Computer Hardware, Maintenance & Administration (20CS32P)

I/O Devices and interfaces [week-1 Lab]

1. Hardware Identification

Computer Case - 4 Different Types of Computer Case

1. Full tower
2. Mid Tower
3. Mini Tower
4. SFF and HTPC

Features

Front panel

The front panel of a computer

consists of power button, CD/DVD
drive, floppy drive, head
phone/mic ports, and USB ports.

Back panel

The back panel is the portion of

the motherboard that allows you
to connect external devices, such
as your monitor, speakers,
keyboard, and mouse.

A look inside the computer case

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Identify the front and rear panel controls and ports on a PC cabinet

PS/2 Port
• Used for old computer keyboard and
mouse.
• Most of the old computers provide two
PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard

Serial Port
• Used for external modems and older
computer mouse
• Also called as COM (Communication) /
RS-232 port
• Two versions: 9 pins, 25 pin model
• Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

Parallel Port
• Used for scanners and printers
• Also called as printer port/LPT (Line Print
Terminal) port 25 pin model
• Data travels at 150 kB/s

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

• It can connect all kinds of external USB
devices such as external hard disk,
printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc.
• Most of the computers provide two USB
ports as minimum.
• USB compliant devices can get power
from a USB port.

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Power Connector port
• Three-pronged plug
• Connects to the computer's power cable
that plugs into a power bar or wall
socket.

Ethernet Port
• Connects to a network and high-speed
Internet.
• Connect network cable to a computer.
• Data travels at 10Mbps to 1Gbps per
seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth.
• Also called as network/ LAN/ RJ-45 port.

Audio ports
• A computer's audio ports link the
computer's sound hardware with your
speakers, microphone, headsets or other
audio equipment.

Identify and understand different cables and connectors

Video cables Cables Connectors

VGA (Video Graphics Array) Port
• Connects monitor to a
computer's video card.
• It has 15 holes.
• VGA provides a maximum
resolution of 640 x 480 pixels

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia

Interface) port
• A standard for simultaneously
transmitting digital video and
audio from a source, such as a
computer or TV cable box, to a
computer monitor, TV or
projector.
• HDMI provides a resolution of up
to 4096x2160 pixels

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Display port
• It is abbreviated as DP, is a digital
audio and video interface.
• Its connections come in two
varieties: Standard and the
smaller Mini DisplayPort.
• It is an opening in the computer
that connects to a monitor,
projector, or TV cable.
DVI (Digital Visual Interface) port
• It is a video display interface used
to connect a video source, such
as a computer, monitor.
• This interface is designed to
transmit uncompressed digital
video.
• It can be configured to support
multiple modes such as DVI-A
(analog only), DVI-D (digital only)
or DVI-I (digital and analog)
• DVI provides a resolution of up to
1920 x 1200 pixels

Peripheral cables

Hard drive cables Cable Connector

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
Cable
• A SATA hard drive cable has seven
conductors and is smaller than an
IDE/PATA cable.
• A SATA cable connects a single hard drive
to a single connector on the SATA
controller, which is usually found on the
computer's motherboard.
PATA / IDE (Parallel Advanced Technology
Attachment / Integrated Drive Electronics) Cable
• An IDE/PATA hard drive cable is a ribbon
cable containing 40 pins. Either one or
two devices may be connected to an
IDE/PATA cable
• For example, an IDE/PATA CD, DVD drive
may be connected along with an IDE/PATA
hard drive on the same cable.

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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Cable
• SCSI cables look similar to IDE/PATA
cables in that both drives use ribbon
cables.
• SCSI cables have more pins than IDE
cables. Depending on the SCSI interface, a
SCSI cable may have 50 or 68 pins
(IDE/PATA drives have 40).
• Like IDE, multiple SCSI devices can be
connected to a single channel through
"daisy chaining." Depending on the SCSI
interface, as many as 7 or 15 devices may
be connected to a single SCSI channel.

Adapters

DVI to HDMI USB to ethernet DVI to VGA

Installation of a local printer

Steps
• Get the Installation Disk that come along with purchased Printer. (Or download the
proper installable Printer Driver from Legal Website).
• Connect the Printer to the PC where Printer to be installed using Printer Data Cable
(possibly USB).
• Connect the Printer to the Power supply Slot. And Check the Printer is Turned ON.
• Insert the CD / (Downloaded Installable driver) into your computer and follow the
installation wizard using all defaults.
• If you DO NOT have the installation CD that came with your printer or added Printer
Icon is got removed: proceed to Manual Installation and follow directions (as
mentioned below).

Installing Manually
• Click the START button and select DEVICES AND PRINTERS.

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• Select "Add a printer"

• Select "Add a Local Printer"

• Choose to "Use an Existing Port", and leave as default "LPT1: (Printer Port)" If you
already have another printer connected to this PC, you may need to change to USB

• Select "Windows Update" to populate the list of known printers. This may take
several minutes.
Then choose your printer from the list. If multiple drivers are listed for your
printer, select the one that say HP. For instance: HP LaserJet 1020

• Choose a name for your printer. The default name is fine, unless you have multiples
of the same printer.

• If you wish to test your printer to make sure it was installed correctly, select "Print a
test page"
• When you're all done, press "Finish".

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Shared printer

Installation of Shared Printer through Wired and Wireless Means

1. Share the printer on the primary PC

There are two ways to share your printer: using Settings or Control Panel.

Share your printer using Settings

• Select the Start button, then select Settings > Devices > Printers & scanners.
• Choose the printer you want to share, and then select Manage.
• Select Printer Properties, and then choose the Sharing tab.
• On the Sharing tab, select Share this printer.
• If you want, edit the share name of the printer. You'll use this name to connect to
the printer from a secondary PC.

2. Connect the Shared Printer to another PC

There are two ways to connect a shared printer to another PC: using Settings or
Control Panel.
• Select the Start button, then select Settings > Devices > Printers & scanners.
• Under Add printers & scanners, select Add a printer or scanner.
• Choose the printer you want, and then select Add Device.

• If you don’t see the printer you want, select the printer that I want isn’t listed.
• In the Add printer dialog box, select a shared printer by name, and then enter the
computer or device name of the primary PC and the share name of the printer using
one of these formats: \\computername\printername
• When prompted to install the printer driver, select Next to complete the installation.
• Finally, Printer Icon for the Remoter Printer will appear in Devices List.

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Installing wireless and cloud printers

Installing Cloud Printer

• Download PrinterShare Software (full Version) from
http://download.printershare.com/files/PrinterShare2308.exe
• Install PrinterShare in Personal Computer (Windows OS).
• Launch the PrinterShare Software at the end of Installation.
• Login to PrinterShare Software with valid Gmail Account by Clicking icon at Taskbar
(or Search for PrinterShare Console) at TaskBar. Provide password of your own
choice.
• Select the Printer which is to be shared (From Share Local Printer Lists).
• Click Share (Which will appear in Remote Printers List after Success).
• Download and Install "PrinterShare" Software Application in Mobile (Another
Device) using Google Play Store.
• In Mobile, Login PrinterShare App with Username and Password (Which is available
in message sent to Gmail account, in case of Forgot Password)
• Select the File to be printed remotely From Mobile Gallery and Click on Print, Select
the Shared Printer Name which is Shared in Personal Computer.
• And Click Print.
• Go to Personal Computer, the New Printing job is now available at Personal
Computer PrinterShare Application and automatically Prints the file which is sent
remotely.

PrinterShare Software GUI at Desktop and Android Mobile.

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Power Supplies [week-2 Lab]

1. Unmount the power supply from PC cabinet

Before we begin to unmount the Power supply unit from computer, follow the below
procedure
• Turn off the computer. Disconnect the cables of peripheral devices connected to
your CPU and disconnect the power cord.
• Remove the right/left side cover of the cabinet.
• Transfer the computer to a clear, flat, stable work surface over a non-carpeted floor.
• Wear an anti-static wrist strap to avoid ESD.
• Disconnect the power supply connector of mother board, hard disk drive and other
drives.
• Remove the screws of the SMPS and take it out

Precautions to be taken while mounting and unmounting power supply into/ from the
cabinet
• Wear Anti-static wrist strap attached to a grounded device to avoid damage from
static electricity.
• Discharge static electricity by touching the metal case of a safely grounded object
before working on the SMPS.
• Make sure you connect proper load as per the specifications otherwise it might burn.
• Make sure to tighten the screws and connection.
• Don't keep it in direct sunlight, humid atmosphere for a long duration.

Identify the types of output connectors

Power-IN
• The power-IN connector as shown in the
figure is the input for MAINS supply.
• A power cable is inserted here, the other
end of which is connected to mains supply.
• The input supply gets converted to DC
supply.
Power-OUT
• The power-OUT connector is connected
directly to the Power-IN connector from
inside the supply unit.
• It supplies the same AC supply that is fed to
power-IN socket.
• The power-OUT connector is used to give
supply to monitors or any display unit.
FAN
• If we look at the back side of Computer-SMPS, we will find a FAN at the right side.

