of keyboards
7. Advantage and disadvantage of magnetic discs and optical discs (add their similarity and
difference)

50
 Interconnecting components and information
movement in computer system
Bus:- is the information transmission line to different parts of computer
system.
Internal Bus:-which communicates the different parts of the CPU
External Bus:-communicates the CPU with memory and peripheral
devices. The size of the bus determines the speed of efficiency of the
computer.
 Continued’ …
Address Bus: - is a unidirectional bus over which digital
information is transferred to identify either a particular memory
location or particular I/O address.
Data Bus: - a bus system which interconnects the CPU, memory
and all the peripheral Input / Output devices of a computer
system for the purpose of exchanging data.
Control Bus: - a bus used to select and enable an area of main
storage and transmit signals required to regulate the computer
operation.
 Computer Software
• Software:
– Set of instruction, documentation and user manuals that
instruct a computer hardware to perform a specific task.
– Is the invisible part of our computer system
– Need programming language like C, C++ and Java to write
them
– Types of software:
• System software
• Application software

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 Computer Software
• System Software:
– Control the actual operation of the computer resource
– Provide basic functionality needed by the user and other
application software
– Used to run the computer system and networks
– Type:
• Operating system
• Utility software
• Language translator

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 Computer Software
• Operating System:
– Mange and organize computer resources
– Provide common service for users and other software run on
the computer
– Main functions:
• Process management: controls all processes that are being executed
and waiting for execution
• Input/output management: coordinate the computer communication
with the outside world, flow of data and process of preparing the disc
for use.
• Memory management: allocate/assign memory for storing operating
system instructions, application program instructions and data to be
processed.
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 Computer Software
• System administration: manages the performance of the system
(response time), system security (user name and password) and
storage device management (deleting, renaming files …)
– Types of Operating System:
• Based on the number of programs they can handle at a time:
Single Tasking and Multi-Tasking Operating System
• Based on the number of users they can handle at a time: Single
User and Multi User Operating Systems

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 Computer Software
• Utility Programs:
– Make computingeasier
– Perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources/files
– Help to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain a computer resource
– Example:
• Troubleshooting Programs: used to find, recognize and correct computer
problem before they become serious.
• Anti-Virus Programs: protect computers against viruses or malicious
programs that damage computer
• File compression programs
• Uninstall programs
• Backup software

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 Computer Software
• LanguageTranslators:
– Convert the programming instruction written by users into binary code
– Written for specific programming languages and computer system
– Example:
• Compilers and translators
• Application Software:
– Performs useful work for users
– Aset of one or more programs designed to carry out a specific
application/task
– Example:
• Word Processing and Spreadsheet
• Database Management System (DBMS)
• Accounting software
• Computer Aided Design
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End!