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• The FAN as we can see, blows the air out and is only used to dissipate the internal
heat from the SMPS since the switching is done at high frequencies which create a
lot of heat inside.
ATX connector
• As you can see in the image, it is a 24-pin
female connector which is used to supply
DC supply to the motherboards.
• Various color-coded wires connect to this
connector and each colored wire supplies
distinct DC voltage.
ATX-12V connector
• Latest SMPS power supplies are
accompanied by an extra 4-pin connector.
• It supplies 12 volts to energize the central
processing unit and other components of
the motherboard.
AT Connectors
• Earlier motherboards used to support AT
connectors (6-pin each) also called P8 and
P9 connectors to supply power to these
motherboards (upto 486 boards).
Molex connectors
• There are multiple 4-pin connectors that
draw out from the SPMS unit.
• These connectors are used to supply DC
power to various peripherals of computer
like a hard disk drive or CD/DVD-writers.
SATA-output connector
• To feed the power to latest SATA hard
drives, CD/DVD drive, these connectors are
used.

PCI Express (PCIe) power cable

• This cable is used to provide extra 12-volt
power to PCI Express expansion cards.

Mini plug connector

• To feed the power to Floppy drive.

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2. Identify output voltages using color coding

3. Measure voltage levels using multi meter

4. Mount the power supply into the PC cabinet, connect different
components and test PC
Equipment required
➢ Multi-meter
➢ Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
➢ Power Cable
➢ Piece of wire

Steps
• Take a multi-meter & set it to 0 to 20 volts DC.
• Open the cover of the cabinet.
• Disconnect the power supply connector of mother board, hard disk drive and other
drive.
• Remove the screws of the SMPS and take it out.
• Take a piece of wire to short the Green and black metal connectors of SMPS.
• Keep multi-meter’s black probe on metal connector of black wire.
• Switch on the power supply of SMPS.
• Keep the red probe on metal connector of the SMPS & note down the reading.
• After noting down reading, switch off the SMPS.
• Mount SMPS into cabinet and also connect the removed cables back.
• Close the cover of the cabinet.
• Switch on the PC and check whether our PC working fine.

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5. Trouble shoot Power supply through SMPS fan
• Turn off the computer completely.
• Remove the screws that are present in the side panel of your computer.

• Remove the connections that are connected to motherboard from SMPS.

• Use a paper clip/ Piece of wire and bend it in U shape.

• Locate green and black wire. Please note, that there will be one green wire and
many black Wires. And short the Green and black metal connectors of SMPS.

• Connect the Power cable and Power on the SMPS.

• The SMPS Fan Will Spin, if it is working.

• The same can be confirmed by hearing the fan spinning noise or air coming out of
the fan.

6. Diagnose power supply faults using PSU Tester

Below are the instructions to Use a PSU Tester
• Unplug the computer from the main source that means removing the power cable
from the backside of the SMPS/PSU of the PC.
• Now open the cabinet cover. Remove the screws or the plastic latch lock depending
upon the type of the cabinet.

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• After opening the PC cover, now carefully disconnect all the power connectors from
the motherboard and other peripheral parts. Just disconnect only the connectors
that are coming from the SMPS, not the other cables from the motherboard.
• Now take the 24-pin/20-pin power supply connector and 4/6/8 pin ATX power
connector and plug it into the PSU (Power Supply Unit) tester.
• Next Turn on the power of the computer that means re-plug the power cable back
to the SMPS.
• Now, Plug both the ATX 24-pin/20-pin Motherboard Power Connector and ATX 4-
pin Motherboard Power Connector into the PSU tester.
• Confirm the LCD on the power supply tester is lit, and you see numbers in all the
fields. The motherboard power connectors plugged into the power supply tester
support the entire range of voltages that your PSU can deliver, including +3.3 VDC,
+5 VDC, +12 VDC, and -12 VDC. If any voltage reads "LL" or "HH" or if the LCD screen
doesn't light up at all, the power supply is not working properly, we need to replace
it.
• Next, plug in the other peripheral connector (15-pin SATA Power Connector or a 4-
pin Molex Power Connector) ONE-BY ONE in the tester and note down the readings.
Make sure the voltage readings are well-below the prescribed tolerance levels as
mentioned on the PSU.
• After the testing is complete, turn off and unplug the power supply, disconnect the
power cables from the PSU tester, and then reconnect the SMPS back to cabinet and
connect all the cables which we have disconnected.

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Basic Electronics [week-3 Lab]

1. Identify the electrical and electronic components used in a computer and

tabulate them as active and passive components

• Active Components: The electronic component which needs an external power

supply for its operation is called Active Component.
• Passive Components: The electronic component which does not need any external
power supply for its operation or they only pass the electric current is called Passive
Component.

2. Identify the working and non-working state of basic components and

semiconductor devices

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3. Using multi meter- Check Output voltage of basic components and
semiconductor devices

To identify the working and nonworking state of a semiconductor devices, it is better

to check with the multi-meter.

Identifying the PN Diode terminals

• Diodes are one of the basic and important
components in electronic circuits that are used
for protection, rectification, switching, and many
other applications.
• They are one of the first components to be
damaged in case of a fault and hence, it is
necessary to know how to check whether a diode
is properly working or not.
• The diode is a two terminal semiconductor device
that allows current to flow only in one direction.
• Before testing a diode, we have to first identify the terminals of the diode i.e., its
Anode and Cathode. Most of the PN Junction diodes have a white band on its body
and the terminal near this white band is the cathode. And the remaining one is
anode.

Procedure for testing PN junction diode

1. Identify the anode and cathode terminals of the diode.
2. Keep the Digital Multi-meter (DMM) in diode checking mode by rotating the central
knob to the position where the diode symbol is indicated. In this mode, the multi
meter is capable to supply a current of approximately 2mA between the test leads.
3. Connect the red probe of the multi-meter to the anode and black probe to the
cathode. This means the diode is forward-biased.
4. Observe the reading on multi meter's display. If the displayed voltage value is in
between 0.6 to 0.7 (for a Silicon Diode), then the diode is healthy and perfect. For
Germanium Diodes, this value is in between 0.25 to 0.3.
5. Now, reverse the terminals of the meter i.e., connect the red probe to cathode and
black to anode. This is the reverse biased condition of the diode where no current
flows through it. Hence, the meter should read OL or 1 (which is equivalent to open
circuit) if the diode is healthy.

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Testing of LED (Light Emitting Diode)
• Before testing any diode, we must
know its pins (terminals). The
terminals of the LED can be
identified by the length of the leads.
• Longer one is anode and the
shorter one is the cathode. Also,
another method is using the surface
structure wherein a flat surface
indicates the cathode and other one
is the anode.

Procedure for testing LED

1. Identify the anode and cathode terminals of the LED.
2. Place the multi-meter selector / knob in diode mode.
3. Connect the probes of the meter to LED such that it is forward-biased.
4. If the LED is working properly, then it glows otherwise the LED is defective.
5. Reverse-biased testing cannot be possible with LED since it doesn't work in reverse-
biased condition.

Testing of BJT Transistor

• A Bipolar Junction Transistor (also known as a BJT or BJT Transistor) is a three-
terminal semiconductor device consisting of two P-N junctions which are able to
amplify or magnify a signal.
• It is a current controlled device. The three terminals of the BJT are the Base, the
Collector and the Emitter. A BJT is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and
holes as charge carriers.

Procedure to check BJT transistor

1. First turn ON digital multi-meter and select diode mode.
2. Connect the test leads to the transistor terminals. Keep test leads connected for a
few seconds at like this (A) connection.
3. Read the measurement displayed. If the transistor value is within the measurement
range, the multi-meter will display the transistor value.
4. Displayed multi-meter value is from 0 above 150, the transistor is good.
5. Displayed multi-meter value is O or .OL, the transistor is bad.

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Testing of Resistor
Resistor
• It is a Passive component which obstruct the flow of electric current.
• S.I. unit of resistor is ohms (2). It is derived from Greek word.

NOTE: Identify the color coding of the resistor and note down the resistor values and clarify
through the expression manually:
AB*10%ED%

Resistor color code table

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Procedure to check resistor

1. Turn on the multi-meter and set the nobe to the required resistance.
2. Connect the two probes to the terminals of the resistor.
3. Since it has no polarity in resistor, we can connect its terminal of any side.
4. The value of the resistor depends upon the colour band of the resistor.

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Mother Board [week-4 Lab]

1. Precautions to be taken before removing the mother board from PC

cabinet
A few warnings and reminders before we start disassembling our computer tower to
keep both your unit and yourself safe
1. Fully shut down and unplug the computer before we make any attempts to
disassemble the motherboard.
2. Take off any metal objects on our arms or fingers such as bracelets, rings or watches.
3. Make sure our hands are completely dry to avoid damaging any mechanical parts as
well as to avoid electrocution and work in a cool area.
4. Wear anti-static wrist band before touching any part within the motherboard or
touch the metal surface (such as the computer casing) to remove static charge,
which may damage sensitive devices.
5. Prepare a place to keep any screws you may remove.
6. If a motherboard does not come out easily, do not forcefully remove it. Instead,
check that you are removing it correctly.
7. Be careful not to drop any small parts particularly screws into motherboard. Use
magnetic tip screw driver.
8. Be careful when holding the motherboard, it's underside actually quite pointy and
able to hurt you.

2. Using the CPUID CPU-Z-tool, find different features of CPU

CPU-Z is a freeware utility from CPUID that detects information about our computer
processor, motherboard, memory and graphics card. The software provides an in-depth
report of the specifications and performance of our computer’s hardware.

https://www.cpuid.com/softwares/cpu-z.html
• Visit the above official website to download the CPU-Z software and follow the
instructions to install.

How to Use CPU-Z to View our PC Information

The interface of CPU-Z is simple and very easy to use. After opening the tool, it
automatically scans all of our hardware and then returns the information back to the screen
of the tool.
• The first tab is to show CPU information. From this tab (CPU), we can view processor
name, how many cores & threads, code name, socket, max TDP, technology, clock
speed, cache and much more. If you are using two processors in one mainboard,
there is a drop-down menu to select "Processor #1" and "Processor #2".

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• There is a "Bench" tab in CPU-Z that allows us to do a benchmark for your CPU and
then compares to other CPUs.

• There is also a version of CPU-Z for Google's Android. If we want to see hardware
information about our Android smartphone or tablet, download the app from the
Google Play store.

3. Check the Electric flow path and data flow path

• The motherboard is kind of like the blood vessels inside the human body which
connect to all the vital organs.
• Instead of blood vessels, the motherboard uses tiny electrical paths to connect each
component of the computer.
• The motherboard is what ties everything together inside the computer.

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• The Chipset (2 chips on this motherboard), manage and direct the flow of data
between the components.
• The BIOS is where the computer's settings are stored and changed.
• Motherboards are judged primarily by their chipsets; although, the BIOS, and the
type and amount of expansion slots are also important.

4. Windows resource monitor

• Resource Monitor, is a utility in Windows Vista and later, displays information about
the use of hardware (CPU, memory, disk, and network) and software (file handles
and modules) resources in real time. Users can launch Resource Monitor by
executing "resmon” command in Run prompt (Win + R).

The Resource Monitor window includes 5 tabs

1. Overview
2. CPU: Displays column lists of Processes, Services, Associated Handles and Associated
Modules and charts of CPU Usage
3. Memory: Displays overall Physical Memory consumption and separate consumption
of every Process and charts of Used Physical Memory
4. Disk: Displays Processes with Disk Activity and Storage; charts of Disk Usage (KB/sec)
and Disk Queue Length
5. Network: Displays Processes with Network Activity, TCP Connections and Listening
Ports; charts of Network Usage and TCP Connections

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5. Using the CPUID CPU-Z-tool, identify the CPU cache features of your
working system

• Cache is a small amount of memory which is a part of the CPU - closer to the CPU
than RAM. It is used to temporarily hold instructions and data that the CPU is likely
to reuse.
• The CPU control unit automatically checks cache for instructions before requesting
data from RAM. This save fetching the instructions and data repeatedly from RAM.

Cache is graded as Level 1 (L1), Level 2 (L2) and Level 3 (L3):

• L1 is usually part of the CPU chip itself and is both the smallest and the fastest to
access. Its size is often restricted to between 8 KB and 64 KB.
• L2 and L3 caches are bigger than L1. They are extra caches built between the CPU
and the RAM, Sometimes L2 is built into the CPU with L1. L2 and L3 caches take
slightly longer to access than 11. The more L2 and L3 memory available, the faster a
computer can run.

CPU-Z tool:
• There is no separate tab for Cache. The features of cache memory are present in CPU
tab.
• “Cache" options shows L1, L2 and L3 cache of your processor.

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Chipsets [week-5 Lab]

1. Identify system faults using POST diagnostics card.

• A POST test card displays error codes generated during the Power On Self-Test. It is
used to identify problems that can be detected as the computer is starting up.
• POST codes correspond directly to a test that has failed and can help determine
what piece of hardware causes problems, regardless if it is the memory, hard drives,
keyboard, etc.
• If the system doesn't encounter an error during the boot process after the video card
is activated, then the error can be displayed on the screen. This type of error is not
the same as a POST code but instead is called a POST error message, which is a
human-readable message. POST test cards are also known as checkpoint cards and
port 80h cards.

Installation Procedure TO INSTALL A Diagnostic Card

1. Install the Diagnostic Card in any available PCI or ISA expansion slot.
2. Power on the machine.
3. Install External Speaker Connection if required
4. Observe POST CODE.

2. Understand basic onboard configurations through UEFI.

Main Menu: When we start the BIOS configuration program of our system, we might
see a GUI menu (UEFI CMOS Setup Utility menu)

1. Main/Standard Features/Settings: The Main/Standard Features/Settings menus

frequently report system features (such as the motherboard model and onboard
RAM) and sometimes also configure the system's date and time. To access other
settings, use arrow keys or your mouse to highlight the appropriate icon or text
menu.

2. Discovering System Information: Most systems display system information such as

processor type, clock speed, cache memory size, installed memory (RAM), and BIOS
information from within the BIOS.

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3. Boot Settings and Boot Sequence: Most computers include settings that control
how the system boots and the sequence in which drives are checked for bootable
operating system files.

4. Integrated Ports and Peripherals: Typical desktop systems are loaded with onboard
ports and features, and the menus are typical of the BIOS menus used to enable,
disable, and configure storage, audio, network, and USB ports.
5. SATA Configuration: Use the SATA configuration options to enable or disable SATA
and eSATA ports and to configure SATA host adapters.

6. USB Host Adapters and Charging Support: Most systems have separate settings for
the USB (2.0) and USB 3.0 controllers. If we don't enable USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 in your
system BIOS, all your system's USB ports will run at the next lower speed.

7. Audio and Ethernet Ports: Depending upon the system, these and other integrated
ports might be configured using a common menu or on separate menus.

8. Power Management: Although operating systems include power management

features, the BIOS controls how any given system responds to standby or power-out
conditions.

9. Processor and Memory Configuration: To monitor system clock and bus speed
settings, check the processor and memory configuration dialog typically available on
gaming-oriented systems or others designed for overclocking.

10. Virtualization Support: Virtualization is the capability to run multiple operating

systems on a single computer at the same time. Although virtualization does not
require processor support, virtualization programs such as Windows Virtual PC and
Hyper-V, Oracle VM VirtualBox, and versions of VMware Workstation provide much
better performance on systems that have hardware assisted virtualization support
enabled.

11. Security Features: Security features of various types are scattered around the
typical system BIOS/UEFI dialogs. Features and their locations vary by system and
might include: BIOS password, Power-on password, Chassis intrusion, Boot sector
protection, Secure Boot, LoJack for Laptops, TPM (trusted program module)

12. Exiting BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes: When we exit the BIOS setup
program, we can elect to save configuration changes or discard them. Many systems
with UEFI firmware permit the user to save multiple BIOS configuration settings.

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3. Test different motherboards to determine support for UEFI.

To check the BIOS Mode of our system, follow below steps
1. Go to Start and type "System Information".
2. System Information window will open up
3. Find the “BIOS Mode" tab. If it says "UEFI" it means your motherboard supports
UEFI. If it says "Legacy", it is running BIOS.
(OR)
1. Open Run and type the command MSINFO32.

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4. Replace the CMOS battery in a computer following the procedures.

• Switch off the computer and unplug the power cable from CPU.
• Open the computer case and find the CMOS battery on the motherboard. Verify it is
accessible and can be removed.
• Use your fingers/Flat screw driver to grab the edge of the CMOS battery and pull it
up.
• Some motherboards have a clip holding the battery down. If our computer's
motherboard has this clip, we may need to use one hand (or use screw driver) to
move the clip up and the other hand to pull the battery out.
• Replace the new CMOS battery in the same location.

5. Understand and modify BIOS settings and observe the consequences of

CMOS failure.

Below are the consequences of CMOS battery failure

1. Computer is losing its time or date settings.
2. Unable to connect to the internet due to an error: "time and date do not match."
3. An error or alert message, like the following, is displayed when the computer boots.
• CMOS Read Error
• CMOS Checksum Error
• CMOS Battery Failure
• System battery voltage is low
If any of these issues or messages are encountered, we likely need to replace the CMOS
battery.

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Memory [week-6 Lab]

1. Identify RAM chips and HDD/SSD, study their features and note their
technical specifications.
RAM chip
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory
of the CPU for storing data, program, and program
result. It is a read/write memory which stores data
until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is
switched off, data is
erased.
RAM is of two types
1. Static RAM (SRAM)
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• SRAM uses transistors instead of capacitors in a cross-coupled flip-flop configuration
and does not have leakage. It still requires constant power to maintain the state of
charge. SRAMs are designed for processor caching.
• DRAM stores and retains memory data by using capacitors. These capacitors lose
charge over time due to leakage, even if the supply voltage is maintained. DRAMs
are typically used for computer memory modules.

RAM Specifications
Computer memory is a crucial component within computers, largely responsible for
the computer's speed and performance. Random Access Memory (RAM) allows us to open
and use the programs on your computer, including our operating system. There are many
types and sizes available and different systems require different types. Understanding the
technical specifications associated with RAM helps us to determine what type and amount
of memory our computer can use.

Physical Size: RAM modules vary in physical size based on the type of computer they're
used for and the number of pins on the module. Dual Inline Memory Modules (DIMMs)
with 168 pins are 5.25 inches long. DIMMs with less pins are typically smaller, with more
pins meaning ins are typically smaller, with more pins meaning a physically larger module.
DIMMs are commonly used in desktop computers, whereas laptops typically use Small
Outline Dual Inline Memory Modules (SODIMMs). SODIMMs use the same technology but
they're physically smaller, allowing them to fit in laptops.

Amount: The amount is another important specification to remember. Our computer can
only hold so much RAM and while going over the specified limit won't harm our computer,
our PC will only use as it was designed to use. Amount is commonly measured in GigaBytes
(GB), though older or low-end computers may measure maximum RAM in MegaBytes (MB).
A GigaByte contains roughly 1,024 MegaBytes, meaning the RAM is much faster. Be sure to
consider how many memory slots our computer has, as well. Some computers have two
slots to install memory, others have four and some have even more.

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Type: The memory type is important because this is where the majority of RAM's
compatibility issues lie. Multiple variations of Double Data Rate (DDR) memory technology
are used in various computers. DDR2 is faster than DDR memory, while DDR3 memory is
faster than both. If your computer requires DDR3 memory, DDR2 memory won't work.

Speed: Memory speed is frequently denoted by "PC-" followed by a number that denotes
the peak transfer rate and bandwidth of that type of memory. For example, PC-2400's peak
transfer rate is around 2,400 megabytes per second (MB/s). The peak transfer rate basically
denotes the best performance possible for that memory. "PC2" and "PC3" simply refer to
DDR2 and DDR3 memory, respectively.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile, secondary storage device. Non-
volatile refers to storage devices that maintain stored data when power turned off. All
computers need a storage device, and HDDs are just one example of a type of storage
device. HDDs are usually installed inside desktop/laptop computers, mobile devices. They
can store operating systems, software programs and other files using magnetic disks

HDD Specification

Hard drive sizes: Hard drives come in two basic physical sizes: 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch. These
sizes refer to the size of the data platters, not the size of the hard drive mechanism.
Traditionally, 2.5-inch drives are used for laptops while 3.5-inch drives are used for desktop
computers. Some compact desktops also use the smaller drives to enable a smaller form
factor for the computer.

Hard drive capacity: The capacity of a hard drive refers to the amount of data it can hold.
Capacity is measured in GigaBytes (GB) or TeraBytes (TB).

Hard drive rotation speeds: Each hard drive has a speed at which the platter rotates,
measured in RPMs. The faster the drive, the faster the throughput, since the head reads and
writes the bits at a faster rate. 2.5-inch consumer drives typically spin at 4200, 5200, 5400
and 7200 RPMs.

Hard drive interfaces: Hard drives come with one of several different connectors built in. It
will specify which one is built into the drive. The five types are ATA/IDE and SATA for
consumer-level drives, and SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel for
enterprise-class drives.

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SSD (Solid State Drive)
An SSD, or Solid-State Drive, is a type of
storage device used in computers. This non-volatile
storage media stores persistent data on solid-state
flash memory. SSDs replace traditional hard disk
drives (HDDs) in computers and perform the same
basic functions as a hard drive. But SSDs are
significantly faster in comparison. With an SSD, the
device's operating system will boot up more rapidly,
programs will load quicker and files can be saved
faster.

SSD Specifications
The common specifications include
1) Form Factor
2) The Interface
3) Read Speed
4) Write Speed
5) Endurance Rating TBW - Overall Lifespan 6. IOPS
6) Storage Capacity
7) Memory Cell Type - SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC, PLC

1. Form Factors: Newer versions of SSDs are about half the size of a single RAM stick called
M.2 solid state drives. The M.2 drives are bare circuit boards without any enclosure.
Common Form factors include,
• 2.5" SSD Drive
• M.2 Drive
• Portable SSD

2. SSD Interface: M.2 drives use a PCI-E slot on our motherboard for connection and the
typical 2.5" solid state drives use the traditional SATA connection, also used by hard
drives.
• SATA II - Maximum bandwidth of 3Gb/s or 384 MB per second.
• SATA III - Maximum bandwidth of 6Gb/s or 768 MB per second.
• PCI-E Gen 3 (M.2) - Maximum bandwidth of 8GT/s or 8 GB per second.

3. Read Speed - Sequential and Random: A typical 7200 RPM hard drive would have a
sequential read speed rating of 80-160 MB per second. When compared to an SSD, the
Western Digital Blue has a read speed of up to 560 MB per second which is three times
the performance of a traditional hard drive. M.2 drives, its sequential read speed could
vary between 2.4 GB per second up to 3.4 GB per second.

4. Write Speed - Sequential and Random: Write speeds determine the amount of data
that a storage device can take in every second. Traditional hard drives would have a
write speed of 160 MB per second, which is slow, compared to the 530 MB per second
sequential write speed of modern solid-state drives.

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5. Endurance Rating (TBW - Total Bytes Written): Solid-state drives with a decent TBW
rating. TBW indicates how much data you can write on an SSD over its lifespan. A good
SSD like the Western Digital Blue has a 600 TWB rating for the 4-terabyte model. A 250
GB SSD would usually have a 70 TWB rating which you can max out for a year if you
store 190 GB of new data every day, which is impossible for a typical user.

6. IOPS: IOPS or Input/Output Operations Per Second determines how fast an SSD can
read and write random packets of data like browser files, cookies, saved game data, and
documents. Western Digital Blue solid-state drive would have 378.90 MB per second
4KB sequential read speed. At 7200 RPM hard drive would have a 120 IOPS rating, which
is less than 1 MB per second.

7. Capacity: The storage capacity. Most SSD manufacturers offer solid-state drives with a
capacity of 80 GB up to 4 TB or even higher. However, SSDs get even more expensive as
you increase its capacity. A 500 GB variant of Western Digital Blue SSD is priced around
$60 while its 4 TB model would cost you over $500 on Amazon. For that price, you can
already build a decent desktop PC.

8. Memory Cell Type - SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC: Solid-state drives use NAND flash memory that
consists of cells that can hold bits of memory. These bits are controlled by an electric
charge that either turns it off or on.

All SSDs use the same NAND flash memory, their performance differs from one model to
another, depending on the type of cell used on the drive and the market that it is supposed
to cater to.
For example, the more expensive enterprise grade SSDs are made of SLC memory which
support higher number of write cycles. As a result, they have less storage space per unit
space and per unit price. Different types of storage cell are:
• Single Level Cell (SLC)
• Multi-Level Cell (MLC/MLC)
• Triple Level Cell (TLC)
• Quad and Penta Level Cell (QLC/PLC)
• 3D NAND Flash

2. Identify SIMM and DIMM memory modules, their number of pins, specs
and type.
DIMM and SIMM are two major types of random-access memory standards for
personal computers. DIMM is an acronym for "dual in-line memory module," while SIMM
stands for "single in-line memory module." The naming of each type of RAM refers to the
specific way in which the memory is packaged.

Difference between SIMM and DIMM

SL.NO SIMM DIMM
1. In SIMM, Pins present in either facet DIMM pins are freelance.
is connected.

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2. SIMM supports 32-bit channel for DIMM supports 64-bit channel for data
data transferring. transferring
3. SIMM consumes 5 volts of power. DIMM consumes 3.3 volts of power.
4. SIMM provides the storage 4 MB to DIMM provides the storage 32 MB to 1
64 MB. GB.
5. The classic or most common pin The foremost common pin configuration
configuration of the SIMM module is of the DIMM module is 168 / 184 / 240
32 / 72 pins. pins.
6. SIMMs are the older technology. DIMMs are the replacement of the
SIMMs.
7. SIMMs are installed in pairs at a DIMMs are installed one at a time.
time.
8. SIMMs are used by 486 CPU as well DIMMs are used by modern Pentium
as early Pentium computers. computers.
9. The length and width of SIMM are The length and width of DIMM are
respectively 4.25 inches and 1 inch. respectively 1.67 to 5.25 inches and 1 to
1.75 inches.
10. There are single notches in SIMMs. There are two notches in DIMMs.

3. Identify the interface type of a hard drive and connect it to a PC for data
recovery.
Hard drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to connect the
drive to the computer. When we install a storage drive in a computer, the connection
interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the motherboard. Some
common drive interfaces are as follows,
• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE): also called Advanced Technology Attachment
(ATA), is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk
drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.

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• Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE): Also called ATA-2, is an updated
version of the IDE drive controller interface. EIDE supports hard drives larger than
512 MB, enables Direct Memory Access (DMA) for speed, and uses the AT
Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) to accommodate optical drives and tape drives
on the EIDE bus. An EIDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
• Parallel ATA (PATA): Refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive controller
interface.

• Serial ATA (SATA): Refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. A
SATA interface uses a seven-pin connector.

• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): is a drive controller interface that can
connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. A SCSI
interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

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RAM Technology [week-7 Lab]

1. Use CPUID-CPUZ tool to identify capacity, speed, technology, and related

features of RAM
In CPUID-CPUZ tool the "Memory" tab is very useful tab because most people often
improve their computer speed by adding more RAM. In the image, we can see that our test
computer has 4GB of internal memory (4096 MB). The type of memory is DDR3, and it's
running in the dual-channel mode. It also shows timings information.

2. Check for RAM and Motherboard compatibility and install additional RAM
stick
Precautions to be taken before RAM Installation
1. First Check for RAM compatibility by using CPUID CPU-Z tool, like DDR type (DDR1,
DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) and RAM frequency etc...
2. Static electricity can damage the components in our system. To protect our system's
components from static damage during the installation process, touch any of the
unpainted metal surfaces on our computer's frame or wear an ESD wrist strap before
touching or handling internal components. Either method will safely discharge static
electricity that's naturally present in your body.
3. To protect our memory module (RAM), avoid touching the gold pins or components
(chips). It's best to hold the module by the top or side edges.

Procedure for installation of RAM stick

1. Shut Down Your Desktop/Laptop Computer
2. Unplug the Power Cable
3. Hold the Power Button for Five Seconds → This discharges any residual electricity
still in the system.
4. Open the Case, Remove Existing Memory Modules → Press down on the clips on the
sides of each module, the clip mechanism will push the memory module up, then
pull the module completely out.
5. Install RAM → Holding the modules along the edges, align the notches on the
module with the ridge in the slot, then apply even pressure and firmly press the
module in.

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6. Close the Computer Case

7. Plug in the Power Cable

3. Find on Windows system properties to check the RAM for correct

installation
To make sure the computer is registering the memory you've added, follow these steps,
1. Click on the Start menu or Windows button
2. Right-click on “My Computer” or “This PC"
3. Select Properties
4. You will see the Installed Memory (RAM) listed. It should match the amount you
installed.

4. Query the SPD RAM chip to identify all Possible information using CPUID
CPUZ
Serial presence detect (SPD) is information stored on an EEPROM chip when a is
booted. It is located on an SDRAM memory module and communicates to the BIOS the
module size, data width, speed and voltage, which are used to configure the module
memory controller for maximum reliability and performance.
The “SPD" tab of CPUID CPU-Z tool shows details about each RAM slot, such as
manufacturer, module size, part number and timing information, Voltage etc...

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Windows Installation [week-8 Lab]

1. Windows Installation Inspect prerequisites for windows 10 installation on

a given computer
Processor 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster compatible processor or System on a Chip
(SOC)
RAM 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Hard drive size 32GB or larger hard disk
Graphics card Compatible with DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver
Display 800x600
Internet connectivity is necessary to perform updates and to download
and take advantage of some features. Windows 10 Pro in S mode,
Windows 10 Pro Education in S mode, Windows 10 Education in S mode,
Internet and Windows 10 Enterprise in S mode require an internet connection
Connection during the initial device setup (Out of Box Experience or OOBE), as well
as either a Microsoft account (MSA) or Azure Activity Directory (AAD)
account. Switching a device out of Windows 10 in S mode also requires
internet connectivity
Recommended Requirements
• CPU: 2 GHz or faster
• RAM: 4 GB
• HDD: 100 GB of storage space
• GPU: Integrated GPU from Intel HD Graphics/Iris Graphics families
• Screen Resolution: 1920 x 1080 pixels
• Internet connection

2. Perform clean installation

Before proceeding with the clean installation of Windows 10, it's recommended to
complete some essential tasks to minimize the chances of issues and data loss.
1) Backup entire system: We should create a temporary backup of the current
installation to revert the settings or recover files if something goes wrong.
2) Backup files to OneDrive: For backing up our documents, pictures, and other
important files, we can upload the data to OneDrive or another cloud storage
service.
3) Backup files to external storage: If we have a large number of files, then syncing
them to the cloud can take a long time and expensive. If this is the case, then
perhaps the best option would be making a copy of the files to an external USB hard
drive.

Windows Installation procedure

1. Once we have our Windows 10 installation media ready, all you need to do is boot from
the disc or USB thumb drive to begin setup.

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2. Once your computer is set to boot from the DVD, you should see this option. If you are
installing from a retail Windows 10 USB thumb drive, you will be asked to select either
32 or 64-bit Windows 10.

3. The Windows logo will appear on screen, this might be here for a while, as long as you
see the animating dots, everything should be ok.

4. Select your Language, Time and Keyboard method then click Next.

5. Click Install now

6. Windows 10 setup will prompt you for a product key during installation a couple times.
If you originally upgraded from Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 click the option 'I don't
have a key' and 'Do this later'. If you have a Windows 10 product key, you can proceed
to enter it.

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7. Setup will also prompt you to select the edition you have a license for - Home or Pro.
Please make sure you choose the right edition.
8. Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Windows 8.0 Core, Windows 8.1 Core
should install Windows 10 Home.
9. Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 8.0 Pro, Windows 8.1 Pro
should install Windows 10 Pro

10. Wait while setup prepares to copy files.

11. Accept the license terms then click Next.

12. Click Custom: Install Windows only (advanced)

13. Select the drive then click New

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14. NOTE: If you have multiple partitions listed, select each one (starting at the bottom),
then click delete until there is only a single (one) unallocated drive displayed in the
window.

15. Select the unallocated drive listed, click New, click Apply then OK

16. This will split the drive into multiple partitions, select the Primary partition then click
Next.
17. NOTE: The System Reserved partition is where recovery files are kept for diagnostics and
repairing damaged Windows 10 files; or even reinstall Windows 10.

18. Wait while Windows installs

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19. When this phase of setup is complete, Windows will automatically restart then reboot
into setup again.

20. Windows is detecting and installing your hardware. After this is complete, Windows will
restart one last time.

21. After this it will ask us to login to Microsoft account if we have otherwise login with local
account and follow the on-screen setup instructions.

3. Upgrade to windows10
1. Once we have downloaded our ISO file, boot to the Windows 10 desktop. We can
double click it to mount it then start the upgrade. If we are installing from a DVD or USB
thumb drive, insert or connect it, then click the on-screen notification. If setup does not
start automatically, click Start > File Explorer > This PC > open the drive containing the
Windows 10 setup files, then double click Setup.exe.

2. Click Run setup.exe

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3. Wait while setup is initialized.

4. We can select download and install any important updates before upgrading. This is
recommended since it can help to ensure a smooth upgrade. If we are not connected to
the Internet, select the Not right now radio box instead. Click Next.

5. Wait while Windows 10 setup checks your system for compatibility issues.

6. Accept the End User License Agreement.

7. Wait while Windows 10 setup does one final check to ensure your system is ready.

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8. Windows 10 setup will check if our system has enough disk space.

9. Please note, we have the option of choosing what we would like to keep, which includes
personal files, apps and settings.

10. If we want to perform a new install or just keep your files click Change what to keep.
Once you have chosen the desired options, click Install to begin.

11. This will be our screen for a little while. During the installation, our computer will restart
several times.

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12. After the first restart, Windows 10 setup will resume. We will notice the setup
experience has once again been refined from the previous animated circle. This will be
our screen for a while. When complete, Windows 10 setup will restart automatically.

13. Sign into your account.

14. Wait while Windows 10 completes application updates and post setup tasks.

15. That's it, the Windows 10 feature update is installed. We can check Windows Update for
latest updates, click Start > Settings > Update & security > Windows Update > Check for
Updates.

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4. Create dual boot for a given system, learn and rectify errors in dual boot
Here are the basic steps to be performed before dual boot,
1. Install a new hard drive, or create a new partition on the existing one using the Windows
Disk Management Utility
2. In disk management utility, it shows list of the partitions on our hard drive. Select the
primary partition, usually called (C: / D: / E:), and then right click and select Shrink
Volume.

3. Another window will appear, that shows the size of the partition, and asks us to enter
the amount of space to shrink in MB. To create a 25GB partition we'll need to enter
25000 then click Shrink. This will modify the partition, allowing us the space we need to
install Windows/other OS.

4. After creating the unallocated space, plug in the bootable USB stick/DVD containing the
new version of Windows or other OS, then reboot the PC.
5. Now setup begins, install Windows/other OS, being sure to select the Custom option.

6. Select the newly created partition or the other hard disk as the destination. Then click
Next to install the operating system.
7. Next follow the on-screen instructions to install the Operating system.

5. Practice on recovery partition

There is a special recovery partition on the system drive, it is used to restore the
system to factory settings and thus fix a computer crash. This recovery partition is

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protected from being modified or deleted, and usually does not have a drive letter, so only
the Help option is provided in Disk Management.
There are several ways to create recovery partitions,
• It can be created by installing Windows on a GPT disk. In this case, the recovery
partition takes up little space because it only contains the operating system;
• Recovery partition may be created by computer manufacturers such as HP, Dell,
Lenovo before shipping. Then it will take up quite a lot of space, since it contains a
copy of all the software and additional products. This partition is also called as OEM
(Original Equipment Manufacturer) section.

Note: in most cases, recovery partitions can only be installed on your branded computer.
For example, Lenovo One key Recovery only supports Lenovo computer, etc.

If our PC ever experiences a major issue such as hardware failure, we'll be able to use the
recovery drive to reinstall Windows 10. Windows updates to improve security and PC
performance periodically. We'll need a USB drive that's at least 16 gigabytes.

Warning: Use an empty USB drive because this process will erase any data that's already
stored on the drive.

6. Practice 10 registry tweaks

I. Show Seconds in the Taskbar Clock
1. Open the Registry Editor by clicking Start, typing "regedit" into the box at the bottom
of the Start menu, and press enter (or type "regedit" in run prompt)
2. In the Registry Editor, use the left sidebar to navigate to the following key:
3. HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Adva
nced

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4. Right-click the "Advanced" key in the left pane and select New > DWORD (32-bit)
Value

5. Name the value "ShowSecondsinSystemClock” and press Enter

6. Double-click the value you created, and enter a value data of 1, and click "OK"

7. You can now close the Registry Editor. You will have to sign out and sign back in
again before your changes will take effect

II. Add "Open with Notepad" to the context menu

1. Navigate to the following key in your Registry
Editor
2. Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\shell Right
click on Shell-> New-> Key, then rename it to
"Open With Notepad"
3. Right-click on Open with Notepad-> New-> Key.
Then rename it to Command
4. Double-click on Default from the right panel of the
Window, in the Value data section type
notepad.exe %1 and click OK
5. Now, close the Registry Editor, right-click on the
file that you want to open with Notepad, and
select the "Open with Notepad” option.

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III. To disable the lock screen
1. Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows in your
Registry Editor
2. Right-click on the Windows folder to create a new key and name it "Personalization"
3. Next, right-click on the new key and create a new DWORD (32-bit) Value and name it
"NoLockScreen". Once the entry has been created, double-click on it and change its
Value data to 1.

IV. Speed up your Start menu

1. Navigating to: HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control Panel/Desktop
2. Locate the entry ‘MenuShowDelay' on the right
3. Right-click it, select Modify and reduce the value data from 400 to around 100

V. Lower shutdown time

1. Navigate to this key in the Windows Registry file:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
2. Look for the WaitToKillService Timeout key. Double-click that key and change the
value from the 5000 default to 2000, and then click OK

VI. Enable Windows 10's hidden 'dark' theme

1. Navigate to
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Themes
Personalize
2. Then right-click in the right-hand pane and select New, DWORD (32-bit). Name it
3. 'Apps UseLightTheme'. Right-click it and select Modify. Make sure the Value Data is
set to O
4. Restart your PC, or log off and log on again, and the dark theme will be applied

VII. Adjust the Windows Explorer Border Width

1. Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\WindowMetrics.
2. Look for the key with the name BorderWidth and double-click on it. It's set to -15 by
default, but you can use a number between 0 to 50 to set its width. Change the
numbers to find a width that you feel comfortable with.

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VIII. Remove the "- Shortcut" Text
1. Navigate to
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer
2. On the right-hand side, scroll down and locate a value named link. (If it is not there,
create it by right-clicking the Explorer key, choosing New → Binary Value, and then
Renaming the New value "link"
3. Double click on link. In the “Value data" box, replace the current value with "00 00
00 00". (Note that the current value will depend on what version and edition of
Windows running. It doesn't matter what's there already. Just replace it with all
zeroes.) Output Before and After Registry edit

IX. Adjust the Windows Explorer Border Width

1. Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\Window Metrics
2. Scroll to find the "BorderWidth" entry.
3. Double click BorderWidth to open it.
4. Change the number in the “Value Data" field to the width you want to allot to the
window (say -160).
5. Click OK and Restart your computer to complete the change.

X. Instantly switch to the last active window

1. Navigate to
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Adv
anced
2. Create a new DWORD (32-bit) on the right-hand side, and name it 'LastActiveClick'.
Set the value to 1

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7. Practice disk management utilities
Disk partitioning or disk slicing is the creation of one or more regions on secondary
storage, so that each region can be managed separately. These regions are called partitions.
It is typically the first step of preparing a newly installed disk, before any file system is
created. The disk stores the information about the partitions' locations and sizes in an area
known as the partition table that the operating system reads before any other part of the
disk. Each partition then appears to the operating system as a distinct "logical" disk that
uses part of the actual disk.
Disk Management is used for,
• To setup a new drive.
• To extend a volume into space that's not already part of a volume on the same drive
• To shrink a partition, usually extend a neighbouring partition
• To change a drive letter or assign a new drive letter.
• Format the Drives

To create a partition from unpartitioned space follow these steps

1. Right-click This PC and select Manage. (or type diskmgmt.msc in run prompt)
2. Click on Disk Management on the left side panel
3. Select the disk from which you want to make a partition, and right-click the drive
(C:,D:,E:) and select Shrink Volume

4. Now we need to enter the amount we want to shrink the hard disk by in MegaBytes
5. After the Shrink is done, we will then see the region of unallocated space (shaded
black). Remember, this space is not yet usable.
6. Right-click the region of unallocated space and select New Simple Volume.
7. This launches the New Simple Volume Wizard. This guides us through the installation
process.
8. Assign the disk a drive letter. You can choose any drive letter that is not currently in
use.
9. Select a file system (FAT/NTFS) for the disk. The file system is basically the type of
format or foundation the storage device has. If we plan on installing a Windows
operating system to the partition select the NTFS file system.
10. Name the partition in the Volume Label text box. We can choose any name for our
partition.
11. Now click Finish to create the new partition.

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File System [week-9 Lab]

1. Practice data recovery methods

When we delete our data or format a hard drive, our data is not really lost. The file
system only deletes the entry of the data. For example, when we delete some files in
Windows and empty the recycle bin, the system only removes the pointer of the files and
makes the storage space of the deleted files be available. Before new files completely
overwrite the storage space of the deleted files, the deleted files can be easily recovered by
data recovery techniques.

Recuva: Data Recovery Software

Recuva is a recovery tool made by Piriform Software for Windows, the same team
who created the well-known computer cleaning application, CCleaner. It boasts the ability
to recover lost or deleted files of any file type from any rewritable form of storage media.

How to download Recuva software

To download Recuva app go to the official website
(https://www.ccleaner.com/recuva/) download → "Download free version" button. After
downloading install the software by following the onscreen instruction. Free version allows
you to recover data without any limitations in tool functionality. You can buy Recuva Pro for
commercial use also there via "Get Recuva Pro!" button.

How to restore deleted files on Windows via Recuva

1. Open the Recuva application
2. Select the (format) of documents you need to retrieve. If you don't select the file type
("All files"), the program will find everything that has ever been deleted from the
selected drive and can be recovered. And click on next

3. Now select the location of the file from where the files are missing. If you don't know
the location, just select "I am not sure" and click on Next

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4. In the next window click on start button, now the scanning begins

5. After scanning finished, select the documents you need to recover and click on
“Recover” button to recover the deleted files.

Some of the other data recovery software's are:

• DiskDigger
• Unformat
• PhotoRec etc....

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2. Working with task manager to troubleshoot configuration and other
performance related issues
The Windows Task Manager is a powerful tool packed with useful information, from
your system's overall resource usage to detailed statistics about each process.

How to Launch the Task Manager

Windows offers many ways to launch the Task Manager

1. Press Ctrl+Shift+Esc to open the Task Manager with a keyboard shortcut
2. right-click the Windows taskbar and select "Task Manager."
3. Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete and then click "Task Manager" on the screen.

The Simple View

The first time when we launch the Task Manager, we'll see a small, simple window. This
window lists the visible applications running on our desktop, excluding background
applications. We can select an application here and click "End Task” to close it. This is useful
if an application isn't responding-in other words, if it's frozen-and we can't close it the usual
way.

The Task Manager's Tabs

To see the Task Manager's more advanced tools, click “More Details" at the bottom
of the simple view window. We'll see the full, tabbed interface appear. The Task Manager
will remember our preference and will open to the more advanced view in the future. If we
want to get back to the simple view, click “Fewer Details."

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With More Details selected, the Task Manager includes the following tabs,

1. Processes: A list of running applications and background processes on our system along
with CPU, memory, disk, network, GPU, and other resource usage information.

2. Performance: Real-time graphs showing total CPU, memory, disk, network, and GPU
resource usage for your system. We'll find many other details here too, from our
computer's IP address to the model names of your computer's CPU and GPU.

3. App History: Information about how much CPU and network resources apps have used
for our current user account.

4. Start up: A list of our start-up programs, which are the applications Windows
automatically starts when we sign into our user account. We can disable start-up
programs from here, although we can also do that from Settings > Apps > Start up.

5. Users: The user accounts currently signed into our PC, how much resources they're
using, and what applications they're running.

6. Details: More detailed information about the processes running on your system. This is
basically the traditional "Processes" tab from the Task Manager on Windows 7.

7. Services: Management of system services. This is the same information we'll find in
services.msc, the Services management console.

Performance Information
The Performance tab shows real-time graphs displaying the usage of system
resources like CPU, memory, disk, network, and GPU. If you have multiple disks, network
devices, or GPUs

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3. Working with task scheduler

The Task Scheduler is a tool included with Windows that allows predefined actions to
be automatically executed whenever a certain set of conditions is met.
For example, we can schedule a task to run a backup script every night, or send you an e-
mail whenever a certain system event occurs.

How to open Task Scheduler

1) Press Windows key+X to open the Power User Tasks Menu.
2) Select Computer Management (or press G).
3) In the Computer Management window, select Task Scheduler in the pane on the left.

How to create a new task in Task Scheduler

For most purposes, creating a Basic Task will serve our needs. To create one, follow these
steps.
1) In the Action menu (pictured), select Create basic task to open the Create Basic Task
wizard.

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2) In the Name: field, enter a name for your task. You may optionally add a description
of the task in the Description: text box below. When this is done, click Next.
3) Select a trigger from the options presented (pictured below) to define when you
want your task to run. When you're ready to continue, click Next. Depending on your
trigger selection, you may be prompted to choose a specific time, day, or event. If so,
make your choice and then click Next.

4) Select the Action you want to perform when the trigger occurs (Start a program,
send an e-mail, or Display a message), then click Next.

5) Depending on the Action you chose in the previous step, fill out the relevant
information, then click Next.
6) Finally, the Finish screen displays your task as you configured it. If you need to make
changes, click the Back button to return to a previous step, make your changes, and
then click Next until you return to the Finish screen.
7) To finish configuring your task, click Finish. The next time your trigger occurs, the
task runs.

4. Customizing windows desktop

It's pretty easy to customize our desktop with the already available Windows 10
tools. It all starts by right-clicking an empty space on the desktop screen and select
Personalize

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The Personalize option helps you customize your desktop

• Now, in the Background section, you can select whether you set a picture or a whole
set of pictures for the background, and you can choose how the images are
displayed.
• Next, from the Colors section on the left, you have the option to change to a Light or
Dark theme for your menus and apps, besides changing the colors with personalized
selection

You can change to a Dark theme from the Colors section

• Another interesting feature is that you can select one app to show detailed
information on the Lock screen window. By default, it's the Calendar, but you can
change it by clicking on the corresponding icon and selecting another app like
Weather, Xbox Console Companion, Mail, and others.

You can change the Lock screen app to get useful information
• Similarly we can also customize the themes, the fonts, the Start menu, and even the
Taskbar but you can do so much more with dedicated apps like, RocketDock,
Rainmeter, Launchy, Fences, Tiles2, Myfolder etc...

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Windows Command Line [week-10 Lab]

1. Execute basic commands in Windows

Using Command prompt

1) Listing the drives in a system

Type → driverquery /v → enter

2) Creating a new file

Type → wmic logicaldisk get name → enter
D: → enter
C: → enter
echo Welcome >note.txt → hit enter

To open the text file

Type → note.txt → enter

To open the text file inside command prompt

Type → type note.txt → enter

To add more text to your text file

Type → echo “Some Text”>>note.txt → enter

To open the above file

Type → type note.txt → enter

To overwrite the text file

Type → echo hello >note.txt → enter

To open the above file

Type → type note.txt → enter

To delete the text file

Type → del note.txt → enter

3) Removing a file or directory

1. Type → rd “c:\Directory_Path\File_name” → enter
Type → dir → enter

2. Type → rd /s “c:\Directory_Path\Folder_name” → enter

4) Retrieving the list of processes and services

1. Type → Tasklist /fo table → enter

2. Type → net start → enter

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2. Use command line to encrypt and decrypt files and folders
To Encrypt Files Using the Command Prompt

1. Search for Command Prompt in the Start menu search bar, and then double click to
launch it.
2. You now need to change the working directory to the folder that contains your files.
For ex: if I wanted to encrypt files in the test folder that is located on my desktop, I
would use the command cd Desktop\Test.
3. Now type cipher /e.
4. Your files will now be encrypted, and Windows should show you a confirmation
message to tell you that it completed the task successfully.

Note: If you're using a Windows 10 Home license, you will not be able to encrypt files using
the Command Prompt. The cipher utility is supported on Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise
licenses.

To Decrypt Files Using the Command Prompt

1. Launch Command Prompt through the Start menu

2. Change the working directory to the required folder
3. Decrypt files using the command cipher /d.
4. Command Prompt will now decrypt your files and will display a confirmation message.

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Portable Computing - Troubleshooting Laptops – I [week-11 Lab]
1. Observe the layout of a laptop and compare it with a desktop

DESKTOP LAPTOP
Connected externally to devices that All-in-one system
help it to function completely
Powered via mains through connected Uses batteries or AC Power that can be
sockets recharged, operates on main power as
well
Size is huge and heavy Small size
There are multiple internal hard disks Internal hard disks are limited
Fixed in one place Portable
External keyboard and mouse are Have internal mouse and keyboard, but
connected is also compatible with external
keyboard and mouse
Processor is more powerful Processor for Gaming Laptops are pretty
powerful, others not so much
Easily removable external components Components of laptop are in-built and so
for desktop cannot be removed as easily
More number of ports for desktops Number of ports are less in laptops
High Storage. Large amounts of data can Low storage. Also, back up is
easily be stored, and more space can be recommended for data on laptops, due
added if required to data loss by theft, destruction of
device and so on

2. Follow/review manufacturer maintenance guide for repair and

maintenance
3. Power Issues:
a) Battery not charging
1) Check All Physical Cable Connections
• Before you move to deep troubleshooting, first check the basics. Make sure you
have inserted the charging cable firmly into your laptop's charging port.
• Then double-check its connection to the wall outlet—consider trying another
socket in case the current one isn't working. If you're plugged into a power strip,
try connecting directly to the wall outlet instead.

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2) Remove the Battery and Connect to Power

• Next, if your laptop's battery is working or not. If your laptop has a removable
battery, completely remove it from your machine.
• You should always shut down your computer before removing the battery, if it's
not already dead. Unplug the charger and any connected accessories, too.
• Once you remove the battery, hold the power button for several moments to
clear any remaining charge in the system. After that's done, connect the charger
and try to turn your laptop on.
• If it works normally like this, then your charging problem lies with your battery.
Make sure that the battery compartment is clean; wipe out any foreign material
inside if needed. Then re-seat the battery in its compartment and make sure all
the contacts are lined up. If this doesn't fix the problem, you most likely have a
dead battery that you'll need to replace.

3) Make Sure You're Using the Right Charger and Port

• Moving on, you should next check that power (and enough of it) is getting to
your laptop.
• Make sure that you have your charger plugged into the right port on your laptop.
Many laptops only have one spot for the charging plug, but if you have a newer
computer, it might use USB-C to charge.
• In this case, try all the USB-C ports on your laptop, as some might be for data
transfer only. Some computers will have a little power icon next to the port that's
meant for charging.

4) Review Your Cable and Ports for Damage

• It's a good idea to review the power cord more thoroughly now. A damaged cord
can cause the "plugged in, not charging" issue.
• Look down the entire length of your laptop's power cord for fraying or other
damage. Try grabbing it to see if any parts feel bulgy or otherwise misshapen. It's
also a good idea to sniff the AC adapter part of the charger—if you smell burning,
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something has gone wrong inside the box, and you'll need to replace the charger.
For your safety, immediately stop using any charger that gets excessively hot or
has a burning smell.
• Finally, take a look at the port for the charger on your laptop. You should have a
fairly snug fit when you connect the charger. If it feels loose, try jiggling it around
a bit to see if you can get a good connection.
• Also check for debris inside the port, which can prevent you from making a solid
connection. Shine a flashlight into the port to check for built-up dirt or other
debris, which can prevent the plug from doing its job.

5) Reduce Resource Usage

• There's a chance that your battery not charging even when it's plugged in isn't
related to hardware. If your computer is working extremely hard, your charger
might not be replenishing the battery quickly enough.
• For instance, if your computer is getting hot, the fan has to work harder to cool
it, which will take more battery power. When you have many power-hungry
programs and processes running at once, they will suck up more battery power
at a high rate.
• On Windows, you can open the Task Manager with Ctrl + Shift + Esc, or by
searching for it on the Start menu, to check current resource usage. Click More
details if needed, then on the Processes tab, you can see how many resources
are in use.

• If you suspect this is the root of your charging issue, try closing some programs.
In extreme cases, you should shutting off your PC to let it cool down. Once it's
back to normal, power on and see if your charger can keep up with the battery at
a usual workload.

6) Check Windows and Power Options

• Visit the Windows power settings page by going to Settings > System > Power &
sleep and clicking Additional power settings on the right side. If you don't see
this, expand the Settings window horizontally until it appears.
• On the resulting window, click Change plan settings next to your current plan.
You can click Change advanced power settings if you want, but it's easiest just to
select Restore default settings for this plan. See if that makes any difference.
• To get more in-depth, see how to create a custom Windows power plan for
improved battery life.

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7) Update or Reinstall Battery Drivers

• Since your battery is an external device, Windows uses certain drivers to
interface with it properly. If your computer is still plugged in and not charging
after trying the above, updating or removing those drivers can kickstart the
charging process.
• Right-click on the Start button or press Win + X, then select Device Manager from
the resulting menu. Expand the Batteries section and you should see two entries:
Microsoft AC Adapter and Microsoft ACPI-Compliant Control Method Battery.

• Right-click on each of these and choose Update driver. Chances are that this
won't find any updates, but it's worth a try. You can try updating the drivers
manually, but your computer manufacturer probably doesn't provide a specific
one for the battery.

8) Get Another Laptop Charger

• When you buy a new charger, always make sure that it's rated for the amount of
power that your laptop needs. Check the specs on the official charger, or the
manufacturer's documentation, to confirm this.

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b) No power
If your laptop does not turn on, or does not boot when powered on, there are things
you can try and resolve the issue.

1. Connect the power cable: if your laptop is running on battery power only,
connecting the AC adapter may solve the problem. Ensure the adapter cord is
correctly plugged in on both ends securely. If the laptop works with the adapter
plugged in, your battery is dead or defective.

2. Check AC adapter and power port for a bent pin: Some laptops have a pin inside the
power port that helps make a solid connection to the AC adapter. If the pin is bent or
broken, the laptop is not receiving any power. To fix the problem, the power port on
the laptop needs to be repaired or replaced.

3. Disconnect from the docking station: If your laptop uses a docking station,
disconnect it and try connecting the power cord directly to the laptop. Then, try
turning on the laptop.

4. Remove and reconnect the battery: The laptop can also be in a power state that
prevents it from booting. Disconnect the power cable and then remove the battery
from the laptop. Leave both disconnected from the laptop for at least a minute.
Then, put the battery back in the laptop, connect the power cable, and try turning on
the laptop.

5. Drain the computer of electricity: a residual electrical charge can keep your laptop
from turning on. You can think of it as an "electricity clog." By performing the
following steps, you effectively drain your laptop of any electricity and start over,
which often results in it powering up.

1) Disconnect the AC adapter and remove the battery (if possible).

2) Hold down the power button for thirty seconds to drain any residual power from
the laptop.
3) Without replacing the battery, plug the AC adapter back into the laptop.
4) Press the power button to turn on your laptop and verify that it boots correctly.
5) If the laptop powers on, shut down the laptop normally.
6) If you were able to remove the laptop battery, put the battery back in the laptop.
7) Power on the laptop again, and verify that it boots correctly.

6. Bad hardware: After going through the suggested troubleshooting steps above, if
your laptop still does not turn on, the problem is likely a hardware failure. The most
likely component to be at fault is the motherboard or processor.

4. Trouble shoot computer hardware issues in the following scenarios

➢ Unexpected shutdowns
To check the Event Viewer logs and determine why the device was shut down or
restarted, use these steps: Open Start. Search for Event Viewer and click the top result

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to open the console. Right-click the System category and select the Filter Current Log
option.

➢ Lockups
Fixes for computer freezing
1) Update your drivers.
2) Adjust power plan settings for your hard disk.
3) Delete the temp files.
4) Repair system files.
5) Adjust your virtual memory.
6) Run Windows Memory Diagnostic.
7) Perform a system restore.

➢ POST & Boot

What could you use to troubleshoot POST issues?
• Disconnect all drives
• If you cannot diagnose the problem by the beep code (or you do not hear a beep
code), power off the computer. Then, disconnect any IDE, SATA, SCSI, or other
data cables from the motherboard. When they are disconnected, try booting the
computer again.

How do you troubleshoot booting issues?

Whatever your issue, here are some troubleshooting steps to take when your
computer won't boot correctly.
1) Give 'er More Power.
2) Check Your Monitor.
3) Listen for the Message at the Beep.
4) Unplug Unnecessary USB Devices.
5) Reseat the Hardware Inside.
6) Explore the BIOS.
7) Scan for Viruses Using a Live CD.
8) Boot Into Safe Mode.

➢ Continuous reboot
How to Fix a Windows PC that Keeps Rebooting?
1) Boot the PC into Safe Mode if Necessary.
2) Disable Automatic Restart.
3) Disable Fast Startup.
4) Uninstall Latest Updates.
5) Uninstall Recently Installed Apps.
6) Unplug Unnecessary Peripherals.
7) Revert Windows to an Earlier System Restore Point.

➢ No Power
How do you troubleshoot a no power issue?

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When you press the power button to turn on the computer but there is no
display on the monitor, please follow the below steps to troubleshoot.
1) Check the power supply.
2) Check the CPU.
3) Check the memory.
4) Check the graphic card.
5) Check the monitor.
6) Test with minimal components, isolating the possible cause.
7) Clear CMOS.

➢ Loud Noises
What might be the cause of loud noises coming from your computer?
• The two biggest culprits for excess noise in computers are fans and the hard disk.
Fans are used to move the heat produced by the processor, motherboard, and
graphics card out of the computer.
• Computers can also make noise if any components have come loose and are
vibrating against the frame of the computer.

➢ Intermittent device failure

How do you troubleshoot an intermittent problem?
• Some techniques to resolve intermittent faults are: Automatic logging of
relevant parameters over a long enough time for the fault to manifest can help;
parameter values at the time of the fault may identify the cause so that
appropriate remedial action can be taken.

➢ Smoke and burning smell

What causes burning smell in computer?
• A burning smell emitting from your laptop indicates that your machine's cooling
system is not functioning properly.
• If your laptop smells like something is burning, this usually means that your
computer is overheating. Immediately turn the computer off and allow it to cool
for 10 to 15 minutes.

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Troubleshooting Laptops – II [week-12 Lab]

1. LCD display trouble-shoot: No display/dim video/flickering video

How to Troubleshoot if My Laptop Turns on but I Can't See Anything?
1) Reseat Battery and Cables
• Shut down the laptop and close the LCD screen. Remove the AC power cord and
other cables from the laptop. Flip the laptop over and remove the battery pack.
• Use an eraser to clean the metal contacts on the battery and the battery bay.
Remove any tarnish or build up that may appear on the contacts. Blow the excess
eraser bits from the battery and the battery bay.
• Reinsert the battery into its bay and reconnect the AC power cord and other
cables. Ensure that the cable connections are tight and that you lock the battery
in its bay.
• Power on the laptop and check to see if you can see an image on the display.

2) Reseat Drives and Memory

• Shut down the laptop, unplug the AC adapter and close the LCD screen. Flip the
laptop over so that it is upside down.
• Locate the cover for the memory module. On most laptops, the memory slot
cover has a small icon picture of a memory stick or label. Remove the screw that
holds the cover in place with the Phillips screwdriver.
• Insert your wrist into the loop of the antistatic wrist strap and clip the other end
to a metal surface.
• Unlock the clips that secure the memory module in its slot. Remove the memory
module and reinsert it into the slot. Push the module down until it snaps into
place. Replace the memory cover slot and secure with the retaining screw.
• Locate the hard drive cover and remove the retaining screw. Remove the hard
drive and reseat it in its slot. Do the same for the CD/DVD drive of your laptop.
• Reconnect the AC adapter to the laptop. Power on the laptop and check to see if
an image displays on the screen.

3) Check With Spare Monitor

• Shut down the laptop and disconnect the AC adapter.
• Connect the monitor cable from a spare external monitor to the VGA or DVI
video out port on the rear of the laptop. Plug the power cord into an available
electrical outlet.
• Power on the laptop. After the LED lights on the laptop appear, or you hear the
hard drive inside start to spin, press the “Fn” key combination that sends the
display to an external monitor. On most laptop keyboards, there is a small icon
picture of a monitor symbol. Press the “Fn” key and the key with the monitor
symbol a couple of time to see if an image appears on the external monitor. If an
image appears on the monitor, the problem is with the LCD screen of the
monitor. If no image appears on the monitor, either the video card or
motherboard in the laptop is probably defective.

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2. Wireless troubleshooting: Check presence of wireless cards
How do I check my wireless card?
• Determine whether the wireless card is properly recognized by the computer.
Accomplish this by navigating to the "Start" menu, then to the "Control Panel,"
then to the "Device Manager." From there, open the option for "Network
Adapters." You should see your wireless card in the list.

How do I find my wireless card details?

• Alternately, you can open the Network and Sharing Center in the Control Panel,
and then click on "Manage Network Connections." Find your wireless connection
in the list and right-click it, then select "Status." Under the Status menu, click
"Details." This will produce a list of information about your Internet.

3. Scan and remove malwares in each computer or mobile device

How to Remove Malware from Your PC
1. Disconnect your PC from the Internet.
2. Enter safe mode.
3. Refrain from logging into accounts.
4. Delete temporary files.
5. Check your activity monitor.
6. Run a malware scanner.
7. Fix your web browser.
8. Clear your cache.

How to Check for Malware on Android

1. On your Android device, go to the Google Play Store app.
2. Then tap the menu button.
3. Next, tap on Google Play Protect.
4. Tap the scan button to force your Android device to check for malware.
5. If you see any harmful apps on your device, you will see an option to remove it.

How to remove viruses and other malware from your Android device
1. Power off the phone and reboot in safe mode. Press the power button to access
the Power Off options.
2. Uninstall the suspicious app.
3. Look for other apps you think may be infected.
4. Install a robust mobile security app on your phone.

4. Perform Antivirus and anti-malware updates

1. Select Start > Settings > Update & Security > Windows Security > Virus & threat
protection.
2. On earlier versions of Windows
• Open Microsoft Security Essentials or Windows Defender.
• Select the History tab.
• Select Quarantined items and then View details. You might be asked for an
admin password or to confirm your choice.

Dept of CSE, GPT CHN Page 66